Iyini i-Cytology? Ake sifunde konke ngayo!

Wake wezwa ngokuhlolwa kwe-'Cytology'? Mhlawumbe udokotela ukucele ukuthi wenze ukuhlolwa okunjalo. Empeleni lokhu ukuhlolwa okubaluleke kakhulu. Kubheka amangqamuzana amancane kakhulu emzimbeni wethu futhi kusiza ekutholeni izifo ezithile kusenesikhathi, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sizokhuluma ngale sayensi ye-cytology ngendlela elula ongayiqonda.

Kuyini i-Cytology? Kalula nje...

Cabanga ngakho, imizimba yethu yakhiwe yizigidigidi zamaseli amancane. Ngakho-ke le cytology, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi 'i-cytopathology', ihilela ukuthatha amaseli ambalwa ezicutshini zomzimba wakho noma uketshezi (isibonelo, umchamo, i-mucus) bese uwahlola ukuze ubone ukuthi kukhona yini okuhlukile noma okungajwayelekile kuwo.

Njengomseshi, udokotela ochwepheshe, simbiza ngokuthi 'udokotela wezifo' , nguyena obheka la maseli ngokucophelela ngaphansi kwe-microscope bese ethola ukuthi, 'O... kunenkinga lapha' noma 'Cha, konke kuhamba kahle'. Lokhu akudingi ucezu olukhulu lwezicubu, isampula encane kakhulu yeseli yanele. Yingakho lokhu kuhlolwa kungenziwa ngaphandle kobunzima obukhulu ezimweni eziningi.

Nakuba odokotela basebenzisa lezi zivivinyo ze-cytology ezintweni ezahlukahlukene, zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga umdlavuza noma ukuhlola ukuthi ukhona yini umdlavuza.

Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-cytology?

Manje ake sibone, kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko ku-cytology. Ake sixoxe ngazo.

1. I-Exfoliative Cytology

Igama lingase lizwakale liyinkimbinkimbi kancane, kodwa empeleni lilula kakhulu. I-exfoliative cytology inqubo yokuhlola amangqamuzana akhishwa emizimbeni yethu (njengamangqamuzana esikhumba afile) noma akhuhlwe ngobumnene ebusweni, njengebhulashi elincane.

Ake sibheke ezinye izibonelo zalokhu.

• Amasampula ezifo zabesifazane: Iningi labesifazane liyakwazi lokhu. Uhlobo lokuhlola oludumile kakhulu yi -Pap smear , oluhilela ukuthatha isampula encane yamaseli avela emlonyeni wesibeletho ngebhulashi elincane bese uwahlola.
• Amasampula omgudu wesisu: Ngezinye izikhathi, lapho udokotela enza i-endoscopy (ebheka ngaphakathi ngekhamera), angase aklwebhe amanye amangqamuzana ngaphakathi kwamathumbu bese ewathumela ekuhlolweni kwe-cytology.
• Amasampula esikhumba noma ama-mucus: Lawa angahlolwa ngokuklwebha amangqamuzana esikhumbeni sakho, ngaphakathi kwekhala lakho, noma ngaphakathi emlonyeni wakho.

Enye indlela ukuqoqa amaseli ezintweni ezikhishwa emzimbeni. Cabanga ngakho:

• Amasampula okuphefumula:Ungahlola i-phlegm noma i-sputum ephumayo uma ukhwehlela ukuze ubone amaseli akuyo.
• Amasampula omchamo: Ezinye izifo zingatholakala ngokuthatha isampula yomchamo wakho (umchamo) bese uhlola amaseli akuwo.
• Amasampula okukhishwa okungavamile noma okukhishwayo: Uma kukhona ukukhishwa okungavamile, njengokuvela emehlweni, esithweni sangasese sowesifazane, noma emabeleni, isampula ingathathwa futhi kungenziwa ukuhlolwa kwe-cytology.

2. I-Cytology Yokungenelela

Kulokhu, njengoba igama lisho, udokotela kufanele enze ukusika okuncane ebusweni besikhumba sakho bese ethatha isampula yamaseli ngaphakathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isampula kungadingeka ithathwe ngokubhoboza isikhumba.

Ukuhlolwa okuvame kakhulu kwalolu hlobo kubizwa ngokuthi i-fine-needle aspiration (FNA) .

• Lokhu kuhilela ukusebenzisa inalithi encane kakhulu ukuyifaka endaweni okufanele ihlolwe (isb., iqhubu) bese ukhipha isampula yoketshezi noma amaseli lapho. Udokotela wezifo ube esebheka amaseli ngaphansi kwe-microscope.

