Yɛn nipadua sodifo nketewa a wɔyɛ kokoam no: So yɛbɛka chromosomes ho asɛm kɛkɛ?

Hɛlo! Wo ho te sɛn? Ɛnnɛ yɛrebɛka biribi a ɛyɛ nwonwa na ɛho hia paa a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu ho asɛm, nanso yennwen ho pii. So woasusuw nea enti a w’ani kɔla te sɛ wo maame de, anaa wo ti nhwi kɔla te sɛ wo papa de no ho pɛn? Ebia obi aka mpo sɛ wo serew te sɛ w’asew de, ɛnte saa? Chromosomes yɛ biribi a ɛne eyinom nyinaa wɔ abusuabɔ, na wohu wɔ yɛn nipadua no fã ketewaa biara mu. Ɛwom mpo sɛ ebia edin no bɛyɛ te sɛ asɛm kɛse de, nanso mma ɛnhaw wo, eyi yɛ biribi a wobetumi ate ase ntɛm ara. Momma yɛnka ho asɛm nnɛ, te sɛ nea yɛne yɛn adamfo rekasa no.

Dɛn ankasa ne saa nkwammoaa yi? Momma yenfi ase wɔ hɔ!

Fa w’adwene bu wo nipadua nyinaa sɛ ofie kɛse a ɛyɛ fɛ. Wɔde birikisi nketewa ɔpepepem pii na ɛyɛ ofie yi. Yɛn ankasa ntumi nhu birikisi biako biara, nanso sɛ yɛka bom a, yebetumi ayɛ ofie kɛse. Saa ara nso na wɔde akwaa nketenkete a aniwa nhu na ɛyɛ yɛn nipadua. Eyinom ne nea yɛfrɛ no nkwammoaa . Saa nkwammoaa yi sua araa ma yehia adwinnade soronko bi, afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete, na ama yɛatumi ahu.

Saa nkwammoaa yi wɔ yɛn honam ani, koma, amemene , aniwa, ne yɛn nipadua mu baabiara. Ɛte sɛ nea wɔde birikisi na ɛyɛ dan ne ɔfasu biara a ɛwɔ ofie bi mu. Nkwammoaa biara wɔ n’ankasa adwuma pɔtee. Nkwammoaa bi bom yɛ honam ani, na ebi nso bom yɛ koma . So ɛnyɛ nwonwa?

Enti ɛhe na saa chromosome ahorow yi wɔ? Wɔn ho te sɛn?

Okay, seesei yɛnim nkwammoaa ho asɛm. Ná mekyerɛ yɛn nipadua no afã nketenkete a ɛte sɛ birikisi no. Wɔ afiase dan biara mu no, beae bi a ɛho hia yiye wɔ hɔ, te sɛ drawer ketewaa bi anaa sikakorabea a ɛwɔ dan ketewa bi mu. Ɛno ne nea nyansahu mu frɛ no nucleus . Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ɛyɛ beae a wɔhwɛ nkwammoaa no so. Wɔ saa nuklea no mu no, wɔkora nea wɔfrɛ no chromosomes yi so.

Wunim sɛnea eyinom te? Wɔte sɛ nhama atenten a ɛte sɛ asaawa . Fa w’adwene bu asaawa bɔɔl a ɛyɛ fɛ yiye pii, a ne nyinaa afrafra, a wɔahyehyɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ. Nanso so eyinom nyɛ nhama a ɛyɛ tan kɛkɛ? Wɔde nsɛm ne akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛsom bo yiye a ɛfa yɛn asetra nyinaa ho, onipa ko a yɛyɛ ho asie eyinom mu.

Dɛn ne awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛwɔ chromosomes mu?

Seesei yenim sɛ chromosomes te sɛ nhama a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa mu. Sɛ wohwɛ chromosome biako a, afã nketenkete ɔhaha pii, ɛtɔ mmere bi a mpempem pii, a ɛho hia sen saa mpo, na ɛwɔ mu. Saa afã nketenkete no ne nea yɛfrɛ no awosu mu nkwaadɔm .

