Awuyena yini umuntu ocabanga ukuthi unguye? Ake sixoxe ngezinkinga zobuntu

Sonke sinobuntu, okungukuthi, izici zethu ezihlukile, izindlela zokucabanga, kanye nezindlela zokuziphatha. Yilezi ezisenza sehluke kwabanye, okusenza sibe yilokho esiyikho. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, ezinye izindlela ezijulile, ezinde zobuntu bomuntu zingenza impilo ibe nzima kakhulu kuye nakubantu abamzungezile. Yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi ukuphazamiseka kobuntu . Empeleni lesi yisimo sempilo yengqondo.

Kuyini Ukuphazamiseka Kobuntu?

Kalula nje, ukuphazamiseka kobuntu kuyiqoqo lamaphethini ahlala isikhathi eside, ayinkinga endleleni umuntu acabanga ngayo, aveza ngayo imizwa, aziphatha ngayo, futhi axhumana ngayo nabanye aphazamisa impilo yansuku zonke. La maphethini angabangela ukucindezeleka okukhulu kumuntu, noma enze kube nzima ngaye ukusebenza kahle emsebenzini wakhe, emndenini, noma ebudlelwaneni bakhe nabantu.

Cabanga ngalokhu, kunabantu abahlale bengabathembi abanye, abanomuzwa wokuthi wonke umuntu uzama ukubalimaza. Kukhona abanye abangafuni ukuzibandakanya nabanye nganoma iyiphi indlela, futhi bakhetha ukuba bodwa osizini lwabo. Lezi zinto ngezinye izikhathi zingaba izici zobuntu ezivamile, kodwa uma zinzima kakhulu, zihlala isikhathi eside, futhi zithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwabo , kungaba uphawu lokuphazamiseka kobuntu.

Into ebalulekile ukuthi abantu abaningi abanalesi sifo abaqapheli ukuthi kunenkinga ngokuziphatha kwabo noma ngendlela abacabanga ngayo . Bacabanga ukuthi abanye abantu banephutha, noma ukuthi umhlaba yiwona oyinkinga.

Yiziphi lezi zinhlobo zezinkinga zobuntu?

Incwadi Yokuhlola Nezibalo Yezinkinga Zengqondo (DSM-5), incwadi yokuqondisa esetshenziswa odokotela bezifo zengqondo kanye nososayensi bezengqondo, ikhomba izinhlobo eziyishumi zezinkinga zobuntu. Lezi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko, ngokusekelwe ezicini ezivamile zezinkinga esigabeni ngasinye.

Iqembu A: Imicabango noma izindlela zokuziphatha ezingavamile nezingavamile

Abantu abakulesi sigaba bangase babe nezindlela zokucabanga nokuziphatha okungavamile futhi okunzima kwabanye ukukuqonda.

• I-Paranoid Personality Disorder: Into eyinhloko kulokhu i-paranoia , okusho ukusola nokungathembi abanye ngaphandle kwesizathu esizwakalayo. Bahlala becabanga izinto ezinjengokuthi, "Abanye bazama ukungilimaza, ukungibeka phansi, nokungisongela." Cabanga nje, kukhona othile ehhovisi lakho, ohlala ecabanga ukuthi abanye bayamhleba futhi bazama ukulimaza umsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa empeleni, akunjalo.

• Isifo Sobuntu Esibangelwa Yi-Schizoid: Laba bantu abanasithakazelo ekusebenzelaneni nabanye futhi bakhetha ukuhlala kude nabo.Bavame ukukhetha ukuba bodwa, bodwa. Abavamile ukukhombisa imizwa yabo lapho bekhuluma nabanye. Bangabonakala njengamarobhothi angenamizwa.

• Isifo Sobuntu Esibangelwa Yi-Schizotypal: Laba bantu banenkinga yokugcina ubuhlobo obuseduze, futhi bangase bangabi nesifiso esikhulu sokwenza kanjalo. Kodwa-ke, bangase babe nemibono ephambene ngezwe, izinkolelo-ze, kanye nokuziphatha okungajwayelekile . Bangase bakholelwe ukuthi banamandla akhethekile noma bangafunda izingqondo zabanye abantu.

