Ingabe nawe unenkinga yokukhuluma nokuqonda? Ingabe kungaba yi-aphasia?

Ungacabanga ukuthi bekuyoba njani uma ungazelele ungakwazi ukukhuluma, ukuqonda ukuthi abanye bathini, bafundani, noma babhalani? Kufana nokulahleka kwelinye izwe futhi ungaluqondi ulimi. Ngezinye izikhathi asikwazi ngisho nokucela ingilazi yamanzi, ukuqonda ukuthi umngane uthini, noma ukuthi, "O, ngiyazabalaza." Yilokho i-aphasia eyikho. Kungase kuzwakale kusabeka, kodwa ake sixoxe ngakho ngokuningiliziwe.

Kuyini i-Aphasia? Masiyiqonde kalula

Kalula nje, i-aphasia yisimo lapho ingxenye yobuchopho bakho elawula ulimi yonakala khona, okuthinta ikhono lakho lokukhulumisana nabanye, okungukuthi, ukukhuluma, ukulalela, ukufunda nokubhala. Lokhu akuwona umphumela ekuhlakanipheni . Ukuhlakanipha kwakho kungase kube okuphelele, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kolimi okuphazamiseka.

Lesi simo sivame ukubonakala ngemva kokuhlaselwa yisifo sohlangothi. Singabangelwa nezinye izimo zezokwelapha eziphazamisa ukusebenza kobuchopho. Ngezinye izikhathi, i-aphasia ebangelwa yinto yesikhashana, njenge-migraine, izothuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, i-aphasia ebangelwa ukulimala okukhulu ekhanda, njengokulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu, ingahlala isikhathi eside.

Kodwa akukho okufanele ukhathazeke ngakho. Kukhona izindlela zokwelapha lokhu. Kunezindlela zokwelapha ezingakusiza ukuthi uphinde ukhulume futhi uqonde izici ezahlukene zolimi.

Ingabe kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-aphasia?

Yebo, empeleni kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-aphasia. Ukuze kube sobala, kunezinhlobo eziningana ezaziwa ngamagama ahlukene, njenge-anomic aphasia, i-Broca's aphasia, kanye ne-Wernicke's aphasia. Izimpawu zohlobo ngalunye zingase zihluke kancane. Kodwa into eyinhloko ukuthi zihlobene nolimi. Udokotela uzokutshela ngqo ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo onalo.

Sivame kangakanani lesi simo?

Uma sikhuluma ngokuthi lokhu kuvame kangakanani, ngokwezibalo ezivela ezweni elifana neMelika, kuthiwa cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili batholakala benalesi simo minyaka yonke. Lokho kusho ukuthi lesi simo singathinta cishe umuntu oyedwa kubantu abangamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisikhombisa nambili. Kukhona nabantu abanalesi simo eSri Lanka, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqaphela lokhu.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-aphasia?

Kulungile, manje ake sibheke izimpawu ze-aphasia. Njengoba ngishilo ngaphambili, izimpawu zingahluka kancane kuye ngohlobo lwe-aphasia onalo. Kodwa, ngokuvamile, uzobona izinto ezinjengalezi:

Ubunzima bokuthola nokusebenzisa amagama lapho ukhuluma (Ulimi Oluvezayo)

Yilokhu okwenzekayo:

• Kunzima ukuthola amagama afanele. Uma ufuna ukusho okusengqondweni yakho, amagama awafiki. Mhlawumbe ufuna ukusho "amanzi," kodwa awukwazi ukukhumbula igama.
• Amagama angalungile ayaphinyiselwa. Ngezinye izikhathi igama lingathathelwa indawo igama elingahlobene. Njengokuthi "bheka" bese kuthi "dla".
• Izinhlamvu zamagama ziyaphinyiselwa futhi zibuyiselwe emuva. Isibonelo, igama elithi "koppe" lingaphinyiselwa ngokuthi "pokkae".
• Amagama amasha, amagama angenamsebenzi, angakhiwa.
• Amagama noma imishwana esetshenziswa njalo iphindaphindwa kaningi.
• Ungakhuluma ngamagama alodwa esikhundleni semisho ephelele. Isibonelo, esikhundleni sokuthi "Ngifuna amanzi," ungathi "Amanzi...amanzi...".

