Ngaba nawe uvakalelwa kukuba eli hlabathi alikho ngokwenene? ​​Masithethe nge-schizophrenia

Ngaba wena, okanye umntu omaziyo, wakha waziva udidekile malunga nokuba izinto ozicingayo nozivayo ziyinyani okanye akunjalo? Ngamanye amaxesha ungaziva ngathi ukwihlabathi elahlukileyo, ufumana kwaye uziva izinto abanye abantu abangaziqondiyo. Olu luhlobo lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo esiza kuthetha ngalo namhlanje , i-schizophrenia . Nangona oku kungabonakala kunzima kancinci, masikwenze kube lula.

Yintoni le ngxaki yeemvakalelo ebangelwa yi-schizophrenic?

Ngamafutshane, i-schizophrenia sisifo sengqondo esibi kakhulu esichaphazela ingqondo nomzimba wakho. Siphazamisa indlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo yakho. Oku kuthetha ukuba iingcinga zakho, inkumbulo, iimvakalelo (iimvakalelo), kunye nokuziphatha zinokugqwetheka. Oku kunokwenza kube nzima kuwe ukusebenza kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Ukuba asinyangwa, esi sifo sinokuchaphazela yonke into ukusuka emsebenzini wakho ukuya kubudlelwane bakho bentlalo kunye nobudlelwane bothando. Usenokungakwazi nokucwangcisa iingcinga zakho kwaye unokuziphatha ngeendlela ezinokukhokelela ekulimaleni okanye kwezinye iingxaki zempilo.

Ngaba kukho iintlobo ze -schizophrenia ?

Ngaphambili, oogqirha bengqondo babethetha ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze- schizophrenia . Umzekelo, "i-Paranoid Schizophrenia" (uhlobo apho ukrokrela yonke into kwaye uzive ngathi umntu uyakuchasa) kunye ne-"Catatonic Schizophrenia" (uhlobo apho ugcina umzimba wakho ukwindawo enye okanye uhambahamba kakhulu). Nangona kunjalo, olu luhlu belungaluncedo ekuxilongeni ngokuchanekileyo isifo okanye ekukhetheni unyango olufanelekileyo lwaso.

Ngoko ke, iingcali ngoku ziyijonga njengemeko eneempawu ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba esifo esifanayo. Njengokuba umnyama unemibala emininzi enxulumeneyo, uthathwa njenge-"spectrum". Nazi ezinye zeemeko eziwela kule "Schizophrenia spectrum":

• `(Ingxaki yobuntu beSchizotypal)` (Oku kukwaphantsi koluhlu lweengxaki zobuntu)
• `(Delusional disorder)` (ubukho bezinto ezininzi ezikhohlisayo)
• `(Ingxaki yengqondo emfutshane)` (Ukudideka kwengqondo okwethutyana)
• `(Isifo seSchizophreniform)` (Iimpawu ezifana ne -schizophrenia , kodwa zifutshane)
• Isifo se-Schizoaffective (imeko ebonakaliswa kukutshintshatshintsha kweemvakalelo kunye neempawu ze -schizoaffective )
• Ezinye izifo ze -schizoaffective spectrum ezichaziweyo okanye ezingachazwanga. Ezi zivumela oogqirha ukuba babone iintlobo ezingaqhelekanga zesifo se-schizoaffective ezingaqhelekanga.

Ngubani ochaphazeleka kakhulu yile meko?

I-Schizophrenia idla ngokuqala phakathi kweminyaka eli-15 nengama-25 kumadoda naphakathi kweminyaka engama-25 nengama-35 kubasetyhini. Malunga nama-20% eziganeko ezisandula ukufunyanwa zingaphezulu kweminyaka engama-45. Xa zisenzeka kule minyaka, zichaphazela amadoda ngaphezu kwabasetyhini.

Kunqabile kakhulu ukuba abantwana babe nesifo sengqondo esibizwa ngokuba yi-schizophrenia , kodwa akunakwenzeka. Ukuba imeko iqala ebuntwaneni, idla ngokuba nzima ngakumbi kwaye kube nzima ukuyinyanga.

