Sonke siyayesaba kancane igama elithi "umdlavuza," akunjalo? Kodwa wake wazibuza ukuthi le nto ikhula kanjani, nokuthi ingabe into ethile emizimbeni yethu ingaba yimbangela? Eqinisweni, izinguquko kwezinye zezakhi zofuzo ezilawula amaseli emizimbeni yethu ziyimbangela enkulu yomdlavuza. Namuhla, sizokhuluma ngohlobo lwezakhi zofuzo olungabangela umdlavuza. Lezi sizibiza ngokuthi ama-oncogene.
Kalula nje, ziyini lezi zinhlobo ze-oncogene?
I-oncogene iyisakhi sofuzo esingabangela umdlavuza. Kodwa akuyona isakhi sofuzo esibi esihlala sikhona emizimbeni yethu. Empeleni iyinguqulo eguquliwe yesakhi sofuzo esivamile nesinempilo esilawula ukukhula kwamaseli emizimbeni yethu.
Cabanga ngalokhu. Sineqoqo elihle, elihlelekile lezakhi zofuzo ezilawula izinto ezifana nokukhula kwamaseli nokuhlukana emizimbeni yethu. Sizibiza ngokuthi ama-proto-oncogenes . Kufana ne-accelerator emotweni. Inyathelwa lapho idingeka futhi ikhishwe lapho ingadingeki. Yilokhu okulawula ukukhula kwamaseli kuze kufike ezingeni elifunekayo.
Kodwa, ngesizathu esithile, uma le proto-oncogene enhle ishintsha, noma ishintshashintsha, iba yi-oncogene . Kwenzekani manje? Kufana nokuthi i-accelerator yaleyo moto inamathele phansi. Okusho ukuthi, le-oncogene iqhubeka nokuthumela izimpawu kumaseli ukuthi "ahlukane, akhule." Ayimi. Ngakho-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, la maseli angajwayelekile ahlukana ngokungalawuleki aqoqana futhi akhe amathumba .
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi odokotela baqonde ukuthi la ma-oncogene asebenza kanjani, ngoba bangakwazi ukuhlasela la ma-oncogene futhi bathole imithi emisha yokwelapha umdlavuza.
Ama-oncogene ahlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza
Kuze kube manje, sekutholakale ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100 ze-oncogene ezihilelekile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zomdlavuza. Isibonelo, cishe umdlavuza owodwa kwabahlanu uhlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-oncogene emndenini we-Ras gene.
Amanye ama-oncogene ahlotshaniswa kakhulu nezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza. Bheka ithebula elingezansi ukuze uthole umbono ongcono ngalokhu.
| Igama le-oncogene (i-Oncogene) | Izinhlobo zomdlavuza ezivame ukuhlotshaniswa nazo |
|---|---|
| I-BCR/ABL1 | I-Chronic Myeloid Leukemia kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. |
| I-CMYC | I-Burkitt lymphoma. |
| I-EGFR kanye ne-EML4AK | Uhlobo lomdlavuza olubizwa ngokuthi i-adenocarcinoma yamaphaphu. |
| I-HER2 | Umdlavuza webele. |
| I-KRAS | Umdlavuza we-pancreatic, umdlavuza wamathumbu amakhulu, kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. |
| I-NMYC | I-Neuroblastoma kanye nezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza wamaphaphu. |
Kungani lezi zakhi zofuzo ezinhle ziba zimbi?
Isizathu esiqondile sokuthi kungani le proto-oncogene iphenduka i-oncogene asaziwa ngempela, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi izinto eziningi esizaziyo ezibangela umdlavuza zidlala indima kulokhu.
- Ukuchayeka kakhulu elangeni.
- Ukuchayeka ezintweni ezibangela umdlavuza (isib. ugwayi, i-asbestos).
- Ezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
Into ebalulekile ukuthi la ma-oncogene ngokuvamile awayona into esiyizuza njengefa kubazali bethu . Lezi izinguquko ezintsha zofuzo ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokuphila komuntu.
Lezi zinguquko zingenzeka ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- Ukuguquka kwamaphuzu: Ngaphambi kokuba amangqamuzana ethu ahlukane, akopisha i-DNA yawo. Phakathi nalokhu kukopisha, kungenzeka ushintsho oluncane ku-DNA, njengokwengeza noma ukususa uhlamvu. Leli phutha elincane lingashintsha i-proto-oncogene ibe yi-oncogene.