Ubunzima bokuqonda okushiwo abanye (Ukuqonda Ulimi)

Lokhu futhi kuyinto eyenzeka kubantu abaningi:

• Uma usho igama lento ethile , ungase ungaliboni ngokushesha ukuthi iyini. Isibonelo, uma othile ethi "ikamu," kufanele uqagele ukuthi iyini.
• Kunzima ukuqonda incazelo eqondile yamagama.
• Kunzima ukulandela imiyalelo yomunye umuntu. Uma umuntu ethi, "Hamba uyovala umnyango," kungaba nzima ukukuqonda nokukwenza.
• Angikwazi ngempela ukuqonda imininingwane yalokho okushiwoyo ngesikhathi sengxoxo.
• Kunzima kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi kukhulunywa abantu abangaphezu koyedwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
• Kungase kungenzeki ukuqonda amahlaya kanye nokuhlekisa okunjalo.

Izinselele Zokufunda Nokubhala

Imibuzo ingavela futhi kule ndlela:

• Kunzima ukuqonda okubhaliwe (ebhodini, kukhompyutha, ezincwadini).
• Kunzima ukupela amagama ngendlela efanele nokwakha imisho.
• Izinkinga zingavela nalapho kusetshenziswa izinombolo. Isibonelo, lapho kwenziwa izibalo, kubalwa imali, noma kubalwa isikhathi.

Cabanga nje, unezinto eziningi ongakusho engqondweni yakho, kodwa okunye kuphuma emlonyeni wakho, noma amazwi adideka. Awuqondi ukuthi abanye abantu bathini. Yeka ukuthi lokhu kuzwakala kungenamsebenzi kangakanani.

Kungani kwenzeka i-aphasia?

Ngakho-ke, kungani kwenzeka i-aphasia? Isizathu esiyinhloko ukulimala kwezikhungo zolimi ebuchosheni bakho. Kunezizathu eziningana eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani lokhu kulimala kungenzeka:

• Isifo sohlangothi: Lesi yisona sizathu esivame kakhulu. Uma ukugeleza kwegazi kuya ebuchosheni kunqamuka noma kukhona ukopha ngaphakathi ebuchosheni, amangqamuzana obuchopho ayafa. Lokhu kungalimaza izikhungo zolimi.
• Ukulimala Kobuchopho Okwenzakalisayo (i-TBI): Ukushaywa okukhulu ekhanda, njengasengozini, kungalimaza ubuchopho futhi kubangele i-aphasia.
• Isimila sobuchopho: Uma isimila sakha ngaphakathi ebuchosheni, singacindezela futhi sonakalise izikhungo zolimi.
• Ukutheleleka kobuchopho: Ezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye namagciwane zingahamba ziye ebuchosheni futhi zibangele umonakalo.
• Ukuvuvukala kobuchopho: Ukuvuvukala ebuchosheni kungabangelwa nayizimo zokuvuvukala.
• Izimo ze-neurological eziqhubekayo:Isibonelo, izimpawu ze-aphasia zingase zivele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezimweni ezifana ne-dementia kanye nesifo i-Alzheimer's.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yini elimaza ubuchopho noma ephazamisa ukusebenza kobuchopho ingabangela i-aphasia. Nazi ezinye izibonelo ezimbalwa:

• Ama-Aneurysms - Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithambo yegazi ebuchosheni iyabuthaka futhi ikhukhumale njengebhaluni.
• Ukuhlinzwa kobuchopho
• I-cerebral hypoxia - Lokhu kusho ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo ebuchosheni.
• Ukushaywa yikhanda - Isimo sesikhashana esenzeka lapho ikhanda lishaywa.
• Izimo zokuzalwa - okungukuthi, ezinye izimo ezikhona lapho kuzalwa.
• Isifo Sokuxhuzula
• Izifo zofuzo ezifana nesifo sikaWilson.
• I-Migraines - Abanye abantu bangase babe nezimpawu zesikhashana ze-aphasia kanye ne-migraines.
• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe noma i-chemotherapy yomdlavuza.
• Ubuthi kanye nobuthi - isibonelo, ubuthi be-carbon monoxide noma ubuthi bensimbi esindayo.
• Ukuhlaselwa kwe-ischemic okuhamba kancane (i-TIAs) - okubizwa nangokuthi 'i-mini strokes'.

