Kuyini Ukufa Kwamaseli? Ake sixoxe ngakho kalula!

Wake wazibuza ukuthi kwenzekani emangqamuzaneni amancane angaphakathi emizimbeni yethu? Ngezinye izikhathi, njengathi, lawa mangqamuzana 'ayafa' lapho isikhathi sawo sesiphelile. Yilokhu esikubiza ngokuthi 'ukufa kwamangqamuzana' kwezokwelapha. Nakuba lokhu kuyesabeka kancane ukuzwa, empeleni kubalulekile ukuze imizimba yethu isinde kahle ezimweni eziningi. Ngakho-ke namuhla, ake sixoxe ngokuthi lokhu kufa kwamangqamuzana kuyini, kwenzeka kanjani, nokuthi kuthinta kanjani imizimba yethu.

Ayini amaseli? Ake siqale sikuqonde lokho!

Kulungile, ngaphambi kokuba sikhulume 'ngokufa kwamangqamuzana', ake sibheke ukuthi ayini lawa 'maseli' . Cabanga ukuthi umzimba wethu uyisakhiwo esikhulu, futhi amaseli afana nezitini ezincane kakhulu ezakha leso sakhiwo. Eqinisweni, awukwazi ngisho nokucabanga, kunamaseli angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-30 emzimbeni wethu! Wonke lawa maseli ayahlangana ukuze akhe izicubu nezitho zethu zomzimba. Ngokuvamile, kunezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko zeseli:

• Ulwelwesi lweseli: Lokhu kufana nothango oluvikelayo, noma isango, leseli. Yilona elinquma futhi lilawule ukuthi yini engangena futhi iphume esitokisini.
• I-Cytoplasm: Lena yingxenye efana nojeli ngaphakathi kweseli. Ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni adingwa yiseli kanye nezinqubo eziningi ezibalulekile zamakhemikhali ezenzeka ngaphakathi kweseli kwenzeka kule cytoplasm.
• I-Nucleus: Lesi 'isikhungo sokulawula' noma 'ubuchopho' beseli. Ulwazi lwethu lwezakhi zofuzo, okungukuthi, i-DNA (`i-DNA` - i-Deoxyribonucleic acid), luqukethwe kakhulu kule nucleus. I-nucleus iphinde yenze i-RNA (`i-RNA` - i-Ribonucleic acid) . Le 'RNA` ikopisha ulwazi oluku-`i-DNA` futhi isiza amaseli ukuthi enze amaprotheni ahlukahlukene awadingayo ukuze asebenze futhi akhule.

Manje usunombono oqondile wokuthi iyini iseli.

Ngakho-ke, kuyini lokhu kufa kwamangqamuzana?

Kalula nje, ukufa kweseli kwenzeka lapho amaseli emzimbeni wethu eyeka ukusebenza futhi efa lapho eseqedile umsebenzi wawo noma onakele ngesizathu esithile. Amaseli emzimbeni wethu awakhiwa nje kuphela. Ahlala ehlukanisa futhi enza amaseli amasha. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi 'ukuhlukaniswa kweseli' (`Mitosis`) . Ngokusho kochwepheshe, iseli lomuntu eliphilile lingahlukana ngale ndlela cishe izikhathi ezingama-50-60. Ngemva kwalokho, iseli liyaguga futhi life.

Imizimba yethu ihlala ikhiqiza amangqamuzana amasha ukuze athathe indawo yamangqamuzana amadala, alimele, nafayo. Kufana nokususa izinto ezindala bese uletha izinto ezintsha.

Lokhu kufa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemvelo kusiza ukugcina imizimba yethu iphilile futhi isebenza kahle. Kodwa-ke, izinkinga ziyavela lapho lokhu kufa kwamangqamuzana kungenzeki njengoba kulindelekile, noma lapho amangqamuzana okungafanele afe eqala ukufa.

Kungani amangqamuzana ethu efa? Yiziphi izizathu?

