Ake sifunde ngohlelo olumangalisayo olusebenza ngokungazi emizimbeni yethu: uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele!

Wake wazibuza ukuthi uphefumula kanjani, inhliziyo yakho ishaya kanjani, nendlela okugaya ngayo ukudla okudlayo konke kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngaphandle kokuthi ucabange ngakho? Akumangalisi yini? Namuhla sizokhuluma ngohlelo olubaluleke kakhulu olwenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile emizimbeni yethu, ngaphandle kokuthi siqaphele. Leso uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele, noma ngesiNgisi, "i-Autonomic Nervous System".

Iyini le nto ebizwa ngokuthi i-Autonomic Nervous System?

Kalula nje, uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele luyingxenye yesimiso sethu sonke sezinzwa. Lufana nenethiwekhi encane kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu kunethiwekhi enkulu yekhompyutha ngaphakathi emzimbeni wethu. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukulawula imisebenzi yomzimba engazikhetheli ebalulekile ekusindeni kwethu, kodwa esingayilawuli ngamabomu. Lolu hlelo lusebenza kokubili lapho ulele nalapho uvukile. Akudingeki nokuthi ucabange ngakho, ubuchopho bakho bunakekela konke.

Lokhu kukuphi ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa?

Uyazi ukuthi lonke uhlelo lwethu lwezinzwa luhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko.

1. Isimiso Sezinzwa Esiphakathi : Yilapho ubuchopho bethu kanye nomgogodla kufaneleka khona. Ingabe kuyamangaza? Ngisho ne-retina kanye ne-optic nerve emehlweni ethu kubhekwa njengezingxenye zobuchopho ngokwesakhiwo.

2. Uhlelo Lwezinzwa Oluzungezile : Lokhu kuhlanganisa zonke ezinye izingxenye zesimiso sethu sezinzwa ngaphandle kobuchopho nomgogodla.

Manje lolu hlelo lwezinzwa oluseceleni luhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili:

• Isimiso Sezinzwa Somzimba : Lena yingxenye yesimiso sezinzwa esilawula imisipha esiyilawula ngamabomu (njengokuhambisa izingalo zethu) kanye nolwazi esiluthola ezinzwa zethu (ukuzwa, ukuhogela, ukunambitha, ukuthinta ). Ukubona akuyona ingxenye yalesi simiso, njengoba izingxenye zeso ezibangela ukubona zitholakala ebuchosheni.
• Isimiso Sezinzwa Esizimele : Lona ngumlingiswa wethu oyinhloko. Lona inethiwekhi yezinzwa exhumanisa ubuchopho bethu nezitho eziningi zangaphakathi emzimbeni wethu.

Kwenzekani ku-Autonomic Nervous System?

Lolu hlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele luhlukaniswe kathathu, ngalinye lalo lenza imisebenzi ehlukile.

Uhlelo Lwezinzwa Oluzwelanayo – indlela “yokulwa noma ukubaleka”

Lolu hlelo yilokho okwenzekayo esimweni esiphuthumayo, ekucindezelekeni, engozini.Imizimba yethu iyalungiselela. Cabanga ukuthi uhamba emgwaqweni bese kuthi kungazelelwe inja ikuhlasele. Ukushaya kwenhliziyo yakho kuyanda, umzimba wakho uqala ukujuluka, amehlo akho avuleke, futhi umzimba wakho ulungiselela ukugijima noma ukulwa, akunjalo? Yilapho uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzwelayo luqala khona. Yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi impendulo "yokulwa noma ukubaleka".

Isistimu Yezinzwa Ene-Parasympathetic – indlela “yokuphumula nokugaya”

Lokhu kuphambene kakhulu nalokho okwenziwa uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzwelanayo. Yilokho okuzolisa imizimba yethu, kuyiphumuze, futhi kusiza ekugayweni kokudla . Uma usudle ukudla okumnandi futhi uhleli esihlalweni egumbini lokuphumula, uzizwa kahle... yilapho lolu hlelo lusebenza khona.

Uhlelo Lwezinzwa Lwamathumbu - Uchwepheshe Wokugaya Ukudla

Lolu lukhethekile kancane. Lolu hlelo lulawula kakhulu ukusebenza kwesimiso sethu sokugaya ukudla . Abanye ososayensi baze bathi luyinkimbinkimbi njengohlelo oluhlukile.

Uhlelo Lwezinzwa Oluzimele luzisiza kanjani ezinye izitho zomzimba?

