Ziyini i-DNA, izakhi zofuzo kanye nama-chromosome? Ake sixoxe kalula!

Wake wazibuza ukuthi yini eyakwenza waba yile ndlela oyiyo? Umbala wezinwele zakho, umbala wamehlo, ukuphakama, ukuma komzimba wakho, konke lokhu kunqunywa kanjani? Impendulo ilele kulezi zinto esizokhuluma ngazo namuhla, i-DNA , izakhi zofuzo, nama -chromosome . Nakuba zingase zizwakale njengenkulumo yesayensi, lezi izinto ezilula kakhulu ukuziqonda. Ake sibheke.

Iyini i-DNA (i-Deoxyribonucleic acid)? Kalula nje…

Cabanga ngomzimba wakho wonke njengencwadi enkulu yemiyalelo. Leyo ncwadi ikutshela ukuthi zonke izingxenye zomzimba wakho kufanele zisebenze kanjani, ukuthi kufanele ubukeke kanjani, nokuthi kufanele ubukeke kanjani. Leyo sethi yemiyalelo ibizwa ngokuthi 'i-DNA (i-Deoxyribonucleic acid).' Ikuwo wonke amaseli emzimbeni wakho. Kalula nje, i-DNA iyisithombe sokuthi ungubani.

Yenziwe ngani i-DNA?

I-DNA nayo inolimi lwayo lokubhala le ncwadi yemiyalelo. Lolo limi lunezinhlamvu ezine. Lezi yizi:

• I-Adenine (A)
• I-Cytosine (i-Cytosine - C)
• I-Thiamine (i-Thymine – T)
• I-Guanine (i-Guanine – G)

Lezi zisekelo ezine zamakhemikhali yizo ezakha “amagama” encwadini yakho yemiyalelo, ahlelwe ngokulandelana okuthile. Njengoba nje izinhlamvu zethu zesiSinhala zihlanganiswa ukuze zenze amagama. Cabanga nje, kunezisekelo ezingaba yizigidigidi ezintathu emzimbeni womuntu! Ama-99% azo afana kuwo wonke umuntu. Lokho okusele okungu -1% yikho okwenza uhluke kwabanye, umuntu wakho ohlukile. Akumangalisi yini?

I-DNA ihlala izenza amakhophi ayo. Okusho ukuthi, yenza amakhophi encwadi yemiyalelo yomzimba wakho, njengamakhophi abhalwe ngesandla. Isebenzisa amagama akhiwa ngokuhlanganisa lezo zisekelo.

Ngakho-ke ziyini izakhi zofuzo?

Ama-gene, empeleni, afana nezakhi zomzimba wakho . Amanye ama-gene anikeza imiyalelo yokwenza amaprotheni. Umsebenzi wamaprotheni ukutshela umzimba wakho ukuthi yiziphi izici zomzimba ofuna ukuba nazo. Isibonelo, izinto ezifana nombala wezinwele zakho nombala wamehlo akho. Amanye ama-gene afaka into ebizwa ngokuthi i-`RNA (Ribonucleic acid),` eqhuba eminye imisebenzi.

Sithola kanjani izakhi zofuzo?

Awukwazi ukuthenga lezi zakhi zofuzo esitolo sezakhi zofuzo. Uzithola kumama wakho nakuyihlo. Ukuze kube sobala, uthola ikhophi eyodwa yezakhi zofuzo zakho eqandeni likamama wakho kanye nekhophi eyodwa esidodaneni sikayihlo. Uma usunazo izakhi zofuzo ezimbili, lezo zakhi zofuzo ziyahlukana, zenze amakhophi azo, futhi zisebenze kuze kube yilapho zigcwalisa yonke incwadi yakho yemiyalelo. Cabanga nje, kunezakhi zofuzo eziphakathi kuka-20,000 no-25,000 emzimbeni wakho!

Manje ake sibone ukuthi ayini ama-chromosome.