Lokhu kuthinta kuphi ngqo ebuchosheni?

Manje ungase uzibuze, lokhu kuthinteka kuphi ngempela ebuchosheni? Uhlobo lwe-aphasia onalo luncike engxenyeni ethile yobuchopho eyonakele. Kunezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko zobuchopho bethu ezihilelekile olimini:

• Indawo kaBroca: Lokhu kutholakala engxenyeni engaphambili yobuchopho bakho, i-lobe yangaphambili. Uma sikhuluma iqiniso, ohlangothini lwesobunxele, phambi kwendlebe. Yilokhu okulawula imisipha esiyisebenzisayo lapho sikhuluma.
• Indawo kaWernicke: Lokhu kutholakala engxenyeni engezansi yobuchopho, ku-lobe yesikhashana. Kodwa ohlangothini lwesobunxele, ngaphezu nje kwendlebe. Yilapho uqonda khona amagama bese ukhetha amagama afanele ozowasebenzisa lapho ukhuluma.

Lezi zingxenye ezimbili zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zisenze sikhulume. Cabanga nje, indawo kaWernicke iyaqonda amagama, ikhetha ukuthi imaphi amagama okufanele iwasho, bese ithumela lawo masignali endaweni kaBroca. Indawo kaBroca bese ithumela amasignali emisipheni ukuze isho lawo mazwi. Kalula nje, yilokho okwenzekayo.

Ubani osengozini enkulu yokuthuthukisa lokhu?

I-Aphasia ingathinta noma ubani wanoma yimuphi ubudala. Kodwa-ke, ivame kakhulu kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-65, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokulimala kobuchopho njengesifo sohlangothi. I-Aphasia ingenzeka ngokuzumayo ngemva kwezehlakalo ezinjalo.

Ezinye izinkinga ezingase zivele ngenxa ye-aphasia

I-Aphasia ingabangela ezinye izinkinga uma ungakwazi ukutshela abanye lokho okufunayo nezidingo zakho. Cabanga, kuthiwani uma ungakwazi ukusho ukuthi ulambile, ukhathele, udinga usizo, noma ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle? Lokhu kungaholela ezintweni ezinjengalezi:

• Ukukhungatheka
• Intukuthelo ( ngezinye izikhathi enobudlova)
• Isizungu, Ukuzihlukanisa
• Ukucindezeleka

Lesi simo asithinti nje isiguli kuphela. Ngenxa yobunzima bolimi, abanakekeli bangazizwa bekhungathekile futhi bedabukile ngokungakwazi ukuxhumana kahle nomuntu abamthandayo. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amalungu omndeni akuqonde lokhu futhi abe nesineke.

Lesi simo se-aphasia sitholakala kanjani?

Kulungile, pho uyixilonga kanjani i-aphasia? Udokotela uzoqinisekisa lokhu ngemuva kokuhlolwa ngokomzimba kanye nezinye izivivinyo eziningana.

Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, udokotela uzokubuza imibuzo mayelana nomlando wakho wezempilo kanye nezimpawu. Ungase ube nobunzima bokuphendula le mibuzo noma ukuqonda lokho udokotela akubuzayo. Ngakho-ke, kuyasiza kakhulu ukuba nomnakekeli noma ilungu lomndeni nawe. Bangakuchazela imininingwane uma kudingeka.

