Ingabe unesifo sokukhwehlela esingapheli ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, noma izimpawu zokutheleleka komgudu womchamo ezikukhathazayo? Mhlawumbe lapho uya kudokotela, wakubhalela isivivinyo esibizwa ngokuthi 'i-Gram Stain'. Leli gama lingase lizwakale lingavamile kuwe. Kodwa empeleni lesi isivivinyo esibaluleke kakhulu nesisheshayo esisetshenziselwa ukuthola izifo emzimbeni wethu. Ngakho-ke, ake sixoxe ngalokhu kalula, ngendlela ongayiqonda.
Kuyini i-Gram Stain kalula?
Kalula nje, i-Gram stain ukuhlolwa okwenziwa elebhu. Ngokuyisisekelo ibheka amagciwane endaweni yomzimba wakho lapho kukhona khona ukutheleleka. Ake sithi unenxeba eliphumayo. Ngemuva kwalokho isampula encane evela kulelo nxeba ingathunyelwa kulolu vivinyo.
Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zalolu vivinyo ukuthi imiphumela itholakala ngokushesha. Lokhu kuvumela udokotela ukuthi anqume ngokushesha ukuthi unesifo esibangelwa amagciwane, futhi uma kunjalo, uhlobo luni. Lokhu kusiza udokotela ukuthi athole umbono oyisisekelo wokuthi umuthi muni okufanele akunike wona.
Akuwona wonke amabhaktheriya emizimbeni yethu amabi. Amanye angamabhaktheriya amahle asiza. Kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zamabhaktheriya zisibangela izifo kanye nokutheleleka. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Gram Stain kusisiza ukuthi sibone amabhaktheriya ayingozi abangela lezo zifo.
Iyini le ndaba nge-Gram-positive kanye ne-Gram-negative?
Lena yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlolwa kwebala le-Gram. Cabanga ngamabhaktheriya njengezinto eziphilayo ezincane ezigqoke izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingubo. Ukuhlolwa kwebala le-Gram kuhilela ukufaka izinhlobo eziningana zamabala akhethekile kubhaktheriya. Bese kuthi, kuye ngomehluko odongeni lweseli lebhaktheriya, ahlukane abe imibala emibili.
1. Amagciwane ane-gram-positive: Izindonga zamaseli awo zenziwe ngento ejiyile ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Peptidoglycan." Yingakho eba nombala onsomi-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uma enombala.
2. Ama-bacteria angenayo i-gram: Lawa anezindonga ezincane zamaseli, ngakho-ke aphenduka umbala obomvu opinki uma enombala.
Into ebalulekile okufanele uyikhumbule lapha ukuthi 'okuhle' kanye 'nokubi' akusho 'okuhle' kanye 'nokubi'. Kumane kuyisigaba esisekelwe kumbala webhaktheriya.
Manje ake sibheke izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamabhaktheriya ala maqembu amabili kanye nezifo ezibangelwa yiwo.
| Amagciwane ane-gram-positive kanye nezifo ezihlobene nawo | |
|---|---|
| Uhlobo lwebhaktheriya | Izimo zezokwelapha ezingaba khona |
| Izinhlobo ze -Staphylococcus | Ukutheleleka kwesikhumba, i-pneumonia, ubuthi bokudla, ukutheleleka kwe-MRSA |
| Izinhlobo ze -Streptococcus | Ukutheleleka komphimbo (umphimbo obuhlungu), i-pneumonia, i-meningitis |
| Izinhlobo ze -Listeria | Ubuthi bokudla |
| Izinhlobo ze -Clostridium | Ubuthi bokudla, i-botulism, i-tetanus |
| Amabhaktheriya angenayo i-gram kanye nezifo ezihlobene nawo | |
|---|---|
| Uhlobo lwebhaktheriya | Izimo zezokwelapha ezingaba khona |
| I-Escherichia coli (E. coli) | Ukutheleleka komgudu womchamo (UTIs), ubuthi bokudla |
| I-Neisseria gonorrhoeae | I-Gonorrhea (isifo esithathelwana ngocansi) |
| Izinhlobo ze -Salmonella | Ubuthi bokudla, umkhuhlane we-typhoid |
| Izinhlobo ze -Klebsiella | I-pneumonia, izifo zegazi, izifo zamanxeba |
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwebala le-Gram kanye nokukhula kwebhaktheriya?
Udokotela wakho angase ancoma ukuthi nizihlole zombili lezi zivivinyo ndawonye, kodwa ulwazi abalunikezayo luhlukile.
