Ngaba uhlala ufumana umkhuhlane nomkhuhlane? Okanye uneentlungu zesisu norhudo? Emva kwezi zinto zininzi ezisigulisayo kukho utshaba oluncinci esingenakulubona. Sibabiza ngokuba "ziintsholongwane." Ngoko ke, ngoobani ezi ntsholongwane? Zingena njani emizimbeni yethu zisenze sigule? Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngazo zonke ezi zinto ngokulula, ngendlela onokuyiqonda.
Kalula nje, yintoni intsholongwane?
Intsholongwane yintsholongwane encinci kakhulu (i-pathogen) esingenakuyibona ngamehlo ethu. Ayinokosulela abantu, izilwanyana, nezityalo kuphela, kodwa neebhaktheriya kunye nefungi. Nangona kunjalo, intsholongwane enye inokosulela uhlobo oluthile lomninimzi.
Intsholongwane ifana nentwana yolwazi egqunywe "ebhegini" encinci. Le ngxowa ibizwa ngokuba sisigqubuthelo sokukhusela esenziwe ngeproteni, esibizwa ngokuba yi-"capsid." Ngokungafaniyo neeseli ezisemzimbeni wethu, iintsholongwane azinakuzahlula kwaye zenze iikopi zazo zodwa. Endaweni yoko, zingena kwiseli emizimbeni yethu kwaye zisebenzise izixhobo kunye noomatshini baloo seli ukwenza amawaka eekopi zazo.
Khawucinge nje ngoku. Umntu ungena ekhitshini lakho ngokunyebeleza. Bazisa iresiphi yabo, kodwa basebenzisa iimbiza zakho, iipani, amacephe, iblender, i-oven, yonke into ukwenza ukutya. Intsholongwane yenza into efanayo. Intsholongwane ingena kwenye yeeseli zethu, isebenzisa umxholo weseli ukwenza iikopi ezininzi zayo. Ekugqibeleni, iyayitshabalalisa loo seli, ize iphume ize yosulele ezinye iiseli.
Ziziphi iimpawu eziphambili zentsholongwane?
Iintsholongwane zineempawu ezininzi ezifanayo. Masibone ukuba ziyintoni na.
| Uphawu | Ingcaciso elula |
|---|---|
| Izinto zofuzo | Intsholongwane yenziwe ngolwazi lwemfuza. Olu lunokuba yi-RNA okanye i-DNA. Olu lwazi lukwi-protective protein coat (capsid). |
| Imvulophu | Ezinye iintsholongwane zinesinye isigqubuthelo samafutha ngaphandle kwe-capsid. Oku sikubiza ngokuba 'yi-envelope'. Iintsholongwane ezingenalo olu hlobo lwesigqubuthelo zibizwa ngokuba "ziintsholongwane ezingenanto". |
| Indalo yeZilwanyana | Iintsholongwane zifana neeparasite. Azinakuphila okanye zizale ngokwazo. Zidinga enye iseli ephilayo (iseli engumsingathi) ukuze zenze njalo. |
| Ubungakanani obuncinci kakhulu | Iintsholongwane ziinxalenye ezincinci ngokuphindwe kayi-100 ukuya kwi-1000 kuneseli emzimbeni wethu. Azinakubonwa nge-microscope eqhelekileyo, zifuna i-electron microscope. |
Zeziphi iintlobo zeentsholongwane esiziva ngazo rhoqo?
Kukho amawaka eentlobo zeentsholongwane. Zahlulwe ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo ngokusekwe kwimilo yazo, ubungakanani bazo, kunye nezinto ezifumaneka kwimfuza. Makhe sijonge iintlobo ezimbalwa zeentsholongwane esihlala siziva ngazo nezibalulekileyo kuthi.
- Iintsholongwane zomkhuhlane: Ezi zezona zibangela umkhuhlane oqhelekileyo kunye nomkhuhlane. Iintsholongwane kolu sapho nazo zibangela izinto ezifana nomkhuhlane weentaka kunye nomkhuhlane weengulube.