Njengoba nje indlu idinga izintambo zikagesi ukuze ikhanyise izibani futhi yenze ezinye izinto zisebenze, ubuchopho bethu budinga futhi le nethiwekhi yezinzwa ebizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele. Lezi zinzwa zinikeza ubuchopho ukuxhumana okungokwenyama obukudingayo ukulawula eziningi zezitho zangaphakathi ezibalulekile emzimbeni wethu.

Ake sibone ukuthi lolu hlelo lulawula ini emzimbeni wethu:

• Amehlo : Nakuba engahlobene ngqo nokubona kwakho, alawula ubukhulu bomfundi wakho (okulawula ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okungena esweni) kanye nemisipha egxilisa iso.
• Ukudabuka, ulwelwesi, kanye nezindlala zamathe : Lolu hlelo lulawula ukugeleza kwezinyembezi emehlweni, ukugeleza kolwelwesi oluvela ekhaleni, kanye nokugeleza kwamathe emlonyeni.
• Isikhumba : Silawula ukukhiqizwa kokujuluka, kanye nemisipha eyenza umzimba uqonde (yilokho "izinwele ezikhula khona").
• Inhliziyo kanye nohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi : Kulawula ukuthi inhliziyo ishaya ngokushesha kangakanani, ukuthi iphampa kanzima kangakanani, kanye nobubanzi bemithambo yegazi . Lokhu kulawula izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo kanye nomfutho wegazi .
• Isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela komzimba : Isimiso sakho sezinzwa se-parasympathetic singavuselela izimpendulo zesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela komzimba. Lokhu kungenzeka ngesikhathi sezinto ezifana nokutheleleka, ukuqubuka kwesifo sofuba , kanye nokungezwani komzimba.
• Amaphaphu: Lokhu kulawula ububanzi bezindlela zakho zokuphefumula kanye nenethiwekhi yezindlela zokungenisa umoya ezithwala umoya ungena futhi uphume emaphashini akho.
• Amathumbu amancane namathumbu amakhulu : Ilawula yonke inqubo yokugaya ukudla kusukela emathunjini amancane kuya emathunjini amakhulu. Iphinde igcine imisipha e-rectum ifinyeziwe kuze kube yilapho udinga ukuzikhulula.
• Isibindi kanye ne-Pancreas : Lokhu kulawula ukukhishwa kwama-hormone afana ne-"Insulin" avela ku-pancreas, okuguqula amandla agcinwe esibindini abe yi-"Glucose" engasetshenziswa amaseli ethu.
• Uhlelo lomchamo : Lulawula imisipha esinyeni sakho. Lolu hlelo yilona olugcina isinye sakho sifinyezekile kuze kube yilapho kudingeka ukuthi uchame.
• Uhlelo lokuzala : Lolu hlelo lubaluleke kakhulu emisebenzini yocansi efana nokuvuka kocansi (ukuvuka kowesilisa, ukukhishwa koketshezi olugcobayo ngesikhathi socansi) kanye nekhono lokufinyelela ukuvuthwa kocansi.

Ake sifunde amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngalesi simiso sezinzwa esizimele.

• Ibhalansi phakathi kwezinhlelo ze-sympathetic kanye ne-parasympathetic : Cabanga ngakho njengesikali. Ngenkathi i-sympathetic isheshisa imisebenzi yomzimba, i-parasympathetic iyayinciphisa noma iyinciphise. Lokhu kulinganisela kubalulekile enhlalakahleni nasekusindeni kwethu .
• Izindlela Ezihlukene Zokuxhumana : Uhlelo lwethu lwezinzwa lusebenzisa amakhemikhali (abizwa ngokuthi "ama-neurotransmitters") akhiqizwa yizindlala ezahlukahlukene emzimbeni nasebuchosheni bethu ukuze adlulisele imiyalezo. Lusebenzisa futhi amandla kagesi ngaphakathi "kwama-neurons". Lushintsha phakathi kwalezi zindlela zokuxhumana zikagesi nezamakhemikhali njengoba kudingeka.
• Ubunzima besimiso sezinzwa samathumbu : Siyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi abanye ochwepheshe basibheka njengengxenye ehlukile yesimiso sezinzwa sonke kunokuba yingxenye yesimiso sezinzwa esizimele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uhlelo lwesisu luqukethe ama-neurons amaningi (amangqamuzana akhethekile akha ubuchopho, intambo yomgogodla, kanye nemizwa) njengomgogodla wethu.

