Uke wazizwa ngokuzumayo iqhubu entanyeni yakho? Mhlawumbe awuzange ulinake kakhulu ngoba lalibuhlungu. Noma uhlala uzizwa sengathi ikhala lakho livalekile nezindlebe zakho zigcwele? Lokhu kungaba izimpawu zomkhuhlane ovamile. Kodwa-ke, uma lezi zinto ziqhubeka, kungaba uphawu lohlobo oluthile lomdlavuza esizokhuluma ngalo namuhla, olukhula ekhanda nasentanyeni. Ake sixoxe ngakho ngokuningiliziwe nangokulula.
Uyini umdlavuza we-nasopharyngeal?
Kalula nje, lolu uhlobo lomdlavuza olungavamile kakhulu oluvela ekhanda nasentanyeni yethu. Nakuba igama lalo liyinkimbinkimbi kancane, kuzoba lula ukuliqonda uma usuwazi ukuthi lwenzeka kuphi.
Lo mdlavuza ukhula engxenyeni yomzimba wethu ebizwa ngokuthi i-'nasopharynx'. Manje ungase uzibuze ukuthi iyini i-'nasopharynx'. Cabanga nje, ngemuva kwekhala lethu, ukuze uqonde ngqo, kunesikhala esincane phansi kogebhezi. Lapho kuhlangana khona impumulo nomphimbo. Yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-'nasopharynx'. Uma siphefumula ngekhala lethu, umoya udlula kule ngxenye ngaphambi kokuba ungene emaphashini.
Ngakho-ke, lo mdlavuza we-Nasopharyngeal ulapho amangqamuzana engxenyeni ye-'nasopharynx' eqala ukukhula ngendlela engavamile futhi engenakulawulwa. Amangqamuzana akhula ngale ndlela aqoqana futhi akhe izimila ezinomdlavuza. Lawa maseli omdlavuza angasakazeka kamuva aye kuma-lymph node entanyeni yethu, esibindini, emaphashini, ngisho nasemathanjeni.
Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zalo mdlavuza?
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezicubu 'e-nasopharynx' yethu. Lezi zicubu zakhiwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli. Ngakho-ke lo mdlavuza uhlukaniswa ngokwezinhlobo zamaseli umdlavuza owenziwe ngawo. Ngokusho kwe-World Health Organization (WHO), kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zalo mdlavuza.
| Uhlobo lomdlavuza (ukuhlukaniswa kwe-WHO) | Incazelo elula |
|---|---|
| I-Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (uhlobo 1 lwe-WHO) | Kulokhu, amangqamuzana omdlavuza akhula ezicutshini eziseduze ne-nasopharynx. Lawa maseli aqukethe iphrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-keratin. I-Keratin yiphrotheni efanayo etholakala ezinweleni nasezinzipho zethu. |
| I-nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (i-WHO type 2) | Lolu hlobo lwamaseli omdlavuza alunawo i-protein keratin. |
| I-carcinoma engahlukanisiwe noma engahlukanisiwe kahle (uhlobo lwe-WHO 3) | Uma zibukwa nge-microscope, lezi zinhlobo zamaseli omdlavuza zibukeka zihluke kakhulu kumaseli anempilo. Lezi zinhlobo zamaseli omdlavuza zingakhula futhi zisakazeke ngokushesha okukhulu. |
Ingabe lo mdlavuza uvamile?
Emazweni afana neMelika, lokhu akuvamile kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lesi simo sibonakala kaningi emazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia njengeSri Lanka, eNyakatho Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi sikuqaphele lokhu. Ngokuvamile, lo mdlavuza ungavela kaningi kubantu abasha abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-15-24 kanye nakubantu abadala abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-65-79.
Ziyini izimpawu zalo mdlavuza?
Ngokuvamile, uphawu lokuqala umuntu onalo mdlavuza aqaphela ngalo yiqhubu ngemuva noma ohlangothini lwentamo. Kungase kube neqhubu elilodwa noma ngaphezulu. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ngokuvamile alibuhlungu. La maqhubu akheka lapho umdlavuza usakazekela kuma-lymph node entanyeni, okubangela ukuba avuvuke.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, kunezinye izici eziningana okufanele uzinake.
- Izinkinga zendlebe: Ukukhala ezindlebeni (`Tinnitus`), ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa, umuzwa wokusinda endlebeni, kanye nokutheleleka njalo kwendlebe okungathuthuki naphezu kokwelashwa.
- Ikhanda elibuhlungu: Ikhanda elibuhlungu eliqhubekayo.
- Izinkinga zekhala: Ikhala elihlala ligcwele kanye nokopha kwegazi ekhaleni.