- Iintsholongwane ze-herpes zoluntu: Olu lusapho olukhulu lweentsholongwane. Ezi ntsholongwane zibangela izifo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka izilonda zomkhuhlane, i-herpes yesini, i-chickenpox, kunye ne-shingles.
- IiCoronavirus: Isifo se-COVID-19 esisandula ukukhubaza ihlabathi sibangelwa yintsholongwane evela kolu sapho. Nangona kunjalo, kukwakho neentlobo ze-coronavirus ezibangela umkhuhlane oqhelekileyo.
- Iintsholongwane ze-Human papilloma (HPV): Ezi ntsholongwane zibangela iintsumpa eluswini. Ezinye iintlobo ze-HPV zinokubangela nomhlaza ofana nomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko.
- Iintsholongwane zeHepatitis: Ezi ziintsholongwane ezihlasela isibindi sethu. Iintlobo eziphambili zeHepatitis A, B, kunye no-C.
- Iintsholongwane ze-Retrovirus: Ezi ziintsholongwane ze-RNA. Intsholongwane ye-HIV ikweli qela. Ezi ntsholongwane zingafaka ulwazi lwazo lwemfuza kwi-DNA yethu.
Ezinye iintsholongwane zikwanamandla okubangela umhlaza. Sizibiza ngokuba zii-oncovirus. I-HPV, i-hepatitis B kunye ne-C, kunye ne-HIV zezinye zezi ntsholongwane.
Iintsholongwane zingena njani emizimbeni yethu?
Iintsholongwane zifana namasela, zikhangela imingxuma yokungena emizimbeni yethu. Ngokuyintloko zingena ngemifinya yamehlo ethu, impumlo, umlomo, kunye namalungu esini. Oko kuthetha ukuba:
- Ngokuphefumla amathontsi avela kumntu osulelekileyo xa ekhohlela okanye ethimla.
- Ngokuchukumisa indawo engcolileyo yintsholongwane uze uchukumise amehlo akho, impumlo, okanye umlomo ngesandla esifanayo.
- Ukuba nesondo esingakhuselekanga nomntu osulelekileyo.
- Ngokutya igazi elineentsholongwane.
Iintsholongwane zinokungena emzimbeni ngenxeba lesikhumba, ukukrwela, okanye ukulunywa sisilwanyana esifana nengcongconi okanye ikhalane (umz. i-dengue, iZika).
Zenza ntoni iintsholongwane emva kokungena emzimbeni?
Inkqubo esetyenziswa yintsholongwane ukusulela iiseli zethu inzima kakhulu. Inokwenzeka ngemijikelo emibini ephambili.
1. Umjikelo weLytic
Le yindlela esebenzayo nekhawulezayo.
- Ukunamathela kunye nokungena: Le ntsholongwane inamathela kumphezulu wenye yeeseli zethu. Emva koko ikhohlisa iseli ukuba ingene.
- Ukuphindaphindwa: Xa sele ingaphakathi kwiseli, intsholongwane ilawula iseli. Emva koko isebenzisa izixhobo zeseli ukwenza amawaka eekopi zezinto zayo zofuzo kunye neeproteni.
- Ukuhlanganiswa: Iindawo ezisandul’ ukwakheka ziyadibana ukuze zenze amasuntswana amatsha eentsholongwane.
- Ukukhululwa: Inani leentsholongwane ngaphakathi kwiseli liyanda, kwaye ekugqibeleni iseli iyaqhuma. Amawaka eentsholongwane ezintsha ayaphuma aze aqale ukosulela iiseli eziphilileyo ezizingqongileyo. Oku kwenzeka kwizifo ezifana nomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo kunye nomkhuhlane.
2. Umjikelo weLysogenic
Le yindlela ethule nefihlakeleyo.
