Ingabe uvame ukuthola umkhuhlane nomkhuhlane? Noma uthola izinhlungu zesisu nohudo? Ngemuva kwezinto eziningi ezisigulisayo kunesitha esincane esingenakusibona. Sibabiza ngokuthi “amagciwane.” Ngakho-ke, bangobani la magciwane? Angena kanjani emizimbeni yethu futhi asigulise? Namuhla, sizokhuluma ngakho konke lokhu kalula, ngendlela ongayiqonda.
Kalula nje, iyini igciwane?
Igciwane liyigciwane elincane kakhulu (i-pathogen) esingenakulibona ngamehlo ethu. Lingathelela abantu, izilwane, nezitshalo kuphela, kodwa futhi namagciwane kanye nesikhunta. Kodwa-ke, igciwane elilodwa lingathelela uhlobo oluthile lomnikazi walo kuphela.
Igciwane lifana nengxenye encane yolwazi egoqwe "esikhwameni" esincane. Lesi sikhwama sibizwa ngokuthi isembozo sokuvikela esenziwe ngeprotheni, esibizwa ngokuthi "i-capsid." Ngokungafani namaseli asemzimbeni wethu, ama-virus awakwazi ukwahlukana futhi enze amakhophi awo ngokwawo. Esikhundleni salokho, angena esitokisini emzimbeni wethu futhi asebenzise izinsiza kanye nemishini yalelo seli ukuze enze amakhophi awo ayizinkulungwane.
Cabanga ngalokhu. Umuntu othile ungena ekhishini lakho ngokunyenya. Baletha iresiphi yabo, kodwa basebenzisa amabhodwe akho, amapani, izipuni, i-blender, i-oven, konke ukwenza ukudla. Igciwane lenza into efanayo. Igciwane lingena kwelinye lamaseli ethu, lisebenzisa okuqukethwe yilelo seli ukwenza amakhophi amaningi alo. Ekugcineni, liyabhubhisa lelo seli, bese liphuma lithelele amanye amaseli.
Yiziphi izici eziyinhloko zegciwane?
Ama-virus anezici eziningana ezifanayo. Ake sibone ukuthi ayini.
| Isici | Incazelo elula |
|---|---|
| Izinto Zofuzo | Igciwane lakhiwa ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo. Lokhu kungaba yi-RNA noma i-DNA. Lolu lwazi luqukethwe ngaphakathi kwengubo yephrotheni evikelayo (i-capsid). |
| Imvilophu | Amanye amagciwane anesinye isivikelo samafutha ngaphandle kwe-capsid. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi 'imvilophu'. Amagciwane angenalo lolu hlobo lwesivikelo abizwa ngokuthi "amagciwane anqunu". |
| Imvelo Yezinambuzane | Ama-virus afana nama-parasite. Awakwazi ukuphila noma ukuzala ngokwawo. Adinga ngempela elinye iseli eliphilayo (iseli eliyi-host) ukuze enze kanjalo. |
| Usayizi omncane kakhulu | Ama-virus ayizinhlayiya ezincane ngokuphindwe kayi-100 kuya ku-1000 kuneseli emzimbeni wethu. Azikwazi ukubonwa nge-microscope evamile, zidinga i-electron microscope. |
Yiziphi izinhlobo zamagciwane esivame ukuzwa ngazo?
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane. Ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu ahlukene ngokusekelwe esimweni sawo, usayizi, kanye nezinto zofuzo. Ake sibheke izinhlobo ezimbalwa zamagciwane esivame ukuzwa ngazo futhi ezibalulekile kithi.
- Amagciwane omkhuhlane: Yilokhu okubangela umkhuhlane ovamile kanye nomkhuhlane. Amagciwane kulo mndeni nawo abangela izinto ezifana nomkhuhlane wezinyoni kanye nomkhuhlane wezingulube.
- Ama-herpesvirus abantu: Lona umndeni omkhulu wamagciwane. Lawa magciwane abangela izifo ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izilonda zomkhuhlane, i-herpes yobulili, i-chickenpox, kanye ne-shingles.
- Ama-Coronavirus: Isifo se-COVID-19 esisanda kukhubaza umhlaba sibangelwa yigciwane elivela kulo mndeni. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo zama-coronavirus ezibangela umkhuhlane ovamile.
- Ama-human papillomavirus (HPV): Lawa magciwane abangela izinhlungu esikhumbeni. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-HPV zingabangela nomdlavuza ofana nomdlavuza wesibeletho.
- Amagciwane e-Hepatitis: Lawa amagciwane ahlasela isibindi sethu. I-Hepatitis A, B, kanye no-C yizona zinhlobo eziyinhloko.
- Ama-retrovirus: Lawa amagciwane e-RNA. Igciwane le-HIV lingelaleli qembu. Lawa magciwane angafaka ulwazi lwawo lwezakhi zofuzo ku-DNA yethu.
Amanye amagciwane nawo anamandla okubangela umdlavuza. Siwabiza ngokuthi ama-oncovirus. I-HPV, i-hepatitis B kanye ne-C, kanye ne-HIV ngamanye ala magciwane.
Amagciwane angena kanjani emizimbeni yethu?
Ama-virus afana namasela, afuna izikhala zokungena emizimbeni yethu. Angena kakhulu ngolwelwesi lwamafinyila emehlweni ethu, ekhaleni, emlonyeni, nasezithweni zangasese. Lokho kusho ukuthi:
- Ngokuphefumula amaconsi avela kumuntu onegciwane uma ekhwehlela noma ethimula.