Iqembu B: Amaphethini okuziphatha amangalisayo, aguquguqukayo, futhi angazinzile

Abantu abakulesi sigaba bavame ukuba nodlame kakhulu, ukushintshashintshashintsha kwesimo sengqondo, futhi babe nokuziphatha okungaguquguquki . Imizwa yabo ivame ukushintshashintsha kusuka kwenye indawo kuya kwenye.

• Isifo Sobuntu Obungenandaba Nomphakathi (ASPD): Laba bantu abananhlonipho ngabanye futhi abanandaba nemithetho eyamukelekayo emphakathini. Bangase balingeke ukuba baphule imithetho futhi balimaze abanye ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo . Abafuni ukuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo wamaphutha abo, futhi abanandaba nomonakalo izenzo zabo eziwubangela kwabanye. Kusukela besebancane, bangase babonise izimpawu zokuxhaphaza abanye abantwana, ukuhlukumeza izilwane, ukuqamba amanga, nokweba.

• I-Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Inkinga enkulu ngalokhu ubunzima bokulawula imizwa . Ngenxa yalokho, banokuzethemba okuphansi, ukushintshashintsha kwemizwelo, ukwenza ngokuphamazela, futhi babe nobunzima bokugcina ubudlelwano. Bangase bathande umuntu kakhulu ngesinye isikhathi, bese bemlahla kakhulu ngesinye isikhathi.

• I-Histrionic Personality Disorder: Laba bantu banemizwa enamandla, engazinzile kanye nesithombe sabo esiphambene . Ukuzethemba kwabo kusekelwe ekwamukelweni abanye. Abazizwa benombono wangempela wokubaluleka. Banesifiso esinamandla sokudonsela ukunaka kwabanye . Bangase baziphathe ngezindlela ezimangalisayo, ngezinye izikhathi ezingafanele, ukuze bafeze lokhu.

• Isifo Sobuntu Esibangelwa Ukuzikhukhumeza: Laba bantu banomuzwa wokuphakama nokuphakama kunabanye. Badinga ukunconywa nokunconywa kakhulu ngabanye . Abanalo nozwela ngemizwa yabanye. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwalokhu kuziphatha kungenzeka kube ukuzihlonipha kwabo nokungazethembi.

Iqembu C: Ukukhathazeka okukhulu kanye nezindlela zokuziphatha ezesabekayo

Abantu abakulesi sigaba bavame ukubhekana nokukhathazeka okukhulu nokwesaba .

• Ukuphazamiseka Kobuntu Okugwemayo:Laba bantu banomuzwa ongapheli wokungafaneleki. Bazwela kakhulu ekwesabeni ukugxekwa noma ukwenqatshwa abanye. Nakuba befuna ukuxhumana nabanye, bayakugwema ukuxhumana nabantu ngenxa yokwesaba okukhulu ukwenqatshwa .

• Ukuphazamiseka Kobuntu Obuxhomeke Kumuntu: Lokhu kubonakala ngesidingo esiqhubekayo nesidlulele sokuvikelwa kwabanye. Babonisa nokuzithoba, isidingo esiqhubekayo sokusekelwa, kanye nokungakwazi ukwenza izinqumo. Ngokuvamile basondelana kakhulu nabanye futhi bazama kanzima ukubajabulisa. Banomkhuba wokunamathela kwabanye futhi besaba ukuhlukana.

• Isifo Sobuntu Esibangelwa Ukuzikhukhumeza (OCPD): Lokhu kubonakaliswa yisidingo esinamandla nesinzima sokuba konke kuhlelekile, kuphelele, futhi kulawulwe . Akukho ukuguquguquka nhlobo. Lokhu kungaholela ekubambezelekeni kokuqeda imisebenzi noma ukuphazamiseka. Lokhu kungathinta nobudlelwano.