Lukuphi lolu hlelo?

Uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele luyinethiwekhi yezinzwa ezigijima ekhanda nasemzimbeni wethu. Ezinye zalezi zinzwa zivela ngqo ebuchosheni. Ezinye zivela emgogodleni, othwala izimpawu ezivela ebuchosheni ziye kulezo zinzwa.

Imizwa Yekhanda

Kunezinhlobo ezingu-12 zemizwa ye-cranial, noma "i-Cranial Nerves". Lezi zihlukaniswa futhi ziqanjwe ngamagama esiRoma. Imicu yemizwa yesimiso sethu sezinzwa esizimele itholakala kwezine zalezi zinzwa ze-cranial ezingu-12. Lezi zimizwa ye-cranial yesithathu, yesikhombisa, yesishiyagalolunye, neyeshumi. Lezi zilawula ukwandiswa kwe-pupil, zigxile iso, izinyembezi, i-mucus yamakhala, amathe, kanye nemisebenzi yezitho esifubeni nasesiswini.

Imizwa Yomgogodla

Futhi, uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele lusebenzisa iningi lemizwa yomgogodla engu-31. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imizwa yomgogodla esifubeni sethu nasemhlane ongaphezulu (esifubeni), emhlane ongezansi (owethambo lomgogodla), kanye nethambo lomsila (esacrum).

Kungalezi zixhumanisi zemizwa yomgogodla lapho uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele lulawula lezi zitho:

• Inhliziyo
• Amaphaphu
• Isibindi
• I-Pancreas
• Ubende
• Isisu
• Amathumbu amancane namakhulu
• Izinso
• Isinye
• Izitho zangasese

Isikhungo sokulawula: I-Hypothalamus

Ingxenye yobuchopho bethu elawula umsebenzi we-autonomic yi-hypothalamus. Nakuba ingeyona ingxenye yesimiso sezinzwa esizimele, iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yendlela esebenza ngayo.

Kwenziwe ngani lokhu?

Uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele lwakhiwe ngamaseli afanayo nohlelo lwethu lonke lwezinzwa. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamaseli yilezi:

Ama-Neuron - izithunywa

Lawa maseli yiwo athumela futhi amukele izimpawu. Akha ubuchopho bethu, umgogodla, kanye nemizwa. Aphinde ashintshe phakathi kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali nezikagesi.

Izingxenye ze-neuron:

• Umzimba weseli : Lena yingxenye eyinhloko yeseli.
• I-Axon : Lena yingxenye ende, efana nengalo ye-axon. Ekupheleni kwe-axon kunezandiso eziningana ezifana neminwe. Yilapho isignali kagesi ye-neuron iguqulwa khona ibe isignali yamakhemikhali. Lezi zandiso, noma ama-synapses, zixhumana namanye amaseli ezinzwa aseduze.
• Ama-dendrite : Lawa yizakhiwo ezincane, ezinamagatsha emzimbeni weseli (igama livela egameni lesiLatini elisho “okufana nomuthi”). Lawa ma-dendrite athola izimpawu zamakhemikhali ezivela kuma-synapses amanye ama-neurons.
• I-Myelin : Lena ungqimba oluncane lwamakhemikhali anamafutha. I-Myelin iyisivikelo esizungeze ama-axon ama-neurons amaningi.

Ama-dendrite e-neuron eyodwa angaxhuma kwezinye izinkulungwane zama-synapses. Amanye ama-neuron angaba made noma amafushane, kuye ngokuthi akuphi emzimbeni kanye nomsebenzi awenzayo.

Amaseli e-Glial - abasizi bama-neurons

Amaseli e-Glial (abizwa ngokuthi “gli-al”) enza imisebenzi eminingi ehlukene. Asiza ama-neuron akhule futhi athuthuke lapho sisebancane, futhi aphatha nendlela ama-neuron asebenza ngayo empilweni yethu yonke. Avikela uhlelo lwethu lwezinzwa ekuthelelekeni, alawula ibhalansi yamakhemikhali yesimiso sezinzwa, futhi aguqula ama-axon ama-neurons abe yi-myelin. Kunamaseli e-glial aphindwe kayishumi kunama-neuron.

