Iyini i-gene? Ake sixoxe ngayo kalula!

Wake wazibuza ukuthi usitholephi isimo sakho esiyingqayizivele, ukumamatheka kwakho, umbala wezinwele zakho, mhlawumbe ngisho nendlela okhuluma ngayo? Ngezinye izikhathi siye sizwe, "Mama, ufana noyihlo!" noma "Unamehlo kamama wakho!" Lokho kungenxa yalezi zinto ezincane, kodwa ezinamandla kakhulu esizokhuluma ngazo namuhla, ezibizwa ngokuthi izakhi zofuzo . Lezi yizona ezisenza sibe yilokho esiyikho, ukubukeka kwethu, ngisho nobuntu bethu.

Iyini ngempela i-gene?

Kalula nje, izakhi zofuzo ziyisikhwama esincane solwazi oluthola kubazali bakho. Lesi sikhwama solwazi siqukethe lonke ulwazi olunquma 'izici' zakho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinwele zakho ziqondile noma zigobile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umude noma umfushane, ukuthi amehlo akho anombala onjani, nokuthi umomotheka kanjani. Lezi zimpawu zidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngalezi zakhi zofuzo.

Cabanga nje, uma umama wakho nobaba bakho benamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi nawe ube namehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi, uma umama wakho enamabala, ungase uzuze leso sici njengefa. Akubona abantu kuphela abanalezi zakhi zofuzo, izilwane, izihlahla, zonke lezi zinto eziphilayo zinezakhi zofuzo. Kuthiwa iseli elilodwa nje emzimbeni wethu lingaqukatha izakhi zofuzo eziphakathi kuka-25,000 no-35,000. Akumangalisi lokho?

Uyazi ukuthi lezi zakhi zofuzo ezincane ziphi?

Lezi zakhi zofuzo zincane kakhulu kangangokuthi asikwazi nokuzibona. Zingaphakathi kwamayunithi amancane abizwa ngokuthi amaseli akha imizimba yethu. Umzimba wakho wakhiwe yizigidigidi zala maseli. Lawa maseli mancane kakhulu kangangokuthi udinga ngempela i-microscope ukuze uwabone.

Ngaphakathi kwala maseli, kunezakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-chromosome abukeka njengamabhola entambo, noma njengoba abanye besho, ama-macaroni. Lawa ma-gene agcinwa ngaphakathi kwalawo ma-chromosome. Kungaba namakhulu, ngisho nezinkulungwane, zama-gene ku-chromosome eyodwa. Lawa ma-chromosome kanye nama-gene akhiwe yikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuthi i-DNA . Incazelo ephelele ye-DNA yi- Deoxyribonucleic acid . Ligama elide kancane, akunjalo? Kodwa kulula uma usujwayele.

Indlu encane yamandla ngaphakathi kweseli: i-nucleus

Phakathi kwamaseli amaningi, kukhona ingxenye encane efana neqanda ebizwa ngokuthi i-nucleus . Lona ubuchopho beseli. Yi-nucleus etshela zonke ezinye izingxenye zeseli ukuthi zenzeni. Ngakho-ke, i-nucleus yazi kanjani okuningi kangaka? Isizathu siwukuthi wonke ama-chromosomes ethu nezakhi zofuzo zingaphakathi kwale nucleus. Kunolwazi oluningi kunalokho ongase ucabange kule nucleus encane - mhlawumbe olungaphezu kwesichazamazwi esikhulu kunazo zonke owake wazibona!

Indaba yama-chromosome ethu

Iseli ngalinye lomuntu linama-chromosome angu-46. Kodwa lawa afika ngamabili. Okungukuthi, ama-chromosome angu-23 . Khumbula, sithola ingxenye eyodwa yalawa mabili, okungukuthi, i-chromosome 23, kumama wethu, kanti enye ingxenye, i-chromosome 23, kubaba wethu.