Uma udokotela wakho esola ukuthi une-aphasia, uzokudlulisela ku-Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP). I-Speech-language pathologist izokwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwekhono lakho lokuqonda ulimi (ukulalela), ukukhuluma nokuhlanganyela engxoxweni, ukuveza imizwa yakho, nokufunda nokubhala. Lokhu kuzosiza ekunqumeni ukuthi hlobo luni lwe-aphasia onalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, udokotela uzocabangela izici ezilandelayo ukuze athole ukuxilongwa okuphelele:

• Ukukhuluma kahle: Ingabe ukhuluma kahle futhi kalula? Ingabe ijubane lakho lokukhuluma, ithoni, indlela ophimisela ngayo, kanye nohlelo lolimi lulungile? Ungabhala ngaphandle kobunzima?
• Ukuqonda: Uyaqonda yini ukuthi abanye abantu bathini? Ingabe imisho nemishwana oyishoyo inengqondo? Uyakwazi ukufunda nokuqonda amagama abhaliwe?
• Ukuphindaphinda: Ingabe unenkinga yokuphinda amagama, imisho, noma imisho yonke?

Yiziphi izivivinyo ezenziwayo ngalokhu?

Udokotela wakho angase ancome ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene ukuze axilonge i-aphasia noma akhiphe ezinye izimo ezinezimpawu ezifanayo. Lokhu kuhlolwa kungasiza futhi ekunqumeni ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu.

Lezi zivivinyo zingafaka:

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi
• I-CT scan (CT - i-computed tomography scan)
• I-EEG (i-Electroencephalogram - i-EEG) - Ukuhlolwa okulinganisa umsebenzi kagesi wobuchopho.
• I-Electromyogram- Eyokubheka ukusebenza kwemisipha.
• Ukuhlolwa kwamandla okuvuselelwe - Ukuhlolwa okubheka izimpendulo zesimiso sezinzwa.
• Ukuskena kwe-MRI (i-MRI - ukuskena kwe-magnetic resonance imaging)
• Ukuskena kwe-PET (i-Positron emission tomography - ukuskena kwe-PET)

Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha i-aphasia?

Ukuze uphathe izimpawu ze-aphasia, udokotela wakho uzoqala azame ukwelapha imbangela eyinhloko. Isibonelo, uma uke waba nesifo sohlangothi, ukubuyisela ukugeleza kwegazi endaweni ethintekile yobuchopho ngokushesha okukhulu kunganciphisa noma kuvimbele umonakalo ohlala njalo. Njengoba ululama, futhi njengoba ubuchopho bakho buphola, i-aphasia yakho cishe izothuthuka.

I-Aphasia ebangelwa yizimbangela zesikhashana, njengokuxhuzula noma i-migraine, ingase ingadingi ukwelashwa futhi izothuthuka ngokwayo.

Kodwa-ke, uma ubuchopho bakho sebulimele isikhathi eside noma bulimele unomphela, ukwelashwa ngenkulumo kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni amakhono akho olimi. Ukwelashwa ngenkulumo kuhilela ukwakha kabusha noma ukufunda kabusha ikhono lakho lokuqonda ulimi nokukufundisa amakhono okuzivumelanisa nezimpawu ezithile. Ukwelashwa ngenkulumo kungabandakanya abanakekeli bakho namalungu omndeni. Ngale ndlela, bangafunda ukuthi bangaxhumana kanjani nawe kangcono nokuthi bangakusiza kanjani.

Ingabe welashwa ngemithi?

Kuye ngembangela ye-aphasia yakho, imithi ethile ingasetshenziswa njengokwelashwa. Lokhu kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Udokotela wakho uzokhuluma nawe ngezinketho zokwelapha ezifanele wena. Bazocabangela nezinye izici, njengezimo zakho zempilo kanye nezintandokazi zakho, lapho benquma ukwelashwa.

Ngizozizwa ngingcono ngokushesha kangakanani ngemva kokwelashwa?

Ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukululama ku-aphasia kuncike embangela, ubukhali bayo, kanye nezinketho zokwelapha ezitholakalayo. Udokotela wakho angakutshela kangcono ngesikhathi sakho sokululama. Abanye abantu balulama ngokushesha, kanti abanye bangathatha isikhathi eside. Isineke nomzamo kubalulekile.