- Ukwandiswa kwezakhi zofuzo: Ngezinye izikhathi, kukhiqizwa amakhophi angaphezu kweyodwa yezakhi zofuzo kwenye yama-chromosome ethu. Ngale ndlela, uma kukhiqizwa amakhophi amaningi kakhulu e-proto-oncogene, umphumela wayo unganda futhi amangqamuzana omdlavuza angakhula.
- Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-chromosome: Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kalula nje, ucezu lwe-chromosome eyodwa luyaqhekeka bese lushintshana nocezu lwe-chromosome enye. Siphinde sibize lokhu ngokuthi i-translocation yenqubo. Lokhu kushintshana kungabangela ukwakheka kwe-oncogene entsha, esebenzayo.
Kungani kubalulekile ukwazi nge-oncogenes yokwelapha umdlavuza?
Ngokuvamile, umdlavuza ubangelwa inhlanganisela yokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, i-oncogene eyodwa ingaba namandla anele okuqala yonke inqubo yomdlavuza.
Nazi izindaba ezinhle: Kulula futhi kusebenza kangcono ukuqondisa uguquko olulodwa olukhulu lwezakhi zofuzo kunokwelapha uguquko lwezakhi zofuzo oluningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Isibonelo esihle yi-chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Odokotela bathole ukuthi le leukemia ibangelwa yi-oncogene eyodwa ebizwa ngokuthi i-BCR-ABL. Le oncogene ikhiqiza i-enzyme engajwayelekile ebangela ukuthi amaseli amhlophe egazi angajwayelekile ahlukane ngokungalawuleki.
Manje sekukhona uhlobo lomuthi olubizwa ngokuthi i-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) . Le mithi ivimba ngqo umsebenzi we-enzyme ye-BCR-ABL. Bese amaseli amhlophe egazi angajwayelekile ayafa. Lokhu kwelashwa kuvumele i-CML ukuthi iphumule. Ngaphambi kokuba lo muthi ufike, umuntu oyedwa kwabahlanu kuphela one-CML wayephila iminyaka emi-5. Kodwa namuhla, ngenxa yokwelashwa okuhlose le oncogene, iziguli ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi ziphilile.
Ngakho-ke ingabe i-p53 nayo iyi-oncogene?
I-p53 iyi -gene yokucindezela isimila . Lokho kusho ukuthi "i-gene evimba ukukhula kwesimila." Kodwa izinguquko ezikuyo nazo zingabangela umdlavuza.
Ake sibuyele esibonelweni semoto.
- Ama-proto-oncogene afana ne -accelerator yemoto.
- Izakhi zofuzo zokucindezela isimila zifana namabhuleki emotweni.
I-oncogene ifana ne-accelerator ecinyiwe. I-tumor suppressor gene ifana namabhuleki ecinyiwe. Kuzo zombili izimo, imoto ebizwa ngokuthi iseli iyaqhubeka nokuhamba ngaphandle kokulawula, okungukuthi, iyahlukana. Ngakho-ke umdlavuza ungakhula.
Ezinye iziguli zithola kukunika amandla ngokomzwelo ukufunda ngomdlavuza nokuzama ukuqonda okwenzeka ngaphakathi. Uma uzizwa ngendlela efanayo, cela udokotela wakho akuchazele izinguquko zofuzo ezibangele isimo sakho ngamagama alula. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono inqubo yokwelashwa.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Ama-oncogenes uhlobo lwezakhi zofuzo ezingabangela umdlavuza ngenxa yezinguquko ezakhiweni zofuzo ezivamile (i-proto-oncogenes) ezilawula ukukhula kwamaseli emizimbeni yethu.
- Lokhu kusebenza njenge-accelerator yemoto ebhajwe. Okusho ukuthi, bathumela izimpawu kumaseli ukuze baqhubeke "bekhula."
- Lezi zinguquko zofuzo ngokuvamile azizuzwa njengefa. Zingabangelwa ukukhanya kwelanga ngokweqile, amakhemikhali abangela umdlavuza, noma amagciwane athile ngesikhathi sokuphila.
- Ukuhlonza ama-oncogene athile kusize ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokwelapha eziqondiwe ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
- Uma unemibuzo mayelana nomdlavuza noma izinguquko zofuzo, umuntu ongcono kakhulu ongayichaza ngudokotela wakho.
💬 Comments (0)
Awekho amazwana athunyelwe okwamanje. Faka amazwana akho lapha okokuqala ngqa.
Engeza amazwana akho