I-Nuclei ne-Ganglia – amaqoqo amaseli

• I-Nuclei : Lawa amaqoqo amangqamuzana ezinzwa asebenza ngendlela efanayo noma anokuxhumana okufanayo.
• I-Ganglia: (Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “gang-lee-ya”, elinye lithi “gang-lee-on”) Lawa amaqembu amangqamuzana ezinzwa axhumene. Akuwona wonke amangqamuzana akuwo anomsebenzi ofanayo noma ukuxhumana okufanayo, kodwa atholakala cishe endaweni efanayo noma axhunywe ezinhlelweni ezifanayo. Isibonelo, i-cochlear kanye ne-vestibular ganglia zihlobene nezinzwa zethu zokuzwa nokulinganisela.

Yiziphi izifo ezivamile ezithinta i-Autonomic Nervous System?

Kunezimo eziningi nezimbangela ezilimaza noma ezibangela izifo zesimiso sezinzwa esizimele (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "i-Autonomic Neuropathy"). Ezinye izibonelo ezivamile yilezi:

• Isifo Sikashukela Sohlobo 2 : Isifo sikashukela esingalawulwa singalimaza uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isibonelo, ukwehla kwengcindezi yegazi okubangelwa yi-orthostatic kwenzeka lapho umfutho wegazi wehla lapho umi. I-diabetic neuropathy, okuwumonakalo wezinzwa obangelwa yisifo sikashukela, ingathinta i-reflex ekhulisa umfutho wegazi lapho umi.
• I-Amyloidosis : Kulesi simo, izinhlayiya zamaprotheni ezigoqekile ziqoqana ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomzimba, okubangela ukulimala kwemizwa isikhathi eside.
• Izimo zokuzivikela komzimba kanye nokuvuvukala : Isibonelo esihle salokhu yi-Guillain-Barré Syndrome.
• Izimo zokuzalwa nezofuzo : Lezi yizifo noma izimo eziba khona lapho kuzalwa. Izimo zofuzo zizuzwa kubazali. Isifo sikaHirschsprung siyisibonelo salokhu.
• Ukutheleleka : Ukulimala kwemizwa kungabangelwa amagciwane afana ne-HIV, isifo se-Lyme, noma isifo se-Chagas, esibangelwa ukulunywa yizinambuzane. Kungabangelwa futhi ezinye izifo ezifana ne-botulism noma i-tetanus.
• Ukuwohloka Kwesistimu Ehlukahlukene : Lesi simo esibi sifana nesifo sikaParkinson. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, silimaza imizwa ezenzakalelayo.
• Ubuthi nezinto ezinobuthi : Izinsimbi ezisindayo ezinobuthi ezifana ne-mercury kanye ne-lead zingalimaza isimiso sezinzwa esizimele. Amakhemikhali amaningi ezimboni nawo angabangela lolu hlobo lomonakalo. Utshwala lungaba nemiphumela enobuthi ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluzimele.
• Ukuhlukumezeka : Izingozi zingabangela umonakalo emithanjeni. Lokhu kungaba isikhathi eside noma okuhlala njalo. Ukulimala emgogodleni, ikakhulukazi lokho okubandakanya uhlelo lwezinzwa oluphansi oluzimele, kungalimaza noma kunqamule izixhumanisi eziholela emgogodleni.
• Izimila : Zombili izimila ezinomdlavuza kanye nezingenabungozi zingaphazamisa uhlelo lwakho lwezinzwa oluzimele.

Yiziphi izimpawu ezivamile zalesi simo?

Izimpawu zezifo zokuzivikela komzimba zincike ekutheni umonakalo ukuphi. Ezimweni ezifana nesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, umonakalo ungavela ezingxenyeni eziningi zomzimba. Izimpawu ezivame ukubonakala lapho uhlelo lokuzivikela komzimba lonakele zifaka:

• Izinkinga zesigqi senhliziyo (kufaka phakathi i-arrhythmias).
• Ukuzungeza noma ukulahlekelwa ukwazi uma umi.
• Ubunzima bokugwinya (i-Dysphagia).
• Izinkinga zokugaya ukudla (kufaka phakathi i-gastroparesis).
• Ukuqunjelwa.
• Ubunzima bokuchama noma indle (ukulahlekelwa ukulawula isinyi noma amathumbu - `Ukungakwazi ukuzibamba`).
• Ukuziphatha okubi ngokocansi.
• Ukujuluka ngokweqile (i-Hyperhidrosis) noma ukuntuleka kokujuluka (i-Anhidrosis).
• Ubunzima bokubekezelela isimo sezulu esishisayo.