Iyini inhloso ye-aphasia?

Kwezinye izimo, i-aphasia iba yesikhashana futhi iba ngcono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, kwabanye, uma kukhona umonakalo ohlala njalo ezikhungweni zolimi zobuchopho, i-aphasia ingaba yisimo sokuphila konke. Nakuba ukwelashwa ngenkulumo kunganciphisa izimpawu ze-aphasia, kungase kungakwazi ukuguqula ngokuphelele imiphumela yalesi simo.

Umbono we-aphasia uncike ezintweni eziningana, okuhlanganisa impilo yakho iyonke kanye nembangela yezimpawu zakho. Udokotela wakho uzokutshela okwengeziwe ngombono wakho ngokusekelwe esimweni sakho.

Ingabe i-aphasia ingavinjelwa?

I-Aphasia yinto engavela ngokuzumayo nangokungalindelekile, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuyivimbela. Kodwa-ke,Ungazama ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba nezimo ezingakubangela. Nazi ezinye izinto ongayenza:

• Yidla ukudla okulinganiselayo futhi uvivinye umzimba njalo: Izimo eziningi ezibangela i-aphasia zihlobene nezinkinga zesimiso sakho sokujikeleza kwegazi kanye nempilo yenhliziyo, ngakho-ke ukunakekela impilo yakho iyonke kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esihle.
• Ungakushayi indiva ukutheleleka: Ukutheleleka kwamehlo nendlebe kudinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha. Uma lokhu kutheleleka kusakazekela ebuchosheni, kungaba kubi kakhulu, kuze kube yingozi. Ezinye izifo zingalimaza ubuchopho futhi zibangele i-aphasia.
• Gqoka imishini yokuzivikela: Ukulimala ekhanda kungalimaza ubuchopho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenza noma wenza umsebenzi wakho, ukugqoka imishini yokuzivikela kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukulimala okungaholela ku-aphasia. Isibonelo, izigqoko zokuzivikela namabhande esihlalo ezimotweni.
• Ukuphatha izimo zempilo ezikhona: Uma unezimo zesikhathi eside ezifana nesifo sikashukela kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme, ukuziphatha ngendlela efanele kungasiza ekuvimbeleni izinkinga ezingalimaza ubuchopho futhi ziholele ku-aphasia.

Ngingazinakekela kanjani nge-aphasia?

I-Aphasia ingenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke ibe nzima kancane, kodwa akudingeki ikuvimbele ukuba uphile impilo yakho ngokuphelele. Nazi ezinye izindlela ongazinakekela ngazo:

• Bona udokotela wakho njalo.
• Landela uhlelo lwakho lokwelashwa kahle.
• Thola amaqembu okusekelana. Ungafunda okuningi futhi uthole induduzo ezindaweni lapho kunabantu abanjengawe.
• Thola ezinye izindlela zokuxhumana, zama ubuchwepheshe obusha uma bukhona. Mhlawumbe izinto ezifana nezithombe, ukubhala, noma ukushukuma komzimba kungasiza.
• Hlala uphethe ikhadi lokuzazisa ukuze abanye bazi ukuthi une-aphasia.

Udokotela wakho uzokunikeza izincomo ezengeziwe eziqondene nesimo sakho.

Kufanele uye nini kudokotela? Kufanele uye nini egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo?

Uma uzizwa sengathi kancane kancane uqala ukuba nezimpawu ze-aphasia, kufanele ubonane nodokotela ngokushesha okukhulu. Futhi, uma izimpawu zakho ze-aphasia ziba zimbi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngalokho.

Kodwa-ke, uma izimpawu ze-aphasia zivela ngokuzumayo, kufanele ufune usizo lwezokwelapha oluphuthumayo ngokushesha. Izimpawu ze-aphasia ezivele ngokuzumayo, ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, zingaba uphawu lwesifo sohlangothi, isibonelo. Kufanele ushayele u-1990 (noma inombolo yakho yesimo esiphuthumayo yendawo) ngokushesha.