Ixhaphake kangakanani i-schizophrenia ?

Le yimeko eqhelekileyo. Ehlabathini lonke, ichaphazela abantu abamalunga nama-221 kwi-100,000 nganye.

Ziziphi iimpawu ezintlanu eziphambili ze -schizophrenia ?

Rhoqo, abantu abane -schizophrenia abaziqondi ukuba banazo ezi mpawu. Kodwa abo bakungqongileyo, usapho lwakho, kunye nabahlobo, banokubona olu tshintsho. Nazi iimpawu ezintlanu eziphambili ze -schizophrenia :

1. Iingcamango ezingezizo: Ezi ziinkolelo zobuxoki onazo engqondweni yakho ezingenakuqinisekiswa ukuba ziphosakele, nokuba unabo ubungqina obungakanani na. Umzekelo, unokucinga ukuba kukho umntu olawula oko ukucingayo, ukuthethayo, okanye okwenzayo. Okanye, unokucinga ukuba kukho umntu okucebayo okanye ozama ukukulimaza. Mhlawumbi ucinga ukuba unamandla akhethekileyo okanye udumile kakhulu.

2. Ukuphupha izinto ezingekhoyo: Imeko apho ubona, uva, uziva, uvumba, okanye ungcamla izinto ezingekhoyo. Eyona ixhaphakileyo kukuva amazwi angekhoyo. La mazwi anokuthetha nawe, akugxeke ngento oyenzayo, okanye akunike imiyalelo.

3. Ukuthetha okungacwangciswanga okanye okungahambelaniyo: Usenokuba nobunzima bokugcina iingcinga zakho zihlelekile xa uthetha. Oku kunokuthetha ukuba unobunzima bokuhlala ugxile kwisihloko, okanye iingcinga zakho zisenokudideka kangangokuba abanye basenokungayiqondi into oyithethayo. Ngamanye amaxesha usenokungakwazi ukuhlanganisa amagama akho kwaye usenokuthetha ngendlela engenantsingiselo.

4. Iintshukumo ezingacwangciswanga okanye ezingaqhelekanga: Iintshukumo zakho kunye nokuziphatha kwakho kunokwahluka koko abanye abantu bakulindeleyo. Umzekelo, ungajikeleza kwindawo enye ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacileyo, okanye ngequbuliso uqine endaweni yakho unganyakazi konke konke. Ungabamba neendlela ezingaqhelekanga.

5. Iimpawu ezingalunganga: Oku kubhekiselele ekunciphiseni okanye ekulahlekelweni kwamandla akho okwenza njengoko kulindelekile. Umzekelo, usenokungabonakalisi mvakalelo ebusweni bakho, okanye ungathetha ngethoni enye engenamvakalelo.Oku kuquka ukuphelelwa ngumdla kuyo nayiphi na into, ingakumbi ukuba ngumntu othanda abantu, kunye nokuphelelwa ngumdla wokwenza izinto ozithandayo. Usenokuphelelwa ngumdla wokuzigcina ucocekile nokunyamekela inkangeleko yakho.

Ngenxa yezi mpawu, unokufumana ezinye iimpawu:

• Ukurhanela nokoyika yonke into.
• Ukungakhathali ngococeko nenkangeleko yomntu.
• Uxinzelelo, ixhala, kunye neengcinga zokuzibulala zinokubakho.
• Usenokulingeka ukuba usebenzise kakubi utywala, i-nicotine, amayeza kagqirha, okanye ezinye iziyobisi ukuze unciphise ezi mpawu.

Zithini izizathu ze- schizophrenia ?

I-Schizophrenia ayinasizathu sinye. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ibangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo. Zithathu izizathu eziphambili ezichongiweyo:

• Ukungalingani kwimiqondiso yeekhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukunxibelelana phakathi kweeseli zakho zobuchopho.
• Iingxaki zophuhliso lobuchopho ngaphambi kokuzalwa.
• Ukulahleka konxibelelwano phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo obuchopho.

Ziziphi izinto ezibangela umngcipheko we -schizophrenia ?