- Izinkinga zomlomo nobuso: Ubunzima bokuvula umlomo, ubuhlungu noma ukuqaqamba ebusweni.
- Ubunzima bokuphefumula nokukhuluma: Ngezinye izikhathi kungaba nobunzima bokuphefumula noma ubunzima bokukhuluma.
Into ebalulekile ukuthi lezi zimpawu zivame ukufana nezezinye izifo ezincane (isib. umkhuhlane, ukutheleleka kwendlebe). Ngakho-ke ungesabi ukuthi unomdlavuza ngoba nje unesinye noma ezimbili zalezi. Kodwa-ke, uma lezi zimpawu ziqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu kwamasonto amabili, noma uma zifika zidlule, kungcono kakhulu ukubona udokotela ukuze uthole iseluleko.
Yiziphi izinto ezingabangela umdlavuza?
Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukusho ngqo ukuthi yini ebangela lo mdlavuza,Odokotela bathole izinto eziningana ezandisa ingozi yokuthola lo mdlavuza. Ake sibheke ukuthi ziyini.
| Isici sengozi | Incazelo |
|---|---|
| Ukubhema notshwala | Abantu ababhema kakhulu noma abasebenzisa eminye imikhiqizo kagwayi kanye nalabo abaphuza utshwala ngokweqile njalo basengozini enkulu. |
| Igciwane le-Epstein-Barr (EBV) | Leli yigciwane elifanayo elibangela lesi sifo `i-mononucleosis`. Leli gciwane livame ukutholakala emizimbeni yeziguli ezine-`Nasopharyngeal Cancer`. |
| Ukudla | Ukudla njalo ukudla okunosawoti kwandisa ingozi. Isibonelo, abantu abadla njalo inyama nenhlanzi enosawoti (njengezinhlanzi ezomisiwe nama-oyster) basengozini enkulu. |
| Izici zemvelo | Ukuchayeka njalo ezintweni ezifana nothuli lwezinkuni kanye nentuthu nakho kungandisa ingozi. |
| Umlando womndeni kanye nezakhi zofuzo | Uma othile emndenini wakho oseduze enalo mdlavuza, nawe unamathuba amancane okuba nawo. |
| Uhlanga nobulili | Abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezifana neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eningizimu yeShayina, nasenyakatho ye-Afrika basengozini enkulu. Futhi, amadoda anamathuba aphindwe kathathu okuthola lo mdlavuza kunabesifazane. |
Lo mdlavuza utholakala kanjani?
Uma uya kudokotela, uzoqala ngokukubuza ngezimpawu zakho kanye nomlando womndeni wakho. Uzobe esekwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele ngokomzimba. Uzohlola ikhala lakho, ikhanda, intamo, umlomo, umphimbo, impumulo, imisipha yobuso kanye nama-lymph node. Angase futhi ahlole ukuzwa kwakho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kungenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa:
- Ukuhlolwa kwegciwane le-Epstein-Barr: Ngenxa yokuthi lo mdlavuza uhlobene negciwane le-EBV, kuzokwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuze kulinganiswe inani le-EBV egazini lakho.
- I-Biopsy: Lolu vivinyo oluyinhloko lokuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa. Lokhu kuhilela ukuthatha ingxenye encane kakhulu yezicubu endaweni esolisayo ye-nasopharynx bese uyihlola ngaphansi kwe-microscope ukuze ubone ukuthi kukhona yini amangqamuzana omdlavuza.
- I-CT scan (i-Computed Tomography scan): Lokhu kunganquma ubukhulu besimila nokuthi ngabe sisakazekele yini ezicutshini ezizungezile.
- I-MRI scan (i-Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan): Lokhu kunganikeza izithombe ezicacile zezicubu ezithambile zekhanda nentamo.
- I-PET scan (i-Positron Emission Tomography scan): Lokhu kuhlolwa kubalulekile ukuze kubonwe ukuthi umdlavuza ususakazekele kwezinye izindawo ezikude emzimbeni.
Udokotela unquma isigaba somdlavuza ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yalezi zivivinyo.
Ziyini izigaba zomdlavuza?
Isigaba somdlavuza sinqunywa ngobukhulu besimila, indawo yaso, nokuthi amangqamuzana omdlavuza asakazeke kangakanani. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhleleni ukwelashwa.
- Isigaba 0: Umdlavuza ukhawulelwe kungqimba lwamaseli ngaphakathi kwe-nasopharynx.
- Isigaba 1: Umdlavuza ususakazekele ezindaweni eziseduze, njengasemuva komphimbo noma ekhaleni.