- I-Gram Stain: Lokhu kufana nesithombe esisheshayo. Sinikeza ngokushesha umbono ojwayelekile wokuthi ngabe akhona yini amabhaktheriya, uma ekhona, ukuthi akhona yini i-Gram-positive noma i-Gram-negative, nokuthi isimo sawo siyini (siyindilinga noma sifana nenduku).
- Ukukhula Kwamagciwane: Lokhu kuhilela ukukhulisa amabhaktheriya kusampula yakho endaweni ekhethekile elebhu. Kufana nokukhulisa isitshalo. Lokhu kungathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Uma amabhaktheriya esekhule kahle, ungawabona bese uthola ukuthi yimaphi ama-antibiotic asebenza kahle kuwo.
Kalula nje, i-Gram stain inikeza umhlahlandlela osheshayo, kuyilapho isiko lamagciwane linikeza isiqinisekiso esiqinisekile kakhulu .
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Gram Stain kwenziwa kanjani?
Le nqubo ingahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezintathu eziyinhloko.
1. Ukuqoqa isampula
Indlela yokuthatha isampula izohluka kuye ngokuthi usola ukuthi unesifo kuphi.
- Nge-swab: Isampula ingathathwa ezindaweni ezifana nomphimbo, amakhala, izilonda zesikhumba, kanye nezindawo zangasese kusetshenziswa i-cotton swab.
- Ukuqoqa uketshezi: Ungaqoqa izinto ezifana ne-mucus, umchamo, kanye nendle esitsheni esihlanzekile.
- Ukufuthwa kwenaliti encane: Le ndlela isetshenziselwa ukuthola uketshezi oluvela ngaphakathi emzimbeni, isibonelo, emalungeni, emaphashini, noma enhliziyweni.
2. Kwenzekani elabhorethri
Uma isampula yakho ifika elabhorethri, usosayensi welabhorethri yezokwelapha uzoyisakaza kancane ku-slide yengilazi. Ngemuva kwalokho, bazofaka amadayi amane akhethekile, okukhulunywe ngawo ngaphambili, kuyo bese beyigeza.
3. Ukubuka nge-microscope
Ekugcineni, lesi silayidi esilungisiwe sihlolwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Yilapho sibona khona ukuthi akhona yini amabhaktheriya, umbala wawo (onsomi/oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma opinki/obomvu), ukuma kwawo (okuyindilinga (i-cocci) noma okufana nenduku (i-bacilli)), nokuthi aqoqwe kanjani ndawonye (ngawodwa, ngababili, noma ngamaqoqo).
Uthini umbiko wophenyo?
Kungase kube nemiphumela emibili eyinhloko embikweni wakho wokuhlolwa.
- Ibala elibi le-Gram (Akukho okuphilayo okubonwe): Lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho magciwane abonwe ku-slide. Kodwa-ke, ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kungenzeka uma kunamagciwane ambalwa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke kungadingeka ulinde umbiko wokukhuliswa kwamagciwane.
- Ibala le-Gram Elihle: Lokhu kusho ukuthi kwakukhona amabhaktheriya kusampula yakho. Umbiko ungafaka imininingwane efana nalokhu:
- Uhlobo lwebhaktheriya: I-Gram-positive noma i-Gram-negative?
- Ukuma kwebhaktheriya: `cocci` (eyindilinga) noma `bacilli` (izinduku)?
- Amanye amangqamuzana: Kungaphawulwa nokuthi ngabe amanye amangqamuzana akhona, njengamaseli amhlophe egazi (uphawu lokutheleleka).
Ngokuqoqa lonke lolu lwazi nokuluqhathanisa nezimpawu zakho, udokotela uzoqala ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kakhulu kuwe.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- I-Gram Stain iyisivivinyo esisheshayo nesiyisisekelo esisetshenziselwa ukuxilonga izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
- Lokhu kuhlukanisa amabhaktheriya abe amaqembu amabili amakhulu (i-Gram-positive - onsomi/oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye ne-Gram-negative - pink/red).
- Lolu lwazi luzosiza kakhulu udokotela wakho ukuthi aqale ukwelashwa okufanele ngokushesha okukhulu .
- Ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa okucacile, ukuhlolwa kwe-Gram stain kuvame ukwenziwa kanye nokuhlolwa kokukhula kwamagciwane .
- Uma unenkinga ngemiphumela yakho yokuhlolwa, ungesabi ukuxoxa ngayo ngokukhululekile nodokotela wakho .
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