Ama-chromosome ayizakhiwo ezifana nentambo. Atholakala enkabeni yamaseli, kuyi-nucleus. Ama-chromosome aqukethe i-DNA namaprotheni. Afika ngobukhulu obuhlukene. Akhiwe ngamaprotheni akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi 'ama-Histone' awenza abe mancane futhi abe phakathi kwe-nucleus. Cabanga nje, ngaphandle kwalawo ma-histone, ama-chromosome ethu abezoba made njengathi! Ama-chromosome ayimiyalelo eqondile amaseli akho ayitholayo ekwenza ube okhethekile futhi ohlukile.

Mangaki ama-chromosome abantu abanawo?

Ngokuvamile, umuntu ophilile kufanele abe nama-chromosome angu-23 (angu-46 esewonke). La ma-chromosome ahlukaniswe ngama-chromosome angu-22 anezinombolo (abizwa ngokuthi ama-autosome) kanye nama-chromosome amabili ocansi (ama-chromosome angu-`X` kanye no-`Y`). Uthola i-chromosome eyodwa kumama wakho kanye neyodwa kuyihlo.

Kodwa-ke, akuvamile kakhulu ukuthi kube namaphutha lapho amaseli ehlukana futhi enza amakhophi. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, abanye abantu bangase babe ne-chromosome eyengeziwe ebhangqweni (isimo esibizwa ngokuthi i-'Trisomy') noma i-chromosome eyodwa ebhangqweni ingase ingabi khona (isimo esibizwa ngokuthi i-'Monosomy').

Buyini ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-DNA, izakhi zofuzo, nama-chromosome? Zisebenza kanjani?

Lezi zinto ezintathu - i-DNA, izakhi zofuzo, nama-chromosome - ziyahlangana futhi zisebenze ndawonye ukudala umuntu onguye.

• Ama-chromosome yiwo athwala i-DNA ngaphakathi kwamaseli.
• I-DNA inesibopho sokwakha nokugcina isakhiwo sakho somuntu.
• Izakhi zofuzo ziyizingxenye ze-DNA yakho ezikunikeza izici zakho zomzimba ezihlukile futhi zikwenze uhluke kwabanye.

Kalula nje, lapho konke lokhu kuhlangana, umzimba wakho uthola isethi ephelele yemiyalelo enquma ukuthi amangqamuzana akho kufanele aziphathe kanjani.

Ikuphi i-DNA? Ingabonakala kanjani?

I-DNA ikhona kuwo wonke amaseli emzimbeni wakho. Iningi layo lise-nucleus (enkabeni) yeseli ngalinye. Kukhona ne-DNA ethile ku- mitochondria (ama-organelle amancane ngaphakathi kwamaseli akhiqiza amandla).

Ngokuphathelene nokubonakala kwe-DNA, yakhiwe yizisekelo ezine zamakhemikhali okukhulunywe ngazo ngaphambili: i-adenine (A), i-cytosine (C), i-thymine (T), ne-guanine (G). Lezi zibhangqa zesisekelo ziyahlangana zibe zimbili; u-A uhlala ebhangqa no-T, kanti u-C uhlala ebhangqa no-G. Lezi zibhangqa zesisekelo, kanye ne-molecule kashukela kanye ne-molecule ye-phosphate (ebizwa ngokuthi i-'nucleotide'), zakha isimo esifana nezitebhisi ezijikelezayo (ebizwa nangokuthi i-'double helix'). Izibhangqa zesisekelo zifana nezigaba zezitebhisi, kanti ushukela ne-phosphate kufana ne-handrails.

Ama-chromosome abukeka kanjani?

Ama-chromosome anesakhiwo esifana nentambo. Amaprotheni e-chromosome (ama-'histone' ashiwo ngenhla) azungeza i-DNA, njengentambo ezungeza inqwaba yentambo, ecindezela i-DNA ibe yizicucu ezincane ukuze ilingane ngaphakathi kwamaseli. Cabanga nje, ukube ama-chromosome awazungezanga i-DNA kanjalo, i-DNA yakho ibizoba cishe ngamafidi ayi-1.5 ubude kusukela ekugcineni kuya ekugcineni!