Okubalulekile: Lokhu kuhlukile kunesifo sokukhathazeka esibizwa ngokuthi i-Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) . Abantu abane-OCD bavame ukwazi ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabo kubangelwa yi-OCD nokuthi kudingeka bakushintshe. Kodwa-ke, abantu abane-OCPD abanalo ulwazi olunjalo ngokuziphatha kwabo.

Ngezinye izikhathi umuntu angaba nenhlanganisela yezimpawu zokuphazamiseka kobuntu okungaphezu kokukodwa.

Ubani othinteka kakhulu yilezi zimo?

Eqinisweni, noma ubani angaba nesifo sobuntu. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezahlukene zobuntu zithinta abantu abahlukene ngendlela ehlukile.

Iningi lezinkinga zobuntu liqala eminyakeni yobusha , lapho ubuntu bakho busakhula futhi bukhula. Ngakho-ke, iningi labantu abatholakala benesifo sobuntu baneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-18. Kukhona okuhlukile kulokhu, yi-Antisocial Personality Disorder. Cishe abantu abangu-80% abanalesi sifo baqala ukukhombisa izimpawu lapho beneminyaka engu-11.

Isifo sobuntu esingahambisani nabantu cishe sithinta amadoda. Izifo zobuntu ezibangelwa umngcele, i-histrionic, kanye nokuxhomekeka kuye kwatholakala ukuthi zithinta abesifazane kakhulu.

Zivame kangakanani izinkinga zobuntu?

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe abantu abadala baseMelika abangu-9% banohlobo oluthile lokuphazamiseka kobuntu, kanti cishe abantu abangu-6% emhlabeni banesifo sokuphazamiseka kobuntu.

Okwamanje, i-borderline personality disorder (BPD) kanye ne-antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) yizona ezivame ukutholakala ukuthi zinezinkinga zobuntu .

Kungani lezi zinkinga zobuntu zenzeka? Ziyini izimbangela?

Ukuphazamiseka kobuntu kuyisimo esingaqondwa kahle emkhakheni wezempilo yengqondo, futhi ososayensi basazama ukuthola ukuthi yini ebangela lokhu.

Okwamanje bakholelwa ukuthi izici ezilandelayo zingase zibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkinga zobuntu:

• Izakhi zofuzo: Ososayensi bathole isakhi sofuzo okucatshangwa ukuthi sihilelekile ku-obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Baphenya nokuthi kukhona yini ukuxhumana kwezakhi zofuzo nezici ezingase zihlotshaniswe nezinkinga zobuntu, njengolaka, ukukhathazeka, nokwesaba.

• Izinguquko zobuchopho: Abacwaningi bathole izinguquko ezicashile ebuchosheni babantu abanezinkinga ezithile zobuntu. Isibonelo, izifundo ze-paranoid personality disorder zibonise izinguquko ekusebenzeni kwengxenye yobuchopho ebizwa ngokuthi i-amygdala . I-amygdala yingxenye yobuchopho ecubungula izinto ezesabekayo nezisongelayo. Abacwaningi bathole ukwehla kwevolumu ye-frontal lobe kubantu abane-schizotypal personality disorder.

• Ukulimala ebuntwaneni: Ucwaningo olulodwa luthole ukuxhumana phakathi kwezehlakalo ezibuhlungu ebuntwaneni kanye nokukhula kwezinkinga zobuntu. Isibonelo, abantu abanenkinga yobuntu obungalingani banezinga eliphezulu lokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ebuntwaneni. Abantu abanezinkinga zobuntu obungalingani kanye nobuntu obungalingani nabantu banezinkinga zokugcina ubuhlobo obuseduze nokuthemba abanye. Lokhu kungase kuhlobane nokuhlukunyezwa ebuntwaneni kanye nokulimala.

• Ukuxhashazwa ngamazwi: Ucwaningo olulodwa luthole ukuthi abantu abaxhashazwa ngamazwi beseyizingane babenamathuba aphindwe kathathu okuthuthukisa izinkinga zobuntu ezibangelwa ukunganaki, ukuzikhukhumeza, ukungathandi abantu, noma ukwesaba lapho sebekhulile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuzwa njalo izinto ezinjengokuthi "awulungile" nokuthi "awukwazi ukwenza lutho" kungaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu.