Kunezizathu ezahlukahlukene zokuthi kungani amaseli efa. Amanye angokwemvelo, amanye awanjalo. Ake sibheke izizathu eziyinhloko:

• Amanye amangqamuzana ayafa ngesikhathi esakhula , ngaphambi kokuba akheke ngokugcwele.
• Uma amangqamuzana amadala efika eminyakeni lapho engasakwazi ukuhlukana khona, okungukuthi, lapho isikhathi sawo sokuphila sesiphelile, ayafa. Lena inqubo evamile.
• Uma kukhona amaseli onakele ngendlela engenakulungiseka ngandlela thile, ayafa ngokwemvelo. Awanakugcinwa emzimbeni njengodoti.
• Izifo, ukulimala, ubuthi, kanye nokwelashwa okuthile nakho kungalimaza amaseli futhi kubangele ukuba afe.

Ubani osengozini yokufa kweseli?

Eqinisweni, ukufa kwamangqamuzana kuyasithinta sonke - futhi ngokuvamile kuyinto enhle. Kuyamangalisa, isikhumba sakho sikhipha amangqamuzana afile angaba ngu-40,000 ngosuku! Ungqimba oluphezulu lwesikhumba sethu, olubizwa ngokuthi i-epidermis , luhlala lukhiqiza amangqamuzana esikhumba amasha ukuze athathe indawo yalawa mangqamuzana afile. Ngamanye amazwi, ukube lokhu kufa kwamangqamuzana bekungenzeki, besingeke sibe nesikhumba esinempilo.

Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokufa kwamangqamuzana?

Kuye ngokuthi amangqamuzana afa kanjani, angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. I-Apoptosis - Ukufa kweseli okuhleliwe

2. I-Autophagy - ukuvuselelwa kwamaseli nokufa kwawo

3. I-Necrosis - Ukufa kwamangqamuzana okubangelwa izingozi

Ake sixoxe ngezinhlobo ngazinye zalezi ngemininingwane ethe xaxa.

1. I-Apoptosis noma ukufa kweseli okuhleliwe

I-Apoptosis iwukufa kweseli okwenzeka ngokwemvelo, okuhleliwe . Kule nqubo, amaseli ayazibhubhisa. Ngemva kokuba iseli selihlukanisile izikhathi eziningi, lapho lifika endaweni lapho lingasakwazi khona ukwahlukana, liyafa ngale nqubo (i-Apoptosis). Lokhu kufa kweseli okuhleliwe kunempilo kakhulu futhi kulindeleke emizimbeni yethu.

Cabanga ngalesi sibonelo. Lapho iminwe yomntwana iqala ukwakheka esibelethweni sikanina, ixhunyaniswa ngengqimba encane yesikhumba phakathi kwayo. Njengesikhumba esiphakathi kwezinzwane zemilenze yedada. Kodwa njengoba umntwana ekhula, le nqubo "ye-Apoptosis" ibangela ukuba amangqamuzana angadingekile aphakathi kwaleyo minwe afe ngendlela ehlelekile. Yilapho iminwe ihlukana kahle futhi yakhe iminwe emihlanu ehlukene. Cabanga, kuthiwani uma le "Apoptosis" ingenzeki kahle? Khona-ke isikhumba esiphakathi kwaleyo minwe singahlala sinjengoba sinjalo. Sibiza leso simo ngokuthi "Syndactyly" . Uyabona, ngezinye izikhathi kubalulekile ukuthi la maseli afe.

`(I-Apoptosis)` inqubo eyenzeka njalo. Yilokhu okususa amangqamuzana amadala, alimele emizimbeni yethu, okwenzela amangqamuzana amasha, anempilo ithuba lokuwathatha indawo yawo. Kodwa-ke, uma ngesizathu esithile lokhu kufa kwamangqamuzana okuhleliwe kungenzeki kahle, lawo maseli amadala, alimele aqala ukuhlukana ngokungalawuleki. Lesi yisizathu esikhulu sokuthuthuka kwezimila kanye nomdlavuza.