Nangona izizathu ezichanekileyo zoku zingekaqinisekiswa, kukho izinto ezininzi ezonyusa umngcipheko wokufumana le meko:

• Indalo: Izinto ezininzi kwindawo okuyo zinokunyusa umngcipheko wakho wokuba ne -schizophrenia . Ukuzalwa ebusika kwandisa umngcipheko wakho kancinci. Ezinye izifo ezichaphazela ingqondo, ezinje ngezifo ezibangelwa kukwasuleleka kunye nezifo ezihlasela umzimba (iimeko apho inkqubo yakho yokuzikhusela yomzimba ihlasela amalungu omzimba wakho), nazo zinokunyusa umngcipheko wakho. Ukuba phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu ixesha elide nako kunokubangela oku.
• Izinto zokukhula kunye nokuzalwa: Indlela okhula ngayo esibelekweni inokuchaphazela nomngcipheko wakho we-schizophrenia . Ukuba umama wakho wayenesifo seswekile sokukhulelwa, i-preeclampsia, ukungondleki kakuhle, okanye ukunqongophala kwe-vitamin D ngexesha lokukhulelwa, usenokuba semngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana i-schizophrenia . Usenokuba semngciphekweni omkhulu ukuba wazalwa unobunzima obuphantsi okanye uneengxaki ngexesha lokuzalwa (ezifana notyando olungxamisekileyo).
• Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi: Ezinye iziyobisi, ingakumbi kwiidosi eziphezulu kwaye zisencinci, ziye zanxulunyaniswa ne -schizophrenia . Unxibelelwano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-cannabis kubantu abancinci, ingakumbi abakwishumi elivisayo, kunye nale meko luye lwafundwa kakuhle. Kodwa iingcali azikaqiniseki ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-cannabis kunxulunyaniswa ne-schizophrenia.Ingaba yimbangela ethe ngqo, okanye yinto nje enegalelo?

Ngaba i-schizophrenia ibangelwa yimfuza?

Iingcali azikafumani unobangela omnye ocacileyo we -schizophrenia , ngoko ke akucaci ukuba ibangelwa yimfuza. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umntu kusapho lwakho, ingakumbi umzali okanye umntakwenu, une -schizophrenia , usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana le meko.

Ifunyanwa njani i-schizophrenia ?

Ugqirha wakho (okanye omthandayo) unokuxilonga isifo se-schizophrenia okanye isifo esinxulumene naso ngokubuza imibuzo, ukuchaza iimpawu zakho, nokujonga indlela oziphatha ngayo. Uya kubuza nemibuzo ukuze ajonge ezinye izizathu ezinokubangela iimpawu zakho. Emva koko, baya kuthelekisa ezo ziphumo kunye neendlela zokuchonga isifo se -schizophrenia .

Ngokutsho kwe-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), ukuxilongwa kwesifo se -schizoaffective kufuna:

• Ubuncinane iimpawu ezimbini kwezintlanu eziphambili esithethe ngazo kufuneka zibekho.
• Kufuneka ukuba ubunazo ezi mpawu kangangenyanga ubuncinane .
• Iimpawu zakho kumele ukuba zichaphazele umsebenzi wakho okanye ubudlelwane bakho (abahlobo, abothando, abomsebenzi, okanye abanye) .

Zeziphi iimvavanyo ezenziwayo ukuze kufunyaniswe esi sifo?

Akukho vavanyo lukhethekileyo lokuxilonga i-schizophrenia . Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuba kuchongwe i-schizophrenia , oogqirha banokwenza uvavanyo oluthile ukuze bagweme ezinye iimeko. Ezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo zovavanyo zezi:

• Uvavanyo lokufota: Oogqirha badla ngokusebenzisa uvavanyo lokufota, olufana ne-computerized tomography (CT) scan okanye i-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, ukuze basuse iingxaki ezifana ne-stroke, ukwenzakala kwengqondo, iithumba zobuchopho, okanye olunye utshintsho kwisakhiwo sobuchopho.
• Uvavanyo lwegazi, umchamo, kunye nolwelo lomqolo (i-spinal tap): Olu vavanyo lukhangela utshintsho lweekhemikhali kulwelo lomzimba wakho ukuze lukhangele izinto ezinokubangela utshintsho kwindlela oziphatha ngayo. Ezi zinokususa izinto ezifana netyhefu yesinyithi esinzima, ezinye izizathu zetyhefu, kunye nosulelo.
• Uvavanyo lokusebenza kobuchopho: Uvavanyo lwe-electroencephalogram (EEG) lufumanisa kwaye lurekhode umsebenzi wombane wengqondo yakho. Olu vavanyo lunokunceda ekuthinteleni iimeko ezifana nesifo sokuwa.

Ngaba isifo sengqondo (schizophrenia) sinokunyangwa?

I-Schizophrenia ayinakunyangwa ngokupheleleyo.Kodwa le yimeko edla ngokuba yeyonyango. Ipesenti encinci kakhulu yabantu inokuphola ngokupheleleyo kwi -schizophrenia . Kodwa ayilonyango, kuba akukho ndlela yokwazi ukuba ngubani oza kuphinda aphinde aphile kwaye ngubani oza kuphinda aphile. Yiyo loo nto iingcali zijonga abantu abaphola kule meko njengabantu "abasesimeni esifanelekileyo."

Iphathwa njani i-schizophrenia ?

Unyango lwe- schizophrenia ludla ngokubandakanya indibaniselwano yamayeza, unyango lwengqondo, kunye neendlela zokuzilawula. Ezi ziquka:

• Ii-antipsychotics zesizukulwana sokuqala nesesibini: Amayeza afana neHaloperidol - Haldol®, Aripiprazole - Abilify®, Aristada®, Olanzapine - Zyprexa®, Lyablvi®, Symbyax®, kunye neQuetiapine - Seroquel® asebenza ngokuthintela isenzo seekhemikhali ezithile (ii-neurotransmitters) ezisetyenziswa yingqondo yakho ukuthumela imiyalezo phakathi kweeseli. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zinokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezifana nokozela, ukunyuka kobunzima, kunye nokungcangcazela.
• Ii-antipsychotics zesizukulwana esilandelayo: I-FDA isandula ukuvuma udidi olutsha lwamayeza e-antipsychotic abizwa ngokuba yi-Xanomeline kunye ne-trospium chloride (Cobenfy™). Olu didi lwamayeza e-antipsychotic lusebenza kwii-receptors ze-cholinergic endaweni yee-receptors ze-dopamine. Kwizilingo zeklinikhi, olu nyango lutsha lubonakalisiwe ukuba lunciphisa iimpawu ze- schizophrenia kwaye luneziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ziquka isicaphucaphu, ukuphazamiseka kwesisu, ukugcinwa komchamo, ukunyuka kwesantya sentliziyo, kunye nokuqhina.
• Unyango lwezengqondo: Iindlela zonyango ezithethwayo ezifana neCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) zinokukunceda ukuba ujongane nokulawula le meko. Unyango lwexesha elide lunokunceda nakwiingxaki zesibini ezifana nokuxhalaba, ukudakumba, okanye ukusebenzisa iziyobisi okunokuhambisana ne-schizophrenia .
• Unyango lwe-Electroconvulsive (ECT): Ukuba ezinye iindlela zonyango azisebenzanga, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa i-ECT. Olu nyango luthumela umbane entlokweni yakho, ovuselela iindawo ezithile zobuchopho bakho. Olu vuselelo lubangela imeko efana nokuxhuzula okwethutyana, enokunceda ukuphucula ukusebenza kwengqondo kubantu abaxinezelekileyo okanye abaxhalabileyo. Ukuba une-ECT, uza kunikwa i-anesthesia. Ngoko ke uza kube ulele ngexesha lenkqubo kwaye awuyi kuva ntlungu.

Ndiza kuziva bhetele nini emva konyango?

Ugqirha wakho ngumntu ongcono ukukuxelela ukuba kuza kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuze uzive ungcono ngamayeza kunye nonyango. Amayeza ahlukeneyo athatha ixesha elahlukileyo ukusebenza. Ugqirha wakho angathetha nawe ngezinye iindlela zonyango ezinokukunceda ukuba unyango lwakho lokuqala alusebenzi.