- Emva kokuba ezinye iintsholongwane zingene kwiseli, aziyitshabalalisi. Endaweni yoko, intsholongwane idibanisa ulwazi lwayo lwemfuza (i-DNA) kwi-DNA yeseli.
- Ngoku, xa iseli yahlulahlula ngokwesiqhelo, iseli nganye entsha ifumana elo qhekeza le-DNA kwintsholongwane. Iseli ayazi nokuba intsholongwane ikhona.
- Ngale ndlela, intsholongwane inokuhlala ifihliwe emzimbeni iminyaka emininzi, ngaphandle kokubangela naziphi na iimpawu.
- Nangona kunjalo, ngesizathu esithile (umz. uxinzelelo, ukugula kunye nobuthathaka bokuzikhusela komzimba), le ntsholongwane ingashukumi ngequbuliso. Emva koko itshintshela kumjikelo we-lytic kwaye iqale ukosulela iiseli ngokuzitshabalalisa. Intsholongwane ye-herpes ebangela amadyungudyungu emlonyeni, kunye ne-herpes zoster ``(shingles)`` eyenzeka emva kwe-chickenpox yimizekelo emihle yoku.
Ingaba iintsholongwane ziyaphila okanye aziphilanga?
Lo ngumba onzima kancinci. Kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo malunga noku phakathi kwezazinzulu. Ngokubanzi, ukuze ibizwe ngokuba yinto ephilayo, kufuneka ikwazi ukuvelisa amandla ngokwayo (i-metabolism) kwaye izalise ngokwayo. Intsholongwane ayinakukwazi ukwenza zombini ezi zinto. Ngokuqinisekileyo ifuna enye iseli. Yiyo loo nto abantu abaninzi besithi iintsholongwane azinabomi .
Nangona kunjalo, zinokuzala ngaphakathi kwiseli kwaye ziguquke ngokuhamba kwexesha, yiyo loo nto abanye besithi ziphakathi kobomi nokungabi bubomi.
Ziziphi izifo eziqhelekileyo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane?
Iintsholongwane zingunobangela wezifo ezininzi esijongene nazo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Eminye imizekelo yile:
- Okubandayo Okunye
- Umkhuhlane (umkhuhlane)
- I-COVID 19
- I-Dengue
- Iqhwiqhwi
- I-Mascus
- Iingqukuva
- Ipoliyo
- I-HIV/AIDS
- Iintsumpa zesini kunye nomhlaza wesibeleko (HPV)
- I-Herpes yesini
- Isifo seRabies
- I-Hepatitis (ukudumba kwesibindi)
Iintsholongwane ziyinxalenye yehlabathi lethu. Nangona ezinye zazo zinokusigulisa, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba kukho izigidigidi zeentsholongwane ezihlala emizimbeni yethu ngaphandle kokubangela monakalo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukulandela imikhwa yococeko efunekayo kwaye ufune iingcebiso zonyango ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuze uzikhusele kwiintsholongwane ezinokubangela ukugula.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Iintsholongwane ziintsholongwane ezincinci ezingenakuphila zodwa kwaye zifuna iiseli emizimbeni yethu ukuba zizale.
- Zingasasazeka ngomoya, ngokuchukumisa, ngolwelo lomzimba, nangokulunywa zizinambuzane.
- Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuzikhusela kwizifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane kukuziqhelanisa nemikhwa emihle yococeko, njengokuhlamba izandla zakho rhoqo ngesepha namanzi .
- Ukugonywa yindlela esebenzayo kakhulu yokukhusela izifo ezininzi eziyingozi zentsholongwane.
- Ukuba uneempawu zosulelo olubangelwa yintsholongwane (umkhuhlane, iintlungu zomzimba, ukukhwehlela, ukubanda), kubalulekile ukuba uphumle ngokwaneleyo kwaye ubone ugqirha wakho ukuze ufumane icebiso elifanelekileyo.
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