- Isigaba sesi-2: Umdlavuza ususakazekele ku-lymph node eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ohlangothini olulodwa lwentamo.
- Isigaba sesi-3: Umdlavuza ususakazekele kuma-lymph node ezinhlangothini zombili zentamo.
- Isigaba 4: Umdlavuza ususakazekele ogebhezini, emehlweni, emithanjeni eholela ebuchosheni, ezindlaleni zamathe, noma engxenyeni engezansi yomphimbo. Noma ususakazekele ezithweni ezikude njengamaphaphu noma isibindi.
Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha lokhu?
Ukwelashwa okutholayo kuzoncika ezicini ezifana nesigaba somdlavuza kanye nempilo yakho iyonke. Lokhu kwelashwa okulandelayo kusetshenziswa kakhulu:
- Ukwelashwa ngemisebe: Ukusetshenziswa kwemisebe enamandla amakhulu ukubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Lena yindlela eyinhloko yokwelapha esetshenziswa kakhulu kulolu hlobo lomdlavuza.
- Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali:Ukunikeza imithi yokubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Le mithi inganikezwa ngomjovo noma njengamaphilisi.
- Ukwelashwa ngemisebe: Ukunikeza kokubili ukwelashwa ngemisebe kanye nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali ndawonye.
- Ukwelashwa okuqondiwe: Ukunikeza imithi eqondisa ama-molecule athile asiza amangqamuzana omdlavuza ukukhula nokusabalala.
- Ukuhlinzwa: Ukuhlinzwa ngokuvamile akuyona indlela yokwelapha eyinhloko ngoba i-nasopharynx iyindawo enzima ukuyihlinza. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlinzwa kungenziwa ukuze kususwe ama-lymph node entanyeni angazange aphendule kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha.
Ukwelashwa kungaba nemiphumela emibi. Isibonelo, ukwelashwa ngemisebe kungabangela umlomo owomile kanye nokulahlekelwa ukunambitheka. Ungakhuluma nodokotela wakho ngalokhu bese ucela usizo lokukulawula.
Ingabe lo mdlavuza ungelapheka? Lingakanani izinga lokusinda?
Impendulo yalo mbuzo ithi, yebo, ingenzeka. Ikakhulukazi uma itholakala kusenesikhathi, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba umdlavuza usakazekele kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, ingelapheka ngokuphelele.
Uma sikhuluma ngamazinga okusinda, kudingeka sikhumbule ukuthi lezi yizibalo nje. Akufanele zithathwe kalula. Isimo sakho singahluka ngokusekelwe ezicini eziningi.
- Uma umdlavuza ungakasabalali (endaweni): Abantu abangaba ngu-82 kwabayi-100 abanomdlavuza ohlala ekhaleni bazosinda eminyakeni emihlanu ngemva kokuxilongwa.
- Uma sesisabalele ezindaweni eziseduze (ezifundeni): Abantu abangaba ngu-72 kwabayi-100 abanomdlavuza osabalele ezindaweni eziseduze, njenge-lymph node entanyeni, basazophila ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu.
- Uma isakazeke kude (i-Metastatic): Kulabo abanomdlavuza osakazeke ezithweni ezikude njengamaphaphu noma isibindi, cishe abangu-49 kwabayi-100 basaphila ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu.
Into ebalulekile ukuthi lezi zibalo ziyisilinganiso nje esisekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinye iziguli. Isimo sakho singase sihluke kuye ngezici eziningi, njengobudala bakho, impilo yakho iyonke, kanye nokusabela ekwelashweni. Ngakho-ke khuluma nodokotela wakho ukuze uthole ulwazi olungcono kakhulu ngesimo sakho.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Umdlavuza we-nasopharyngeal umdlavuza ongavamile okhula ngemuva kwekhala kanye nasengxenyeni engenhla yomphimbo.
- Qaphela izimpawu ezifana nezigaxa ezingenabuhlungu entanyeni, izinkinga zendlebe eziqhubekayo, ukuminyana kwamakhala, noma ukuphuma kwegazi ekhaleni.
- Lo mdlavuza uvame ukubonakala emazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia njengeSri Lanka.
- Ukubhema, ukuphuza utshwala ngokweqile, kanye nokudla okunosawoti nokudla okugciniwe njalo (utamatisi owomisiwe, ama-pickle) kwandisa ingozi.
- Lo mdlavuza ungelapheka ngokuphelele uma utholakala kusenesikhathi.
- Uma unokungabaza, ungalibali futhi uxhumane nodokotela wakho ngokushesha ukuze uthole iseluleko.
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