Ndingalindela ntoni ukuba ndinayo le meko?

I-Schizophrenia yimeko eyahluka kakhulu kumntu nomntu. Usenokuba nobunzima ngezinto ezifana nomsebenzi, ubudlelwane, kunye nokuzinyamekela. Kodwa ngonyango, ungasebenza, uzinakekele, kwaye ube nobudlelwane obonwabisayo.

Le meko idla ngokuba nefuthe elijikelezayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kunokubakho amaxesha apho isifo siqala khona kwaye iimpawu zakho zibe zimbi kakhulu. Emva koko kunokubakho amaxesha apho iimpawu zakho ziphucuka kancinci, kodwa kungekhona ngokupheleleyo.

Nokuba le meko imbi kangakanani na, ungalibali ukuba ngonyango ungaphila nayo kwaye unciphise impembelelo yayo ebomini bakho.

Iyintoni ikamva lale meko?

I-Schizophrenia ayisosifo sibulalayo. Kodwa iziphumo zayo zingakhokelela ekuziphatheni okuyingozi okanye okuyingozi. Malunga nesithathu sabantu abane -schizophrenia bafumana iimpawu eziya ziba mandundu ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kusenokuba kungenxa yokuba iimpawu zakho aziphenduli kunyango, okanye kuba ufumana kunzima ukulandela isicwangciso sonyango ngokwaneleyo ukulawula imeko yakho. Malunga ne-10% yabantu abane -schizophrenia bafa ngokuzibulala.

Abanye basabela kakuhle kunyango, kodwa banokuba namaxesha apho iimpawu zibuya khona kwaye zibe mandundu. Basenokuba neengxaki eziqhubekayo, ezifana nobunzima bokugxila nokucinga, ngenxa yemiphumo yemeko esele ikho.

Ndingawunciphisa njani umngcipheko wam, okanye ndiwuthintele njani lo mngcipheko?

Ngenxa yokuba iingcali azikayazi kakuhle ukuba kutheni i-schizophrenia ikhula, akunakwenzeka ukuyithintela okanye ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuyifumana.

Ndingazinyamekela njani?

Ukuba une -schizophrenia , kufuneka wenze ezi zinto ukuze uzinyamekele kwaye ulawule imeko yakho:

• Sela amayeza akho njengoko kuyalelwe: Eyona nto ibalulekileyo onokuyenza kukuthatha amayeza akho ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuba une -schizophrenia , ungayeki ukuthatha amayeza akho ngaphandle kokuthetha nogqirha wakho. Thetha nogqirha wakho malunga neengxaki okanye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga onazo, kwaye ukhethe amayeza akusebenzelayo kwaye aneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimbalwa okanye angenazo.
• Bona ugqirha wakho njengoko kucetyisiwe: Ugqirha wakho uza kumisela ishedyuli yokuba ubabone. Ezi ntlanganiso zibaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni imeko yakho.
• Musa ukuzityeshela iimpawu:Ukuba uxilongiwe kwaye ufuna unyango kwangethuba, kunokwenzeka ukuba uphendule kakuhle kunyango kwaye ube neziphumo ezilungileyo.
• Kuphephe ukusebenzisa utywala neziyobisi: Ukusetyenziswa kotywala neziyobisi kunokwenza iimpawu ze- schizophrenia zibe mandundu kwaye kubangele nezinye iingxaki. Oku kuquka ukusebenzisa amayeza kagqirha ngeendlela ezingezizo ezicetyiswayo.
• Cinga ngokufumana inkxaso: Ungafumana izixhobo eziluncedo nolwazi kwimibutho efana neNational Alliance on Mental Illness. Kukho iindawo eSri Lanka ezibonelela ngeenkonzo ezifanayo, ngoko ke zijonge.

Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha wam?