Kunezindawo eziningana lapho i-FNA ingenziwa khona:

• Ama-cyst ayizigaxa ezinamanzi ngaphansi kwesikhumba.
• Amaqhubu noma izingcezu ngaphansi kwesikhumba.
• Ama-lymph node akho.
• Uketshezi lwe-pericardial .
• Uketshezi lwe-Pleural uketshezi olukhona esikhaleni se-pleural (phakathi kwamaphaphu kanye nolwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwesifuba).

Ukuhlolwa kwe-cytology kwenziwa nini?

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthola umdlavuza noma ukuhlonza umdlavuza kusenesikhathi.

• Ukuhlolwa kokuxilonga ukuhlolwa okwenziwa uma unezimpawu (isib. ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo, ubuhlungu besisu, iqhubu emzimbeni wakho) ukuthola ukuthi inkinga iyini. I-Cytology ingasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi kukhona yini amangqamuzana angajwayelekile futhi, uma kunjalo, uhlobo luni lwesifo.
• Ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kuwukuhlolwa okubheka ukuthi usengozini yokuthola izifo ezithile (ikakhulukazi umdlavuza), noma ngabe awunazo izimpawu. I-Pap smear ingenye yezivivinyo abantu abaningi abazijwayele.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu, i-cytology iyasiza ngezinye izinto:

• Thola izifo ezithelelanayo.
• Thola izimo zokuvuvukala.
• Hlola izilonda ze-thyroid.
• Thola izifo ezihambisana nemigodi ethile yomzimba (isib., uketshezi olwakha phakathi kwezicubu ezimboze amaphaphu).

Ubani owenza lolu vivinyo lwe-cytology?

Lona futhi umbuzo omuhle. Uma wenza isivivinyo se-cytology,Ngokuvamile kuba nabantu ababili: lowo oqoqa isampula kanye nalowo oyihlolayo.

• Indlela yokuqoqa isampula iyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lokuhlolwa. Isibonelo, udokotela wezifo zabesifazane angase aqoqe isampula yeseli ukuze kwenziwe i-Pap smear. Ku-FNA, udokotela oqeqeshiwe uzokwenza lokho.
• Ngemuva kwalokho, lesi sampula sithunyelwa elabhorethri.
• Lapho, isazi sezifo noma isazi sezifo sihlola lawa maseli ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu bese senza ukuxilongwa. Bangochwepheshe kulo mkhakha.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Cytology kwenziwa kanjani? Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo

Kulungile, manje ake sibone ukuthi lolu vivinyo lwe-cytology lwenziwa kanjani ngqo. Ngokuvamile kunezinyathelo ezine eziyinhloko kulokhu.

1. Ukuqoqa amaseli esampula

Lesi yisinyathelo sokuqala. Udokotela wakho uzothatha isampula yamaseli emzimbeni wakho ukuze ahlole. Njengoba sixoxile ngaphambili, kungaba:

• Susa ngokukhuhla noma ukuxubha ubuso.
• Kuqoqwa njengoketshezi (njengomchamo, i-mucus).
• Kungenzeka ukuthi ithathwe kusetshenziswa indlela ethi 'fine needle aspiration ' (FNA).

2. Ukucubungula amaseli esampula

Uma isampula ifika elabhorethri, kudingeka ilungiselelwe ukwenza kube lula ukuyihlola.

• Kwamanye amasampula ezicubu, udokotela noma othile elabhorethri uzowagcoba kuslayidi elincane lengilazi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi 'ama-smears' .
• Uma kuyisampula yoketshezi, kungase kungenzeki ukwenza i-smear ngqo ngenxa yenani elincane lamaseli kuyo. Bese ifakwa esitsheni esincane bese ithunyelwa elabhorethri.
• Uma esese-lab, udokotela wezifo noma uchwepheshe we-lab uzocwilisa la ma-smear, noma amaseli alungisiwe, kudayi olukhethekile (amabala). Lokhu kupenda kwenza kube lula ukubona izingxenye ezahlukene zamaseli ngokucacile ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Njengoba nje ukufaka umbala esithombeni kwenza kube lula ukubona imininingwane.
• Uma isampula liwuketshezi, umshini obizwa ngokuthi i-centrifuge ngezinye izikhathi usetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa amaseli koketshezi. Lo mshini ujikeleza isampula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi uhlukanise amaseli ngesisindo. Amaseli ahlukanisiwe abe esebekwa kuslayidi bese efakwa umbala uma kudingeka.

3. Ukuhlola amaseli esampula

Isampula yeseli elungisiwe futhi enemibala ihlolwa ngokucophelela ngudokotela wezifo ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Uzobheka:

• Ingabe amaseli ajwayelekile?
• Ingabe kukhona amaseli angajwayelekile?
• Ingabe zikhona izimpawu zokutheleleka?
• Uyabona yini izinto ezifana namaseli omdlavuza?