Futhi, ngezinye izikhathi ngenxa yamaphutha ohlelweni lwamaseli, amaseli okungafanele afe nawo angafa ngale nqubo ethi "Apoptosis". Isibonelo, kubantu abanezifo ezifana nesifo sikaParkinson, isifo sikaHuntington , noma isifo sika-Alzheimer, amaseli ezinzwa (" Neurons") ohlelweni lwezinzwa afa ngokweqile. Lokhu kufa kwamangqamuzana ngaphambi kwesikhathi kungathinta ukucabanga nokunyakaza.

2. Ukuvuselelwa kwe-autophagy noma ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamaseli

I-Autophagy ingenye indlela yokufa kwamangqamuzana okuhleliwe. Kodwa lena ikhethekile. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho umzimba ungaphansi kohlobo oluthile lokucindezeleka, ukucindezeleka, noma ukuntuleka kokudla. Kufana "nohlelo lokuvuselela kabusha" oluvela ezingeni lamaseli emzimbeni wethu.

Enkambisweni ethi ``Autophagy``` (okusho ukuthi ``ukuzidlela''), iseli ``lidla'' amaprotheni alo amadala, awonakele, noma ezinye izingxenye ezingafuneki ze-cytoplasm. Libe seliphinda lisebenzise izingxenye eziphukile futhi lisekele imisebenzi ebalulekile yeseli. Kufana nokulahla izinto ezindala endlini yakho bese uthatha izingxenye ezisebenzisekayo bese wakha into entsha.

Le nqubo "ye-Autophagy" ngezinye izikhathi iwusizo kakhulu.

• Amasosha ethu omzimba asiza ekubhubhiseni izinto ezifana namagciwane namagciwane abangela izifo.
• Kungasiza futhi ekuvimbeleni amaseli anempilo ekubeni amaseli omdlavuza.
• Kukholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungasiza nasekuvimbeleni ezinye izinkinga ezifana nesifo senhliziyo .

Kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma unomdlavuza, le nqubo ye-"(Autophagy)" ingaba yingozi. Ngoba, le nqubo yokuvuselela kabusha inikeza amangqamuzana omdlavuza izakhamzimba ezengeziwe, ezingasheshisa ukukhula kwawo. Akukhona lokho kuphela, kodwa lawa maseli aphinde asetshenziswa angaphazamisa nokubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza ngokwelashwa komdlavuza.

Abanye abantu bazama ukukhuthaza le nqubo "ye-Autophagy" ngokunciphisa amakhalori noma ukuzila ukudla, ngaleyo ndlela bakhiqize amangqamuzana amancane, anempilo. Kodwa-ke, abukho ubufakazi obanele besayensi bokuthi ukufaka i-"Autophagy" ngokwenziwa ngale ndlela kuyasebenza. Futhi, imikhawulo eqinile yokudla ngezinye izikhathi ingaba yingozi empilweni.

3. I-Necrosis noma ukufa kweseli ngokuzumayo

I-Necrosis akuyona inqubo ehleliwe njenge-Apoptosis noma i-Autophagy. Kuwukufa kweseli ngengozi noma okungalindelekile. Lokhu kuholela ekufeni kwezicubu.Kuyenzeka. Cabanga ukuthi ulimele kakhulu engalweni noma emlenzeni wakho. Ngaleso sikhathi, amangqamuzana alimele ayalimala, futhi okuqukethwe kwawo kuyavuza, okungalimaza amangqamuzana aphilile azungezile. Lokhu kubangela ukuvuvukala, ukubomvu, ubuhlungu, kanye nokunye ukulimala nokufa kwamanye amangqamuzana.

Into ebalulekile ukuthi, nakuba odokotela bengasusa lesi zicubu ezifile, ukufa kwezicubu okubangelwa yi-"necrosis" "akunakuguqulwa".