Yiziphi izivivinyo ezitholakalayo zokuhlola impilo ye-Autonomic Nervous System?

Kunezivivinyo eziningana ezingasiza ekuxilongeni izinkinga zesimiso sezinzwa esizimele. Ezinye zazo zifaka:

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi : Lokhu kungabona izinkinga eziningi, kusukela ezinkingeni zesimiso somzimba kuya ku-toxins kanye nobuthi (ikakhulukazi izinsimbi ezifana ne-mercury kanye ne-lead).
• I-Electrocardiogram (EKG)
• I-Electroencephalogram (EEG) .
• I-Electromyogram (ukuhlolwa kokuqhuba kwemizwa) .
• Ukuhlolwa kofuzo .
• Isithombe Sokuzwakala Kwe-Magnetic (MRI) .

Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha lokhu?

Ukwelashwa kwezifo ezizimele kungaba okuqondile kakhulu, kuye ngesifo. Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zibhekana nesifo ngokwaso noma imbangela eyinhloko. Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zelapha izimpawu kuphela, ikakhulukazi uma kungekho khambi noma ukwelashwa okuhlala njalo kwalesi sifo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho ukwelashwa "okulinganayo" kwalezi zifo. Imithi ingasiza kwezinye izifo, kodwa hhayi zonke.

Ungazivikela kanjani ezinkingeni ze-Autonomic Nervous System?

Ukuvimbela ukulimala kwesimiso sezinzwa esizimele kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuzivikela ezifweni ezisithintayo. Izindlela zokuvimbela ezingcono kakhulu ongazithatha yilezi:

• Yidla ukudla okulinganiselayo . Ukuntuleka kwamavithamini, ikakhulukazi ukuntuleka kwevithamini B12, kungalimaza uhlelo lwakho lwezinzwa oluzimele.
• Gwema ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa notshwala . Ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa zikadokotela kanye nezokungcebeleka, kanye notshwala, kungalimaza uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele.
• Hlala uvivinya umzimba futhi ugcine isisindo esinempilo . Lokhu kungasiza ekuvimbeleni noma ekubambezeleni ukuqala kwesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, esingalimaza imizwa ezenzakalelayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kungasiza futhi ekuvimbeleni ukulimala okungalimaza izindawo zomgogodla ezithinta uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzenzakalelayo.
• Gqoka imishini yokuzivikela uma kudingeka.Izingozi ziyimbangela enkulu yokulimala kwemizwa. Ukusebenzisa imishini yokuphepha emsebenzini nasekudlaleni kungakusiza ekuvikeleni kulezi zinhlobo zezingozi, noma okungenani kunciphise ubukhulu bezingozi.
• Lawula izimo ezingamahlalakhona njengoba kunconywa . Uma unesifo esingamahlalakhona esingathinta izinzwa zakho ezizimele – ikakhulukazi isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 – kufanele uthathe izinyathelo zokuphatha isimo sakho. Lokhu kungasiza ekunciphiseni imiphumela yalesi simo noma kubambezele isikhathi esithathayo ukuze sibe sibi kakhulu. Udokotela wakho angakuqondisa ngezindlela zokuphatha isimo sakho.

Okubalulekile : Uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele luyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yendlela ophila ngayo. Esikhathini esiningi, akudingeki nokuthi ucabange ngakho, lumane lwenza umsebenzi walo. Ukunakekela umzimba wakho, ikakhulukazi uhlelo lwakho lwezinzwa, kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokugwema izifo ezilimaza uhlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele. Ngemuva kwalokho ungagxila ezintweni empilweni yakho ofuna ukugxila kuzo.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu okudingeka siyikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ngakho-ke, kafushane nje, i-Autonomic Nervous System yethu iyisimiso sokulawula esimangalisayo nesizenzakalelayo emzimbeni wethu. Ngisho noma singaqapheli ngaso, sinakekela buthule izinto eziningi ezibalulekile, kusukela ekuphefumuleni kwethu kuya ekushayeni kwenhliziyo yethu kuya ekugayweni kwethu.

Ukugcina lolu hlelo luphilile kubalulekile empilweni yethu iyonke. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukulandela indlela yokuphila enempilo, ukulandela iseluleko esifanele sezokwelapha, nokunakekela imizimba yethu . Ngoba uma nje lesi sisebenzi esithule sisebenza kahle, sikhululekile ukucabanga ngezinye izinto ezimpilweni zethu.