Uma kubhekwa nge-microscope, la ma-chromosome abonakala enobude obuhlukene futhi enamaphethini ahlukene emivimbo. Uma ehlelwe ngokulandelana kobukhulu nephethini, amabhangqa okuqala angu-22 abizwa ngokuthi ama-autosome . Amabhangqa okugcina ama-chromosome ocansi , angama-chromosome ka-X no-Y. La ma-chromosome ocansi anquma ukuthi uyintombazane noma ungumfana. Amantombazane anama-chromosome amabili ka-X (XX), kanti abafana bane-chromosome eyodwa ka-X kanye ne-chromosome eyodwa ka-Y (XY).

Kodwa akuzona zonke izinto eziphilayo ezinama-chromosome angu-46 emaseli azo. Isibonelo, iseli lempukane yezithelo linama-chromosome amane kuphela!

Izakhi zofuzo zisebenza kanjani?

Izakhi zofuzo ngasinye zinomsebenzi othize okufanele ziwenze. I-DNA esakhi sofuzo, njengeresiphi, iqukethe isethi yemiyalelo ethile. Le miyalelo isetshenziselwa ukwenza amaprotheni ngaphakathi kwamaseli. Amaprotheni ayizakhi zokwakha konke okusemizimbeni yethu. Amathambo ethu, amazinyo, izinwele, izindlebe, imisipha, kanye negazi konke kwenziwa ngamaprotheni. Lawa maprotheni asiza imizimba yethu ukuba ikhule futhi ihlale iphilile. Ososayensi manje bakholelwa ukuthi isakhi sofuzo esisodwa singakha cishe izinhlobo eziyi-10 ezahlukene zamaprotheni! Lokho kungaphezu kwamaprotheni angu-300,000!

Indlela izakhi zofuzo ezinquma ngayo izici zethu

Njengama-chromosome, izakhi zofuzo ziza ngamabili. Bobabili abazali bakho banamakhophi amabili ezakhi zofuzo zabo. Kodwa uthola ikhophi eyodwa kuphela yazo. Izakhi zofuzo zakho zakhiwe ngesinye esivela kumama wakho nesinye esivela kubaba wakho. Izakhi zofuzo ozithola ngale ndlela zinquma izici eziningi zakho, njengombala wezinwele zakho kanye nesikhumba sakho.

Cabanga nje ukuthi unina kaSandani une-gene yezinwele ezinsundu kanye ne-gene yezinwele ezibomvu. Wanika uSandani i-gene yezinwele ezibomvu. Uma uyise kaSandani ene-gene ezimbili zezinwele ezibomvu, uSandani angathola ne-gene yezinwele ezibomvu kuye. Ngemuva kwalokho uSandani uthola i-gene yezinwele ezibomvu kubo bobabili abazali, futhi izinwele zakhe zizoba bomvu. Uyaqonda?

Njengesinye isibonelo, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinja. Zonke zinezakhi zofuzo ezizenza izinja, hhayi amakati, izinhlanzi, noma abantu. Kodwa izakhi zofuzo ezizenza izinja zinquma izici zazo. Yingakho ezinye izinja zincane, ezinye zinkulu. Ezinye zinezinwele ezinde, ezinye zinezinwele ezimfushane. AmaDalmatian anezakhi zofuzo zezinwele ezimhlophe namabala amnyama. Ama-poodle amathoyizi anezakhi zofuzo zezinwele ezigoqekile. Ngicabanga ukuthi usuyaqonda lokhu manje.

Kuthiwani uma kunezinkinga ngezakhi zofuzo?

Ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokutadisha la ma-gene. Bafuna ukwazi ukuthi yimaphi amaprotheni akhiqizwa yi-gene ngayinye, nokuthi kwenzekani kulawo ma-protein. Bafuna nokwazi ukuthi yiziphi izifo ezibangelwa ama-gene angasebenzi kahle. Sibiza ama-gene ashintshile ngandlela thile ngokuthi ama-mutation . Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kushintsha kwama-gene kunomthelela othile ezifweni zamaphaphu, umdlavuza, kanye nezinye izifo eziningi. Ezinye izifo nezinkinga zempilo zenzeka lapho ama-gene engekho noma lapho kunezingxenye ezengeziwe zama-gene noma ama-chromosome.