Lesi simo, "i-Necrosis," singase senzeke nangenxa yokuncipha kokunikezwa kwegazi kanye nokunikezwa komoya-mpilo kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. "I-Necrosis" yenzeka ngoba amangqamuzana awatholi igazi, umoya-mpilo, kanye nezakhamzimba lapho sifa.

Ezinye izimbangela ze-`(Necrosis)` yilezi:

• Izingozi kanye nokulimala okukhulu (`Ukulimala okubuhlungu`).
• Izifo ezizenzakalelayo .
• Amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, kanye nesikhunta ezibangela ukutheleleka.
• Ukusetshenziswa kobuthi, izinto ezinobuthi kanye nezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni.
• Ukwelashwa komdlavuza njengokwelashwa ngemisebe .

Izinhlobo ze-Necrosis

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-`(Necrosis)` kuye ngembangela kanye nengxenye yomzimba ethintekile. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

• I-Avascular necrosis noma i-osteonecrosis (ukufa kwezicubu zamathambo)
• I-Gangrene ( ukufa kwezicubu zesikhumba)
• I-Pulp necrosis ( ukufa kwe-pulp yezinyo)

Kuyini Ukufa Kwamaseli Okubangelwa Ukuvuselelwa (AICD)?

Lesi yisihloko esiyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa kuhle ukusazi ngamagama alula. Ukufa kweseli okubangelwa ukusebenza (AICD) kuyinkinga engaba khona yokuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa komdlavuza okubizwa ngokuthi i-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy . Kwenzeka lapho ama-T-cell, uhlobo lweseli elimhlophe legazi elisiza ukubulala amaseli omdlavuza, efa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Ku-`(CAR) T-cell therapy`, odokotela benza into efana nale:

1. I-Leukapheresis inqubo esusa amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi akhuphukile ngokweqile (kufaka phakathi amaseli e-T) egazini lesiguli.

2. Lawa ma-T-cell abe esesebenza elabhorethri bese ezama ukuwakhulisa kakhulu.

3. Ulwazi olusha lwezakhi zofuzo luyangezwa kula ma-T-cell akhuliswe elebhu, luwashintshe ukuze akwazi ukufuna nokubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

4. Ekugcineni, ama-T-cell aguquliwe aphinde afakwe egazini lesiguli. Abese efuna futhi abhubhise amaseli omdlavuza.

Kodwa, ngeshwa, uma la ma-T-cell esebenza futhi ekhuliswa elabhorethri, ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kufa kwamangqamuzana "e-AICD" kungenzeka. Bese, inani lama-T-cell aguquliwe atholakalayo ukulwa nomdlavuza liyancipha.

Okudingeka sikukhumbule kukho konke lokhu (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Nakuba igama elithi 'ukufa kwamangqamuzana' lingase lizwakale lithusa kancane, manje usuyazi ukuthi lena inqubo eyenzeka ngokwemvelo emizimbeni yethu isikhathi esiningi futhi ibalulekile ukuze siphile kahle .

• Ukufa kwamangqamuzana okuhleliwe okubizwa ngokuthi i-apoptosis kususa amangqamuzana amadala, onakele futhi kwenze indlela yamangqamuzana amancane, anempilo.
• Ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-autophagy , amaseli aphinda asebenzise izingxenye zawo futhi asebenze kahle kakhulu.
• Kodwa-ke, ukufa kwamangqamuzana ngenxa yezingozi ezifana ne -necrosis kuyingozi futhi kungabangela umonakalo wezicubu unomphela.
• Futhi, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho `(Apoptosis)` kanye `(Autophagy)` kungaba nomthelela ezifweni ezifana nomdlavuza.

Kodwa-ke, imizimba yethu ihlala imatasa ilungisa amangqamuzana alimele futhi ishintsha lawo afayo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela le nqubo. Uma unemibuzo noma ukukhathazeka ngalokhu, ungangabazi ukukhuluma nodokotela.

Ukufa kweseli , amaseli, i-apoptosis, i-autophagy, i-necrosis, umsebenzi womzimba, ukuhlukaniswa kweseli