• Izici zamasiko: Izici zamasiko nazo zingadlala indima, njengoba kufakazelwa ukwehluka kwamazinga okuphazamiseka kobuntu phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene. Isibonelo, amazwe afana neTaiwan, iShayina, neJapan anezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokuphazamiseka kobuntu okungebona abantu. Aphinde abe nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuphazamiseka kobuntu be-cluster C (ukukhathazeka nokwesaba).

Ziyini izimpawu zokuphazamiseka kobuntu?

Kunezinhlobo eziyishumi zezinkinga zobuntu, ngayinye inezimpawu zayo ezihlukile. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, abantu abanezinkinga zobuntu bangase babe nezinkinga ezifana nalezi:

• Ukuzazi kanye nokuzizwa ungumuntu: Abantu abanezinkinga zobuntu ngokuvamile abanaso isithombe esicacile noma esivumelanayo ngabo. Indlela abazibona ngayo iyashintsha njalo kuye ngesimo noma abantu abanabo. Ukuzethemba kwabo kungaba phezulu noma phansi ngendlela engenangqondo. Cabanga ngakho, kukhona abanye abantu, ngolunye usuku, abacabanga ukuthi bangumuntu ongcono kakhulu emhlabeni, bese ngakusasa, becabanga ukuthi akekho omubi kunabo.

• Ubudlelwano:Abantu abanezinkinga zobuntu banenkinga yokwakha ubudlelwano obuseduze nobuzinzile nabanye ngenxa yezinkolelo zabo eziyinkinga kanye nokuziphatha kwabo. Bangase bangabi nazwelo nenhlonipho ngabanye, bangabi kude ngokomzwelo, noma balindele ukunakwa nokunakekelwa ngokweqile kwabanye.

Esinye isibonakaliso sezinkinga zobuntu ukuthi abantu abaningi abanalesi simo abanalo ulwazi oluncane noma abanalo nhlobo ulwazi mayelana nokuthi imicabango yabo kanye nokuziphatha kwabo kuyinkinga kangakanani.

Wazi kanjani ukuthi umuntu unesifo sobuntu?

Akunakwenzeka ukwazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi umuntu unesifo sobuntu obuthile kuze kube yilapho ethola ukuxilongwa kochwepheshe .

Kubalulekile ukuqonda lokhu: izinhlobo zobuntu kanye nezinkinga zobuntu ziyizinto ezimbili ezihlukene . Ukuthi nje umuntu uthi unamahloni futhi uthanda ukuba yedwa akusho ukuthi unesifo sobuntu esingagwenywa noma isifo sobuntu esibangelwa yi-schizoid.

Umehluko phakathi kwesitayela sobuntu kanye nokuphazamiseka kobuntu ungatholakala ngokuhlola ukuthi ubuntu bomuntu buthinta kanjani izici ezahlukene zokuphila kwakhe. Lezi zici yilezi:

• Umsebenzi
• Ubudlelwano
• Imizwa
• Ukuzazi
• Ukuqwashisa ngeqiniso
• Ukuziphatha nokulawula umfutho

Ezinye izimpawu ezivamile zomuntu onenkinga yobuntu zihlanganisa:

• Ukuziphatha kwabo akuhambisani, futhi kungaba yinto ekhungathekisayo nedidayo kakhulu kwabathandekayo babo kanye nabanye ababhekana nabo.
• Bangase bangabi nokuqonda izindlela ezingokoqobo nezamukelekayo zokuphatha abanye nokuziphatha phakathi kwabo.
• Kungenzeka ukuthi abazi ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabo kubanga izinkinga bona kanye/noma abanye.
• Uma bengabazali, indlela yabo yokukhulisa izingane ingaba kude, ingokomzwelo ngokweqile, ihlukumeze, noma ingabi nandaba. Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kungaholela ezinkingeni zomzimba, zengqondo, noma ngokomzwelo ezinganeni zabo.