Ziyini Izimo Zezakhi Zofuzo?

Isimo sofuzo yisifo esibangelwa yi-gene engavamile. Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo yi-gene engakopishwa kahle ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Okusho ukuthi, ukulandelana noma ukuma kwayo kuhlukile kwezinye izakhi zofuzo emzimbeni. Uma une-genetic mutation, umzimba wakho ungase ungakwazi ukukhula nokusebenza ngendlela evamile.

Ngezinye izikhathi ungazuza lolu guquko lwezakhi zofuzo kubazali bakho. Ngezinye izikhathi ungathuthukisa noguquko lwezakhi zofuzo emzimbeni wakho ngengozi, ngaphandle kokuba noma ubani emndenini wakho abe nalolu guquko noma isimo sezakhi zofuzo ngaphambili. Kunezimo eziningi zezakhi zofuzo ezifana nalezi.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo?

Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kwenzeka lapho amangqamuzana akho ehlukana futhi enza amangqamuzana amasha. Lapho amangqamuzana ehlukana, kufana nokubhala ngesandla inguqulo yokuqala yencwadi yemiyalelo yomzimba wakho. Kunendawo enkulu yamaphutha kule nqubo. Kufana nokweqa ikhasi noma isahluko uma ufunda incwadi. Uma wenza iphutha (ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo), incwadi yakho yemiyalelo inganika umzimba wakho imiyalelo engalungile. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo akushintshi indlela umzimba wakho osebenza ngayo. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungakuvimbela ekusebenzeni ngendlela evamile. Konke kuncike ekutheni uhlobo luni lwento olubhalwa yi-gene.

Ingabe kukhona ukuhlolwa okungahlola isimo sempilo yezakhi zofuzo zami?

Yebo, kunezivivinyo eziningi zofuzo. Lokhu kusebenzisa isampula yegazi lakho, isikhumba, izinwele, noma, uma ukhulelwe, uketshezi lwe-amniotic. Lokhu kuhlolwa kungakhomba izinguquko ku-gene yakho, ama-chromosome, noma amaprotheni. Lokhu kuhlolwa kungakhomba izimo ezithile zofuzo kanye nezakhi zofuzo eziguqukile. Futhi, uma unethemba lokuba nomntwana, lokhu kuhlolwa kungakusiza ukuthola ingozi yokuba nomntwana onesimo sofuzo.

Ngingayithuthukisa kanjani impilo ye-DNA yami?

Ukuze uthuthukise impilo ye-DNA yakho, udinga ukunakekela umzimba wakho kahle. Ngoba i-DNA yakho inesibopho sendlela okhula futhi usebenze ngayo. Ungathuthukisa impilo yakho iyonke ngokuthi:

• Yidla ukudla okunempilo.
• Ukuzivocavoca umzimba.
• Gcina isisindo esinempilo.
• Gwema ukubhema nokusebenzisa imikhiqizo kagwayi .

Iyini i-Chromosome ye-Homologous?

I-chromosome efanayo iyi-chromosome ezimbili, eyodwa evela kumama nenye evela kubaba. Zombili kumele zibe nolwazi olufanayo lwezakhi zofuzo, ezindaweni ezifanayo. Ama-chromosome nawo angaba angafani. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo oluqukethwe kuwo luhlukile, noma lusezindaweni ezahlukene.

Okokugcina, okufanele ukukhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

I-DNA yakho, izakhi zofuzo, nama-chromosome kungenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ezikwenza ube yilokho oyikho. Nakuba zincane kakhulu ukuba zingabonwa ngamehlo enyama, indima eziyidlalayo iyamangalisa futhi inkulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kukuwe ukulandela indlela yokuphila enempilo nokugcina i-DNA yakho, izakhi zofuzo, nama-chromosome zisebenza kahle. Uma uzithanda, cabanga ngalaba bangane abancane emzimbeni wakho. Kuphela uma bephilile lapho ungaphila khona.