Futhi, uma wena noma othile oseduze nawe enezimpawu ezilandelayo zesifo sohlangothi (noma ngabe une-aphasia noma cha), funa usizo ngokushesha:

• Ubuthakathaka, ukuba ndikindiki, noma ukukhubazeka kolunye uhlangothi lomzimba.
• Indaba iba yinto edidayo noma engacacile.
• Ukugoba kolunye uhlangothi lobuso noma ukulahlekelwa umbono kwelinye iso.
• Ubunzima bokugwinya.
• Ukudideka, ukungahlaliseki, noma ukukhungatheka.
• Ubunzima bokugxilisa ingqondo, ukucabanga, noma ukukhumbula.
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu ngokuzumayo, elinzima elenza kube nzima ukwenza imisebenzi evamile.

Ezinye izimo ezifana ne-aphasia

Kunezinye izimo eziningana ezifana, noma ezibonakala zifana, ne-aphasia. Kodwa-ke, lezi zimo zinezimbangela nezimpawu ezihlukile. Ezinye zalezi zimo zifaka:

• I-Alexia (ubumpumputhe bamagama) kanye ne-agraphia (ukungakwazi ukubhala): Ukulimala ezingxenyeni zobuchopho bakho ezilawula inkulumo kungathinta nekhono lakho lokufunda nokubhala. Ungase ubone amagama kodwa ungakwazi ukuwabona noma ukuwafunda. Abantu abane-agraphia balahlekelwa ikhono lokubhala. Kokubili kungenzeka kanyekanye, kodwa lokhu akuvamile kakhulu.
• I-Agnosia yokuzwa ngomlomo: Lokhu kwenzeka lapho uzwa abanye abantu bekhuluma futhi ungakwazi ukubona ukuthi bathini. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho kukhona ukuphazamiseka endaweni yobuchopho ecubungula imisindo noma ulimi olukhulunywayo.

Ukutholwa une-aphasia kungaba yinto eyesabekayo nekhungathekisayo. Kungazelelwe kufanele uphinde ufunde amakhono olimi owawuwasebenzisa kahle kakhulu. Mhlawumbe ngemva kokushaywa unhlangothi noma ukulimala kobuchopho, ungase ukuthole kunzima ukuya ekilabhini yakho yezincwadi yanyanga zonke noma ukunikeza isethulo emsebenzini. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela omkhulu empilweni yakho yengqondo kanye nekhono lakho lokuxhumana nabantu.

I-Aphasia ngezinye izikhathi ingaba ngcono ngokwayo, kodwa ingaba yisimo esihlala njalo. Kodwa into ebalulekile ukuthi odokotela bakho bangakusiza ukuthi uzivumelanise nezimo, ufunde izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana nabanye, futhi wakhe kabusha ubudlelwano.

Okokugcina, khumbula lokhu (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kulungile, ake sifingqe ezinye zezinto okudingeka uzikhumbule kulokho esikhulume ngakho.

• I-Aphasia ayiyona ithonya ekuhlakanipheni, iwumphumela ekhonweni lokusebenzisa ulimi.
• Lokhu kungabangelwa yizizathu ezahlukahlukene, njengokushaywa unhlangothi, ukulimala kobuchopho, izimila, kanye nokutheleleka .
• Izimpawu eziyinhloko ubunzima bokukhuluma, ukuqonda, ukufunda nokubhala.
• Kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi uma izimpawu zivele ngokuzumayo, njengoba kungaba uphawu lwesifo sohlangothi.
• Ukwelapha ngenkulumo kuyindlela yokwelapha ewusizo kakhulu. Futhi, ukwesekwa komndeni kubaluleke kakhulu.
• Ngisho noma lesi simo sinzima ukusiphila, ungalilahli ithemba.Thola usizo, thola izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana, zama ukuhlala unethemba. Awuwedwa.

I- Aphasia, ubunzima bokukhuluma, ukuphazamiseka kolimi, ukulimala kobuchopho, isifo sohlangothi, ukwelashwa kwenkulumo, izinkinga zokuxhumana