Uma ethola noma yimaphi amangqamuzana angajwayelekile, uwamaka kuslayidi ngepeni elikhethekile. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokusekelwe kulokho akubonayo, wenza ukuxilongwa bese edala umbiko onemininingwane.

4. Ukwabelana ngemiphumela

Ekugcineni, udokotela wezifo uzothumela umbiko kudokotela wakho (udokotela okuthumelele ukuhlolwa). Udokotela wakho uzobe esekuchazela imiphumela bese exoxa nawe ngalokho okufanele ukwenze ngokulandelayo (isib., ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe, imithi).

Ngingakulungiselela kanjani ukuhlolwa kwe-cytology?

Lena inkinga abantu abaningi abanayo. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ukuhlolwa okuningi kwe-cytology kulula kakhulu futhi akubuhlungu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke awudingi ukwenza lutho olukhethekile ukuze uzilungiselele.

Kodwa-ke, udokotela wakho uzochaza imininingwane yokuhlolwa ozokwenziwa. Uzophinde asho ngokucacile ukuthi kukhona yini okudingeka ukwenze ngaphambi kwalolo vivinyo oluthile (njengokungadli amahora ambalwa, ukuyeka imithi ethile). Ngakho-ke landela leyo miyalelo ngokucophelela.

Yini ongayilindela ngemva kokuhlolwa?

Ngemva kokuhlolwa, isampula yamaseli athathwe kuwe ithunyelwa elabhorethri, lapho udokotela wezifo ehlola khona bese ethumela umbiko kudokotela wakho. Udokotela uzokutshela imiphumela. Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube nokungakhululeki noma ukuklwebheka lapho isampula ithathwe khona izinsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa lokhu kuvame ukuphela ngokushesha.

Ingabe zikhona izingozi kanye nokungalungi kwalezi zivivinyo?

Njengakuzo zonke izivivinyo zezokwelapha, kunezinkinga ezingaba khona. Kodwa-ke, izinkinga ezinkulu ezivela ezivivinyweni ze-cytology azivamile. Kodwa-ke, zivame ukuba zincane (isib. ukopha okuncane noma ukuklwebheka endaweni ye-FNA).

• Ngezinye izikhathi, imiphumela ethi 'okuqondile okungamanga' noma 'okungalungile' ingenzeka. 'Okuqondile okungamanga' kusho ukuthi umphumela ubonisa ukuthi isifo asikho, kanti 'okungalungile okungamanga' kusho ukuthi umphumela ubonisa ukuthi isifo asikho. Kodwa lokhu kwenzeka kaningi, futhi odokotela bezifo bakhathazekile kakhulu ngalokhu.
• Kwezinye izimo, i-biopsy (ukuhlolwa okuthatha ingxenye yezicubu) inganikeza ulwazi olwengeziwe kunokuhlolwa kwe-cytology, ngakho-ke ingaba nembe kakhudlwana.

Ngakho-ke yiziphi izinzuzo zokuhlolwa kwe-cytology?

Kunezinzuzo kanye nokungalungi. Ngenxa yokuthi kudinga isampula encane yamaseli kuphela, ukuhlolwa kwe-cytology kunezinzuzo eziningana ngaphezu kwe-biopsy:

• Akudingi ukungenelela okuningi. Lokho kusho ukuthi akukho ukusikwa okukhulu.
• Ukungakhululeki nobuhlungu kuncane kakhulu. Ezinye azibuhlungu ngisho.
• Amathuba okuba nezinkinga aphansi.
• Izindleko ziphansi kakhulu.
• Kungenziwa ngokushesha.

Iyini imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-cytology?

Imiphumela oyitholayo ingahluka kancane kuye ngokuthi kwenziwa luphi uhlolo, nokuthi isampula ithathwe kuphi. Ngokuvamile, umbiko wesazi sezifo ungafaka okulandelayo:

• Incazelo yesampula (isib. lapho ithathwe khona, ukuthi ithathwe kanjani).
• Kutholakale amaseli angajwayelekile noma cha.
• Uma kutholakala amangqamuzana angajwayelekile, hlobo luni lwesifo, ukutheleleka, noma umdlavuza?
• Uma kungumdlavuza, liyini izinga lomdlavuza? Lokhu kukutshela ukuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza afana noma ahluke kangakanani kumaseli ajwayelekile, nokuthi angasakazeka ngokushesha kangakanani.
• Kudingeka yini ezinye izivivinyo, njenge-biopsy.
• Mhlawumbe, ukuxilongwa okuqondile noma ukuqagela okumbalwa.

Kuzongithatha isikhathi esingakanani ukwazi imiphumela?