Zitholakala kanjani lezi zifo?

Ukuphazamiseka kobuntu kunzima ukukuthola ngoba abantu abaningi abanenkinga yobuntu abacabangi ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle ngokuziphatha kwabo noma indlela abacabanga ngayo.

Ngenxa yalokhu, abantu abanezinkinga zobuntu ngokuvamile abafuni usizo ngesimo sabo noma bathole ukuxilongwa. Kunalokho, bathunyelwa kuchwepheshe wezempilo yengqondo ngabathandekayo babo noma yi-ejensi yezinsizakalo zomphakathi ngoba ukuziphatha kwabo kuyabacasula abanye.

Ngisho noma befuna usizo, kungenxa yezimo ezinjengokukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, noma ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, noma ngenxa yezinkinga ezivela ekuphazamisekeni kobuntu babo, njengokuhlukana noma ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi, hhayi ngenxa yesifo ngokwaso.

Abahlinzeki bezempilo baxilonga isifo esithile sobuntu ngokwemigomo etholakala ku-American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

Uma udokotela wengqondo noma wengqondo esola ukuthi othile unesifo sobuntu, bavame ukubuza imibuzo ebanzi nejwayelekile ukuze bathole amaqiniso ngaphandle kokubeka umuntu endleleni yokuzivikela noma ukudala indawo enobutha. Imibuzo abayibuzayo ingakhanyisa okulandelayo:

• Umlando odlule
• Ubudlelwano
• Umlando womsebenzi wangaphambilini
• Ukuhlolwa kweqiniso
• Ukulawula umfutho

Ngenxa yokuthi umuntu osolwa ngokuba nesifo sobuntu angase angazi ngokuziphatha kwakhe, ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo bavame ukusebenza nomndeni walowo muntu, abangane, kanye/noma izikhulu ze-parole ukuze baqoqe ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuziphatha kwakhe nomlando wakhe.

Izinkinga zobuntu zivame ukungahlolwa kahle ngoba odokotela ngezinye izikhathi bagxila ezimpawini ezifana nokukhathazeka noma ukucindezeleka, okuvame kakhulu kubantu abaningi kunezinkinga zobuntu. Lezi zimpawu zingafihla izimpawu zesifo sobuntu esingaphansi.

Ukwelashwa kanjani? (Ukwelashwa)

Izinkinga zobuntu zingenye yezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu ukwelapha kwezokwelapha izifo zengqondo. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukuthi abantu abanezinkinga zobuntu abacabangi ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabo kuyinkinga, ngakho-ke abavami ukufuna ukwelashwa.

Ngisho noma umuntu efuna ukwelashwa kwesifo sobuntu, ezokwelapha zanamuhla zisenezinketho zokwelapha ezilinganiselwe. Okwamanje azikho imithi evunyelwe ukwelapha noma yisiphi isifo sobuntu . Kodwa-ke, kunemithi engasiza ngezimpawu ezifana nokukhathazeka nokucindezeleka, okuvamile kubantu abanezinkinga zobuntu.

Kodwa-ke, i-psychotherapy, noma i-talk therapy, ingasiza ekuphatheni izinkinga zobuntu. I-Psychotherapy igama elijwayelekile lezinhlobo ezahlukene zokwelapha ezikusiza ukuthi ubone futhi ushintshe imizwa yakho eyinkinga, imicabango, kanye nokuziphatha. Ukusebenza nochwepheshe wezempilo yengqondo, njengodokotela wengqondo noma wezifo zengqondo, kungakunikeza wena nomndeni wakho ukwesekwa, imfundo, kanye nesiqondiso.