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, sɛ chromosome yɛ nhoma kɛse a, awosu mu nkwaadɔm te sɛ ti, anaa kasamu, anaa nsɛmfua a ɛwɔ saa nhoma no mu. Awosu mu abɔde biara wɔ akwankyerɛ soronko, anaa nkrasɛm, anaa nsɛm a wɔakyerɛw ama yɛn nipadua.

Susuw awosu mu nkwaadɔm ho sɛ anammɔn a wɔfa so yɛ aduan a ɛyɛ dɛ. Awosu mu abɔde biako kyerɛ wo kɔla a ɛsɛ sɛ w’ani yɛ, foforo kyerɛ wo sɛ ebia ɛsɛ sɛ wo ti nhwi yɛ tẽẽ anaasɛ ɛyɛ kurukuruwa, na foforo nso kyerɛ wo sɛnea ɛsɛ sɛ wo tenten. Akwankyerɛ mpempem pii te sɛ eyinom wɔ awosu mu nkwaadɔm yi mu.

Enti dɛn na ɛto saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm yi? Dɛn nti na yehia wɔn?

Saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm yi ne ade titiriw a ɛma yɛyɛ ‘yɛn’. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ, akwankyerɛ a yenya fi saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm yi mu na ɛkyerɛ yɛn nipadua mu su pii. Hwɛ nhwɛso ahorow yi:

• W’ani kɔla (blue, brown, tuntum, grey).
• Wo ti nhwi kɔla ne sɛnea ɛte (tuntum, bruu, bruu; tẽẽ, asorɔkye, kurukuruwa).
• Wo honam ani kɔla .
• Sɛ́ ebia woware anaasɛ woyɛ tiaa no, mpɛn pii no, ɛno na ɛkyerɛ (nokwarem no, nneɛma te sɛ aduan pa nso di dwuma, nanso nhyehyɛe titiriw no ne awosu).
• Nneɛma nketenkete mpo te sɛ sɛ́ ebia wɔde w’aso afiri ahyɛ mu anaasɛ wɔamfa ahyɛ mu .
• Sɛnea ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wubenya nyarewa bi , kyerɛ sɛ, sɛ́ ebia ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wubenya nyarewa bi anaasɛ kakraa bi.

Akwankyerɛ a yenya fi yɛn awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu na ɛkyerɛ nneɛma mpempem pii a ɛte sɛɛ. Te sɛ softwea a ɛwɔ kɔmputa so no, saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm yi kyerɛ sɛnea yɛn nipadua yɛ yɛn ade ne sɛnea yɛbɛyɛ adwuma biara.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, fa no sɛ w’adamfo Kasun ani yɛ bruu a ɛyɛ hare te sɛ ne maame. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ Kasun anya awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛma aniwa a ɛyɛ bruu a ɛyɛ hare no fi ne maame hɔ. Nanso, ebia Kasun ti nhwi yɛ tuntum tuntum na ɛyɛ kurukuruwa te sɛ ne papa de no. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ onyaa awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛbɛma wanya no fii ne papa hɔ. Eyi ne ɔkwan a yɛn nyinaa fa so nya su ahorow fi yɛn awofo hɔ.

Chromosomes ahe na yɛwɔ? Ɛhe na wofi?

Eyi yɛ asɛm a ɛho hia paa. Mpɛn pii no, nkwammoaa biara a ɛwɔ onipa a ɔwɔ apɔwmuden mu (gye nkwammoaa ahorow titiriw bi, sɛ nhwɛso no, ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nkwammoaa) wɔ saa nkwaboaa ahorow yi abien abien 23 . Baanu kyerɛ sɛ wɔn mu baanu na wɔwɔ hɔ. Enti sɛ woka ne nyinaa bom a, chromosomes 46 na ɛwɔ hɔ.

Fa no sɛ wowɔ mpaboa a ɛyɛ fɛ 23. Wɔ mpaboa biara mu no, mpaboa biako fi wo maame hɔ na biako nso fi wo papa hɔ. Ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye, ɛnte saa?

Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ, chromosomes 46 a wunya no mu fã pɛpɛɛpɛ, kyerɛ sɛ, 23, fi wo maame a wodɔ no hɔ . Ɔfã a aka no, kyerɛ sɛ, chromosomes 23 a aka no fi w’agya a wodɔ no hɔ . Eyi ba bere a wɔawo yɛn, kyerɛ sɛ, nkesua nkwammoaa a efi yɛn maame hɔ ne mmadwoa nkwammoaa a efi yɛn papa hɔ (Bere a wɔreboaboa mmadwoa nkwammoaa ano no.

Eyi yɛ adwini a ɛyɛ nwonwa a efi awosu mu. Saa kwan yi so no, yenya chromosomes a awosu mu nkwaadɔm a efi yɛn maame ne yɛn papa nyinaa hɔ, na ɛno nti na ɛtɔ mmere bi a yɛte sɛ yɛn maame, ɛtɔ mmere bi a yɛte sɛ yɛn papa, na ɛtɔ mmere bi mpo a yɛyɛ abien no nyinaa afrafra fɛfɛ no. Ɛtɔ mmere bi mpo a yebetumi ayɛ te sɛ yɛn nananom, efisɛ wɔde saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm no afi awo ntoatoaso so akɔ awo ntoatoaso so .

Saa chromosomes 46 yi wɔ wo nipadua mu bere a wɔawo wo no, na ɛka wo ho wɔ w’asetra nyinaa mu, efi bere a woyɛ akokoaa, kosi bere a woyɛ abofra, kosi bere a woanyin. Wɔn na ɛkyerɛ wo nipadua no nyin ne ne nyin kwan, na ɛboa ma biribiara tu mmirika yiye.

Gyinae a wosi sɛ akokoaa yɛ abeawa anaa abarimaa nso ne saa nkwaboaa ahorow yi wɔ abusuabɔ!

Yɛkae sɛ nkwaboaa abien abien na ɛwɔ hɔ. Eyinom mu no, awarefo 22 yɛ pɛ kɛse wɔ mmarima ne mmea nyinaa mu. Eyinom na ɛhwɛ nipadua mu su afoforo nyinaa so (te sɛ ne tenten, aniwa kɔla, ne honam ani kɔla).

Nanso chromosomes abien a etwa to, anaa nea ɛto so 23 no yɛ soronko kakra. Saa baanu yi na ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi yɛ ɔbarima anaa ɔbea. Eyi nti na ɛtɔ mmere bi a nnuruyɛfo frɛ eyinom sɛ ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nkwaadɔm .

Saa ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nkwaadɔm yi ahorow abien na ɛwɔ hɔ. Wɔfrɛ biako ‘X’ chromosome , na wɔfrɛ biako nso ‘Y’ chromosome .

• Sɛ ɛyɛ abeawa a , ɔwɔ X chromosome abien. Ɛno ne nea yɛfrɛ no XX . Wɔ X chromosome abien yi mu no, biako fi ɛna no hɔ na biako nso fi agya no hɔ.
• Sɛ ɛyɛ abarimaa a , ɔwɔ X chromosome biako ne Y chromosome biako. Ɛno ne nea yɛfrɛ no XY . Wɔ eyi mu no, X chromosome no fi ɛna no hɔ na Y chromosome no fi agya no hɔ.

So wuhui? Wɔnam chromosome (X anaa Y) a agya no nya fi awo mu no so na ɛkyerɛ sɛ akokoaa yɛ ɔbarima anaa ɔbea. Efisɛ ɛna betumi de X chromosome nkutoo ama ne ba. Agya betumi ama X anaa Y. Enti sɛ agya no nya Y a, ɛyɛ abarimaa, na sɛ agya no nya X a, ɛyɛ abeawa. So eyi nso nyɛ ade a ɛyɛ nwonwa koraa?

So saa chromosomes yi ho hia yɛn wɔ awo akyi mpo?

