Sivame ukuzwa ezindabeni ukuthi igciwane elisha libangela isifo esisha. Njengoba nje sezwa ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-coronavirus, ososayensi bathole ukuthi i-coronavirus yayiyimbangela yesifo esibizwa ngokuthi i-SARS. Kodwa wake wazibuza ukuthi laba ososayensi bangasho kanjani ngokunembe kangaka, ngokuqiniseka, ukuthi leli gciwane liyimbangela yalesi sifo? Ingabe kumane nje kuwukuqagela? Noma ingabe ikhona indlela eyamukelekayo yalo? Sikhuluma ngaleyo mfihlo namuhla.
Imfihlo Yesayensi: Ama-Postulates kaRobert Koch
Lokhu akusikho ukuqagela ngempela. Kukhona indlela yesayensi eqondile kakhulu esetshenziswa ososayensi ukufakazela ukuthi igciwane elithile liyimbangela yesifo. Kufana nophenyo lwamaphoyisa, inqubo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo yokubamba umsolwa. Le ndlela yaqala ukwethulwa emhlabeni emuva ngo-1890 ngudokotela nososayensi waseJalimane ogama lakhe linguRobert
Koch . Sibiza le mithetho ayiphakamisa ngokuthi
"Izimvo zikaKoch." Kalula nje, lena "yincwadi yemithetho emine" esetshenziswa ososayensi ukufakazela ukuthi igciwane "liyimbangela." Ake sibone ukuthi iyini le mithetho emine.
| Isikhundla sikaKoch | Kusho ukuthini lokhu? (Kalula nje) |
|---|
| Umthetho wokuqala | Isiguli ngasinye esinalesi sifo kumele sibe naleli gciwane elisolisayo emzimbeni waso. Ngokufanayo, abantu abaphilile abangenalo lesi sifo abakwazi ukuba naleli gciwane emizimbeni yabo. |
| Umthetho wesibili | Kufanele kube nokwenzeka ukukhulisa igciwane endaweni yokukhulisa izicubu, endaweni ekhethekile, kusuka ezicutshini noma kwezinye izibonelo (isibonelo, i-phlegm, igazi, indle) ezithathwe kumuntu ogulayo. |
| Umthetho wesithathu | Uma lelo gciwane elihlanzekile, elikhuliswe elabhorethri, lifakwa emzimbeni wesilwane esinempilo (noma umuntu) esisengozini, kufanele libe nesifo esifanayo sokuqala. |
| Umthetho wesine | Kufanele kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa nokutshala igciwane elifanayo lokuqala kusampula ethathwe kumuntu wesibili osanda kutheleleka noma isilwane. |
Kodwa umuntu ophilile akanakusakaza lesi sifo, akunjalo?
Manje kungenzeka ukuthi unenkinga enkulu. Bheka lowo mthetho wesithathu. Akukhona yini okubi ngokokuziphatha ukuthelela umuntu ophilile ngesifo? Akunakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke ososayensi bawugcwalisa kanjani lo mthetho?
Yebo, leyo ndaba iyiqiniso ngokuphelele. Akekho othelela abantu ngesifo ngamabomu futhi enze izivivinyo nganoma yisiphi isizathu. Lelo yiphutha elikhulu. Yingakho ososayensi besebenzisa ezinye izindlela ukufakazela le mithetho yesithathu neyesine.
Izindlela zesayensi ezisetshenziswayo
1.
I-Epidemiology: Lena yindlela eyinhloko. Kalula nje, i-epidemiology iwukufunda amaphethini okusabalala kwezifo phakathi kwabantu. Njengomseshi, ososayensi bafuna:
- Ubani othole lesi sifo?
- Babekuphi?
- Bachitha isikhathi nobani?
- Yiziphi izixhumanisi ezivamile phakathi kwabantu abake bangenwa yilesi sifo?
- Lolu lwazi luqhathaniswa nolwazi oluvela eqenjini labantu abaphilile abangakayitholi leso sifo.
Cabanga nje, uma wonke umuntu othole i-SARS evezwe yigciwane futhi abantu abangakabonakali bengaguli, lokho kungaba ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi imbangela yalesi sifo kwakuwukuvezwa yigciwane. Ngale ndlela, isimiso soMthetho Wesithathu singafakazelwa ngaphandle kokuthelela umuntu. 2.
Amamodeli Ezilwane: Enye indlela ukuhlolwa kwezilwane. Izilwane ezibonisa izimpawu ezifana nezabantu (isib. amagundane, izinkawu) zijovwa ngegciwane elikhuliswe elabhorethri. Uma leso silwane sithola isifo esifana nesabantu, lokho kuqinisekisa uMthetho Wesithathu. Uma igciwane lingahlukaniswa naleso silwane futhi, khona-ke uMthetho Wesine nawo uyiqiniso.
Yile ndlela igciwane le-SARS elatholakala ngayo!
Manje ake sibone ukuthi le mithetho yasetshenziswa kanjani ebhubhaneni le-SARS.
- Imithetho Yokuqala Neyesibili: Ososayensi bahlukanise i -coronavirus ezigulini eziningana ezinezimpawu ze-SARS. Futhi bakhulisa igciwane ngempumelelo elabhorethri. Ngakho-ke yomibili imithetho yokuqala iyagcwaliseka.
- Imithetho Yesithathu Neyesine: Yilapho i-Epidemiology ingena khona.wasiza. Ukuhlolwa kwabonisa ngokusobala ukuthi lesi sifo sasisakazeke kakhulu kulabo ababevezwe yileli gciwane, nokuthi sasingekho phakathi kwalabo ababengavezwanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abantu ababevezwe ngengozi (isib., abasebenzi bezempilo ababenakekele iziguli) nabo kamuva bagula, futhi igciwane lokuqala lalingahlukaniswa nabo. Lokhu kwaqinisekisa izimiso zomthetho wesithathu nowesine. Lokhu kwaqinisekiswa futhi yizifundo zezilwane.
Ngakho-ke manje usuyazi, lokhu akusikho nje ukuqagela. Lena inqubo yesayensi enengqondo kakhulu, ehlelekile, eneminyaka eminingi, futhi ethembekile kakhulu.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Ososayensi banquma ukuthi isifo sibangelwa yigciwane noma igciwane elithile, hhayi ngokuqagela, kodwa ngokulandela indlela yesayensi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Koch's Postulates."
- Le ndlela ihilela izinyathelo ezine eziyinhloko: ukuhlonza igciwane ezigulini, ukulikhulisa elabhorethri, ukubonisa ukuthi libangela lesi sifo, nokuhlukanisa igciwane elifanayo futhi.
- Ngenxa yokuthi akulona iqiniso ukuthelela abantu ngezifo ngamabomu, ososayensi baqinisekisa izimiso zale mithetho ngezindlela ezifana ne-epidemiology kanye nokuhlolwa kwezilwane.
- Ngakho-ke, kusukela manje kuqhubeke, uma uzwa ukuthi isifo esithile sibangelwa yigciwane, khumbula inqubo yesayensi eqinile ngemuva kwaleyo nkulumo.
- Uma unesifo esithile noma unemibuzo ngaso, xhumana nodokotela wakho njalo ukuze akunike iseluleko .
Igciwane, ukuxilongwa, imithetho kaKoch, indlela yesayensi, i-epidemiology, i-SARS, i-coronavirus
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