Ezinye zalezi zinkinga zezakhi zofuzo zingazuzwa kubazali ezinganeni. Isibonelo, ake sithathe isakhi sofuzo esisiza imizimba yethu ukuthi yenze i-hemoglobin . I-hemoglobin iyiprotheni ebaluleke kakhulu esiza amangqamuzana abomvu egazi ukuthi athwale umoya-mpilo emzimbeni wonke. Uma ingane izuza isakhi sofuzo se-hemoglobin esihlukile kumzali, lowo mntwana angase akwazi ukwenza uhlobo lwe-hemoglobin olungasebenzi kahle. Lokhu kungabangela isimo esibizwa ngokuthi i-anemia . I-anemia ukwehla kwenani lamangqamuzana abomvu egazi anempilo. I-sickle cell anemia uhlobo lwe-anemia oluzuzwa kubazali kubantwana ngokusebenzisa izakhi zofuzo ngale ndlela.

I-Cystic fibrosis, noma i-CF, ingenye yezifo ezizuzwe njengefa ezinye izingane ezizizuza njengefa. Abazali abane-CF gene eguquliwe bangadlulisela lokhu ezinganeni zabo. Abantu abane-CF banenkinga yokuphefumula ngoba imizimba yabo ikhiqiza umucu omningi kakhulu - uketshezi olujiyile oluphuma emakhaleni ethu uma sigula - futhi lubhajwe emaphashini abo. Abantu abane-CF badinga ukwelashwa impilo yabo yonke ukuze bagcine amaphaphu abo ephilile ngangokunokwenzeka.

Izindaba zakamuva: Ake sifunde kancane ngokwelashwa kwezakhi zofuzo.

Ukwelashwa ngezakhi zofuzo kuyindlela entsha kakhulu yokwelapha – okusha kangangokuthi ososayensi basesesigabeni sokucwaninga ukuze babone ukuthi kuyasebenza yini. Kuhilela ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo ukwelapha isifo esibangelwa yisakhi sofuzo esishintshiwe ngandlela thile.Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe. Enye indlela evivinywayo njengamanje ukufaka izakhi zofuzo ezigulayo esikhundleni sezakhi zofuzo ezinempilo. Kuthenjwa ukuthi lolu cwaningo lokwelapha izakhi zofuzo (kufaka phakathi ucwaningo olusebenzisa abantu) luzoholela ezindleleni ezintsha zokwelapha futhi mhlawumbe luvimbele nezifo eziningi esikhathini esizayo.

Ngakho-ke, yiziphi izinto okufanele sizikhumbule kule ndaba? (Umyalezo Ofanele Uwuthathe Ekhaya)

Ngakho-ke, cishe usuyaqonda manje ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ziyizinto ezimangalisayo nezibaluleke kakhulu ezisenza sibe yilokho esiyikho, ezithinta ukubukeka kwethu, ubuntu bethu, ngisho nempilo yethu . Zifana nesipho esiyigugu kakhulu esisithola kubazali bethu.

• Izakhi zofuzo ziyiqoqo lemiyalelo etholakala ngaphakathi kwamaseli emizimba yethu enquma izici zethu.
• Lezi zigcinwa ezakhiweni ezibizwa ngama-chromosome futhi zakhiwe yi-DNA.
• Sithola izakhi zofuzo zethu kubazali bethu, yingakho sifana nabo.
• Ngezinye izikhathi izinguquko (ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo) zingadala izinkinga zempilo.
• Ubuchwepheshe obusha njengokwelashwa ngezakhi zofuzo bunganikeza izixazululo zezinkinga ezinjalo esikhathini esizayo.

Ngiyethemba ukuthi ukufunda ngalezi zakhi zofuzo kuzokusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono imizimba yethu kanye nezakhi zofuzo zethu. Uma uneminye imibuzo, ungangabazi ukubuza udokotela noma othile onolwazi ngale ndaba.

I- Gene, ama-Chromosomu, i-DNA, i-Heredity, impilo