Yiw, koraa! Wɔawo wo akyi mpo no, saa nkwaboaa 46 yi kɔ so yɛ adwuma wɔ wo nipadua mu, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nkwammoaa biara mu. Wonyin nkakrankakra fi wo mmofraase, wo tenten kɔ soro, wo nipadua sesa, wo nnadewa ne wo ti nhwi nyin, na sɛ wunya kuru a, ɛsa. Awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛwɔ saa nkwaboaa no mu no na ɛkyerɛ eyi nyinaa kwan.

Wɔte sɛ mfonini a wɔde si ofie . Yɛn nipadua kɔ so nyin, siesie, na ɛhwɛ ne ho so da biara da sɛnea saa nhyehyɛe no kyerɛ no. Nsɛm a ɛwɔ saa chromosomes yi mu no na ɛma nkwammoaa foforo a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu nyin.

Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, ɛntaa mma sɛ saa chromosomes yi betumi anya nsakrae bi, sintɔ ahorow, anaa nneɛma bi a wɔde aka ho. Eyi ne bere a awosu mu nyarewa bi , te sɛ Down Syndrome , ba. Enti, sɛ yebenya saa chromosomes yi dodow a ɛfata (kyerɛ sɛ, 46) na wɔahyehyɛ no nnidiso nnidiso a, ɛho hia yiye ma yɛn akwahosan.

Nanso ɛho nhia sɛ yesuro nneɛma a ɛtete saa bere nyinaa. Efisɛ mpɛn pii no, adeyɛ a ɛyɛ den yi si pɛpɛɛpɛ na ɛyɛ nwonwa. Ɛrenyɛ mfomso sɛ yɛbɛfrɛ eyi sɛ abɔde abɔde a ɛyɛ nwonwa.

Enti, nkrasɛm bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae fi saa asɛm yi mu?

Okay, yɛaka chromosomes ho asɛm pii nnɛ, ɛnte saa? Misusuw sɛ wowɔ adwene pa bi mprempren. Sɛ yɛbɛbɔ no mua a, nneɛma a ɛho hia sen biara a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae ni:

• Chromosomes yɛ nneɛma nketenkete a ɛte sɛ asaawa, nanso ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛwɔ tumi kɛse a wohu wɔ yɛn nipadua mu nkwammoaa biara mu.
• Awosu mu nkwaadɔm mpempem pii wɔ saa chromosomes yi mu. Saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm yi na ɛkyerɛ nipadua mu su ahorow pii, te sɛ yɛn aniwa kɔla, sɛnea yɛn ti nhwi te, ne yɛn tenten.
• Yɛn nyinaa wɔ chromosomes 46 wɔ yɛn nkwammoaa mu, anaasɛ abien abien 23. Yenya eyinom mu fã (23) fi yɛn maame hɔ na fã a aka (23) no fi yɛn papa hɔ.
• Sɛ́ yɛyɛ mmea (XX) anaa ɔbarima (XY) no, saa nkwaboaa ahorow yi mu abien titiriw bi, ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna mu nkwaadɔm no na ɛkyerɛ.
• Saa chromosomes yi kɔ so kyerɛ yɛn nipadua no nyin, nsiesie, na ɛtra ase yiye bere a wɔawo yɛn mpo akyi.

Chromosomes yɛ nneɛma nketenkete a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛma yɛyɛ ‘yɛn’, yɛn nipadua ho nhyehyɛe titiriw, ne yɛn nipasu. Ɛnyɛ sɛ sɛ wunim wɔn ho asɛm a, ɛbɛboa wo ma woate sɛnea yɛn nipadua no yɛ den na wɔayɛ no nwonwaso no ase nko, na mmom ɛbɛboa wo ma woahwɛ w’akwahosan nso!

Enti, bere foforo a wobɛhwɛ wo ho wɔ ahwehwɛ mu, ahwɛ w’ani, wo ti nhwi, wo honam ani kɔla, susuw wo serew ho, kae sɛ eyi nyinaa akyi no, saa chromosomes nketewa a wunya fii wo maame ne wo papa hɔ no wɔ hɔ, a wɔde w’ankasa wo nipasu akyerɛw. So ɛno nyɛ biribi titiriw koraa?

` Chromosomes, Awosu, Nkwammoaa, Awosu, Nipadua Su, Awosu, Akwahosan