Imigomo eyinhloko ye-psychotherapy ekwelapheni izinkinga zobuntu yile:

• Ukuqeda ukucindezeleka ngokushesha, njengokukhathazeka nokucindezeleka.
• Ukwenza umuntu aqonde ukuthi izinkinga zakhe zingaphakathi futhi azibangelwa abanye abantu noma izimo.
• Ukunciphisa ukuziphatha okungenampilo nokungafaneleki emphakathini.
• Ukushintsha kwezimpawu zobuntu ezibangela izinkinga.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-psychotherapy, futhi isifo ngasinye sobuntu sidinga izindlela ezahlukene.

Isibonelo, izifundo zikhombisile,Ukwelashwa Kokuziphatha Kokukhuluma (i-DBT) kuye kwabonakala kusebenza kahle ekwelapheni abantu abane-borderline personality disorder. Ngokufanayo, abantu abane-histrionic personality disorder bavame ukuzuzwa yi -Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (i-CBT) .

Iyini inkomba yalesi simo?

Umbono jikelele wezinkinga zobuntu awuthembisi kangako, njengoba abantu abanezinkinga zobuntu bengahlali befuna iseluleko esifanele sezokwelapha.

Izinkinga zobuntu ezingalashwanga zingaholela ezintweni ezifana nalezi:

• Ubudlelwano obubuthakathaka.
• Izinkinga ezihlobene nomsebenzi.
• Ukungasebenzi kahle komphakathi.

Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kobuntu kuhlotshaniswa namazinga aphezulu alokhu okulandelayo:

• Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi.
• Isehlukaniso.
• Udlame lwasekhaya.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa.
• Ukungabi nakhaya.
• Ubugebengu (ikakhulukazi ukuphazamiseka kobuntu okuphambene nobuntu).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abanezinkinga zobuntu banezinga eliphezulu lokuvakashela umnyango wezimo eziphuthumayo (ED) , banamathuba amaningi okubandakanyeka ezingozini ezibuhlungu, futhi banamathuba amaningi okuzibulala kusenesikhathi.

Nakuba isimo sibi, izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukuphathwa kokunakekelwa ngokubambisana kungathuthukisa kakhulu imiphumela uma abantu abanezinkinga zobuntu bezibophezele ekwelashweni .

Uma ucabanga ukuthi othile omaziyo unesifo sobuntu noma angase abe naso, zama ukumkhuthaza ukuba afune ukwelashwa. Kubalulekile futhi ukuzifundisa ngesimo sobuntu okukhulunywa ngabo. Lokhu kuzokunikeza umbono ongcono walokho ongakulindela.

Ingabe ukuphazamiseka kobuntu kungavinjelwa?

Okwamanje, ayikho indlela eyaziwayo yokuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kobuntu. Kodwa-ke, izinkinga eziningi ezihambisana nakho zingancishiswa ngokwelashwa . Ukufuna usizo ngokushesha nje lapho izimpawu zivela kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuphazamiseka empilweni yomuntu, emndenini, kanye nasebunganeni.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele uyisho

Uma wena noma othile omaziyo enezimpawu zokuphazamiseka kobuntu njengalezo okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko, sicela ufune usizo . Lezi yizimo zempilo yengqondo. Akukho okufanele ube namahloni ngakho, ukwesabe, noma ukucashela kukho. Sonke sidinga usizo ngezinye izikhathi.

Khumbula, izinkinga zobuntu ziyizimo zempilo yengqondo. Njengazo zonke izimo zempilo yengqondo, ukufuna usizo ngokushesha nje lapho izimpawu zivela kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuphazamiseka empilweni yakho. Ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo bangakunikeza izinhlelo zokwelapha ukukusiza ukuthi uphathe imicabango yakho nokuziphatha kwakho.

Amalungu omndeni wabantu abanezinkinga zobuntu avame ukubhekana nokucindezeleka, ukucindezeleka, usizi, kanye nesizungu. Kubalulekile ukunakekela impilo yakho yengqondo nokufuna usizo uma unalezi zimpawu . Awuwedwa.

Izinkinga zobuntu , impilo yengqondo, izindlela zokuziphatha, ukucindezeleka, ukwelashwa, ukwelashwa kwengqondo, ubuntu