- Ngokuthinta indawo engcoliswe yigciwane bese uthinta amehlo akho, impumulo, noma umlomo ngesandla esifanayo.
- Ukulala nomuntu onegciwane ngendlela engavikelekile.
- Ngokudla igazi elinegciwane.
Ama-virus angangena emzimbeni ngesilonda sesikhumba, ukuklwebheka, noma ukulunywa yisilwane njengomiyane noma ikhizane (isb., udenga, iZika).
Yini eyenziwa amagciwane ngemva kokungena emzimbeni?
Inqubo igciwane elihlasela ngayo amangqamuzana ethu iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ingenzeka ngemijikelezo emibili eyinhloko.
1. Umjikelezo We-Lytic
Lena indlela esebenzayo nesheshayo.
- Ukunamathela nokungena: Igciwane linamathela ebusweni belinye lamaseli ethu. Libe selikhohlisa iseli ukuthi lingene.
- Ukuphindaphindeka: Uma selingaphakathi kweseli, igciwane lilawula iseli. Libe selisebenzisa izinsiza zeseli ukwenza izinkulungwane zamakhophi ezinto zalo zofuzo kanye nama-protein coats.
- Ukuhlanganiswa: Izingxenye ezisanda kwakheka ziyahlangana ukuze zakhe izinhlayiya ezintsha ngokuphelele zegciwane.
- Ukukhululwa: Inani lamagciwane ngaphakathi kweseli liyakhula, futhi ekugcineni iseli liyaqhuma. Izinkulungwane zamagciwane amasha bese ziphuma bese ziqala ukuthelela amangqamuzana anempilo azungezile. Yilokhu okwenzeka ezifweni ezifana nomkhuhlane ovamile kanye nomkhuhlane.
2. Umjikelezo we-Lysogenic
Lena indlela ethule nefihliwe.
- Amanye amagciwane awabhubhisi iseli ngemva kokungena kulo. Kunalokho, igciwane lihlanganisa ulwazi lwalo lwezakhi zofuzo (i-DNA) ku-DNA yeseli.
- Manje, lapho iseli lihlukana ngokujwayelekile, iseli ngalinye elisha lizuza leso siqeshana se-DNA egciwaneni. Iseli alazi nokuthi igciwane likhona.
- Ngale ndlela, igciwane lingahlala lifihliwe emzimbeni iminyaka eminingi, ngaphandle kokubangela izimpawu.
- Kodwa-ke, ngesizathu esithile (isib. ukucindezeleka, ukugula kanye nokuzivikela komzimba okubuthakathaka), leli gciwane elithule lingasebenza ngokuzumayo. Bese lishintshela kumjikelezo we-lytic bese liqala ukuthelela amangqamuzana ngokuwabhubhisa. Igciwane le-herpes elibangela ama-blisters emlonyeni, kanye ne-herpes zoster ``(ama-shingles)`` okwenzeka ngemva kwe-chickenpox kuyizibonelo ezinhle zalokhu.
Ingabe amagciwane ayaphila noma cha?
Lokhu kuyinkinga eyinkimbinkimbi kancane. Kunemibono ehlukene ngalokhu phakathi kososayensi. Ngokuvamile, ukuze ibizwe ngokuthi i-organic, kumele ikwazi ukukhiqiza amandla ngokwayo (i-metabolism) futhi izale ngokwayo. Igciwane alikwazi ukwenza kokubili. Lidinga ngempela elinye iseli. Yingakho abantu abaningi bethi amagciwane awaphili .
Kodwa-ke, zingazalana ngaphakathi kweseli futhi ziguquke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yingakho abanye bethi ziphakathi kokuphila nokungaphili.
Yiziphi izifo ezivame ukubangelwa amagciwane?
Ama-virus ayimbangela yezifo eziningi esibhekana nazo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Ezinye izibonelo yilezi:
- Umkhuhlane ovamile
- Umkhuhlane (umkhuhlane)
- I-COVID 19
- UDengue
- Inqubulunjwana
- Isimungumungwane
- Ama-mumps
- Uvendle
- I-HIV/AIDS
- Izinhlungu zesitho sangasese kanye nomdlavuza wesibeletho (i-HPV)
- I-Herpes Yesitho Sangasese
- Amarabi
- I-Hepatitis (ukuvuvukala kwesibindi)
Ama-virus ayingxenye yomhlaba wethu. Nakuba amanye awo angasenza sigule, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kunezigidigidi zamagciwane ahlala emizimbeni yethu ngaphandle kokulimaza. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukulandela imikhuba yokuhlanzeka edingekayo nokufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze uzivikele kuma-virus angabangela ukugula.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Ama-virus ayigciwane elincane elingakwazi ukuphila lodwa futhi lidinga amaseli emzimbeni wethu ukuze azale.
- Zingasabalala ngomoya, ngokuthinta, uketshezi lomzimba, kanye nokulunywa yizinambuzane.
- Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuzivikela ekuthelelekeni ngegciwane ukuzijwayeza inhlanzeko enhle, njengokugeza izandla zakho njalo ngensipho namanzi .
- Ukugoma kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuvikela ezifweni eziningi eziyingozi zamagciwane.
- Uma unezimpawu zokutheleleka ngegciwane (umkhuhlane, izinhlungu zomzimba, ukukhwehlela, ukubanda), kubalulekile ukuthola ukuphumula okwanele nokubona udokotela wakho ukuze uthole iseluleko esifanele.
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