Kufuneka ubonane nogqirha wakho njengoko kuyalelwe. Kwakhona, ukuba ubona utshintsho kwiimpawu zakho, umzekelo, ukuba iimpawu zakho ziya zisiba mandundu nokuba usela amayeza akho, kufuneka ubonane nogqirha wakho. Ukuba iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango lwakho ziyaphazamisana nobomi bakho, ungamxelela nogqirha wakho ngaloo nto. Ugqirha wakho ngamanye amaxesha unokunyanga imeko yakho ngcono, kwaye unokucebisa ezinye iindlela zonyango okanye unyango olungenazo iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Ndingaya nini kwiSebe leeNgxamiseko (i-ETU) ?

Ukuba unengcinga zokuzilimaza okanye zokuzilimaza abanye, fowunela iNational Mental Health Helpline ku-1926 ngoko nangoko. Ukuba uvakalelwa kukuba uza kuzilimaza, yiya kwicandelo elikufutshane lesibhedlele ngokukhawuleza, okanye ufowunele iSuwaseriya Ambulance Service ku-1990.

Ndingenza ntoni ukuba umntu endimthandayo ubonakalisa iimpawu ze- schizophrenia ?

Ukuba ucinga ukuba umntu omthandayo ubonisa iimpawu ze- schizophrenia okanye imeko enxulumene nayo, ungazama ukunceda ngezi ndlela zilandelayo:

• Buza ukuba ungabanceda njani: Ukubamamela, ukubanceda, ukugcina imizila yonxibelelwano ivulekile nabo, nokubanceda bazive benxibelelene nabanye abantu.
• Bakhuthaze ukuba bafumane umntu onokunceda: Ukuphazamiseka kweemvakalelo okunxulumene ne-Schizophrenia , ingakumbi amayeza, kunokuphucula iimpawu zomntu kwaye kubancede baqonde oko kuyinyani noko kungekuko.
• Musa ukugweba okanye ukuphikisana: Nokuba kukho ubungqina, musa ukubagweba okanye ukuphikisana nabo malunga nokuba yintoni na eyinyani okanye engeyiyo. Abantu abafumana imibono okanye iinkolelo badla ngokungaphenduli kubungqina kuba abakwazi ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na eyinyani okanye engeyiyo.
• Hlala uphole:Ukuba bacaphukile okanye banomsindo, musa ukuphakamisa ilizwi lakho. Zama ukwenza indawo okuyo ithule kwaye izole kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kwakhona, qiniseka ukuba abaziva bevalelekile okanye besongelwa nangayiphi na indlela.
• Fumana uncedo xa kukho imeko engxamisekileyo: Abantu abane -schizophrenia basengozini enkulu yokuzibulala. Ukuba bathetha ngokucinga ngokuzilimaza okanye ukwenzakalisa abanye, funa uncedo ngokukhawuleza (umz. fowunela u-911, ubase esibhedlele).

Okokugqibela, yintoni ekufuneka uyikhumbule

I-Schizophrenia inokuba yimeko eyoyikisayo kuwe nakubantu obathandayo. Kodwa nangona uluntu luneengcamango eziphosakeleyo, ayisiyo imeko engenakwenzeka ukuba uphile ubomi obonwabisayo nobanelisayo. Ukuba ucinga ukuba uneempawu ze- schizophrenia , kubalulekile ukuthetha nogqirha ngokukhawuleza. Umsebenzi wabo kukukunceda. Oogqirha, ingakumbi abo banoqeqesho olukhethekileyo kwizifo zengqondo ezifana ne -schizophrenia , baqeqeshwe ukukunceda uzive ungagwetywanga, ungenazintloni, okanye ungenazintloni.

Ukuba ucinga ukuba umntu omthandayo usenokuba unesifo sengqondo okanye isifo sengqondo esibangela i-schizoaffective disorder, mkhuthaze ukuba afune unyango ngendlela enobubele nexhasayo. Ukuxilongwa kwangoko kunye nonyango kunokwenza umahluko omkhulu ekuchacheni nasekulawuleni le meko.

Isifo sengqondo , impilo yengqondo, iimpawu zesifo sengqondo, unyango lwesifo sengqondo , izizathu zesifo sengqondo