Lokhu kuyinto abantu abaningi abayibuzayo. Isikhathi esithathayo ukwazi imiphumela sincike esicini ngasinye.

• Imiphumela yokuhlolwa okuvamile (njenge-Pap smear) ingathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa (mhlawumbe usuku noma ezimbili).
• Ezinye izivivinyo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zingathatha isonto noma amabili noma ngisho nangaphezulu.

Izinto ezithinta lokhu yilezi:

• Umsebenzi wokusebenza elabhorethri.
• Udinga ukubona amaseli noma izicubu ezengeziwe.
• Kungadingeka amabala akhethekile noma ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe.
• Ngezinye izikhathi kudingeka umbono wesibili komunye udokotela.
• Isikhathi sokucubungula yisikhathi esithathayo ukuze isampula iye elabhorethri, ilungiselelwe, ihlolwe, ibhalwe umbiko, bese ihanjiswa kudokotela wakho.

Udokotela wakho uzokwazi ukukunikeza umbono wokuthi kuvame ukuthatha isikhathi esingakanani.

Buyini ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-cytology kanye ne-pathology?

Ungadidanisi lokhu okubili. I-Cytology, noma esiyibiza ngokuthi 'i-Cytopathology', igatsha le-Pathology, okungukuthi, uhlobo oluthile lochwepheshe.

Kwezokwelapha, i-pathology yinsimu yezokwelapha ebhekene nokuhlolwa kwelabhorethri kwamangqamuzana nezicubu ezivela ezicutshini zomzimba noma amasampula oketshezi ngenhloso yokuxilonga isifo. Ngakho-ke, i-cytology iyingxenye eyodwa nje yaleyo nsimu enkulu.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-Cytology ne-Histology?

I-Cytology kanye ne-Histology amanye amagatsha amabili e-Pathology. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalawa amabili yilokho okuhlolwayo.

• I-Cytology ibheka kakhulu amaseli ngamanye noma amaqoqo amaseli. Lawa kungaba amaseli atholakale noma amaseli athathwe ku-FNA.
• I-Histology ibheka ingxenye yonke yezicubu.Isampula yezicubu iyahlolwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi zingaki izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli ezikhona, ukuthi axhumene kanjani, kanye nesakhiwo sezicubu. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ngokuthatha isampula yezicubu nge-biopsy.

Kalula nje, isayensi yamaseli ifana nokuthatha iqabunga esihlahleni ulibheke, kanti isayensi yezicubu ifana nokuthatha igatsha esihlahleni.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuhlolwa kwe-cytology kanye ne-biopsy?

Inhloso yakho kokubili ukwenza ukuxilongwa, kodwa kunezinhlobo eziningana zomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwalokhu okubili.

• Usayizi wesampula:
• Ku-cytology, isampula encane kakhulu yamaseli ihlolwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope.
• I-biopsy ivame ukuhilela ukuthatha ingxenye enkulu yezicubu kunesampula ye-cytology.

• Indlela yokukwenza:
• Ukuthatha isampula ye-cytology (isb., i-Pap smear, i-swab) kuvame ukuba lula, akubuhlungu, futhi kungase kungadingi i-anesthesia.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-biopsy kuvame ukuhlasela kakhulu kunezivivinyo ze-cytology. Kungadinga i-anesthesia yendawo noma i-anesthesia ejwayelekile.

• Yini ehlolwayo:
• I-Cytology ibheka amaseli ngamanye noma amaqoqo amaseli .
• Ku-biopsy, isazi sezifo asihloli nje kuphela amangqamuzana, kodwa futhi nokwakheka kwezicubu zonke .

Okokugcina, izinto okudingeka uzikhumbule

Ngakho-ke, ngithemba ukuthi manje usunombono omuhle nge-Cytology. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-Cytology kuyindlela evamile kakhulu futhi ephephile evame ukungabi buhlungu futhi esetshenziselwa ukuxilonga izifo nokuthola izinto ezifana nomdlavuza kusenesikhathi.

Ukulinda imiphumela yokuhlolwa kungaba yinto ekucindezelayo futhi ekucindezelayo. Lokho kuyinto evamile. Kodwa khumbula, ithimba lakho lezokwelapha lihlala likhona ukukusiza nokukunakekela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiphumela ithini. Uma unemibuzo mayelana nokuhlolwa kwakho, imiphumela yakho, noma ukuthi yini okufanele uyenze ngokulandelayo, ungesabi ukubuza udokotela wakho. Unelungelo lokuzwiwa nokuqondwa. Uyaqonda?

I- Cytology, i-Cytology, Ukuhlolwa Kwamaseli, Ukutholwa Komdlavuza, Ukuhlolwa Kwe-Pap, I-Pap Smear, i-FNA, Ukuxilongwa, I-Pathology