Idan muka ji kalmar PCR, muna tunanin annobar Covid, ko ba haka ba? Lokacin da dole ne mu sanya swab a hancinmu mu jira rahoton ya zo... ba za a taɓa mantawa da shi ba. Amma shin kun san cewa ba wai kawai ana amfani da PCR don gano Covid ba ne? Wannan hakika gwaji ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci wanda ya yi babban ci gaba a kimiyyar likitanci. Don haka a yau, bari mu yi magana game da menene wannan gwajin PCR, menene wasu abubuwa da zai iya ganowa, da kuma yadda yake aiki ta hanya mai sauƙi da za ku iya fahimta.
Mene ne PCR kawai?
To, bari mu faɗi haka. Ka yi tunanin dole ne ka sami kalma ɗaya a shafi ɗaya na littafi ɗaya, daga cikin dubban littattafai a babban ɗakin karatu. Yaya zai yi wahala hakan? Kamar neman ƙaramin abu ne na DNA ko RNA , wato kayan halittar da ke cikin ƙwayoyin halittar da ke jikinmu.
Fasahar PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) ta sauƙaƙa wannan aiki mai wahala. Abin da wannan ke yi shi ne kwafi ƙaramin ɓangaren DNA ko RNA da muke nema ɗaruruwan dubban mutane, har ma da miliyoyin mutane (ƙarfafawa). Kamar neman shafin da ke ɗauke da kalmar a cikin littafin ɗakin karatu ne, sanya ta a cikin na'urar kwafi, da kuma yin kusan kwafi miliyan ɗaya. To, tunda wannan kalmar da ke da wahalar samu yanzu tana ko'ina, za mu iya gane ta cikin sauƙi.
A taƙaice dai, PCR gwaji ne da ke ɗaukar ƙaramin adadin ƙwayar halitta daga jikinmu, digon jini, ko kuma matse hanci, sannan ya samar da wani takamaiman DNA ko RNA a cikinsa ta hanyar wucin gadi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da ko yana cikin samfurinmu ko a'a. Wannan gwaji ne mai matuƙar tasiri. Wannan yana nufin yana iya gano ko da ƙananan adadin ƙwayar cuta ne. Wannan hanyar tana cikin rukunin gwaje-gwajen da ake kira Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT).
Waɗanne cututtuka ne za a iya gano su ta hanyar gwajin PCR?
Duk da cewa PCR ya shahara saboda annobar COVID, an shafe shekaru da dama ana amfani da shi a duniyar likitanci. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a iya gano su da wannan gwajin. Bari mu kalli wasu daga cikin manyan.
| Abin da za a iya ganewa | Misalai da bayani |
|---|---|
| Cututtukan da ke Yaɗuwa | Yana iya gano cututtukan da ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa. Misali, ana amfani da PCR don gano cututtuka kamar COVID-19, dengue, mura (mura), tarin fuka, HIV, da hepatitis B da C daidai. |
| Cututtukan Halitta | Wasu cututtuka ana gadonsu ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta. PCR yana taimakawa wajen gano wasu canje-canje (maye gurbi) a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta. Misalan: Cystic Fibrosis, cutar Huntington. |
| Ciwon daji | Wannan gwajin zai iya gano takamaiman canje-canje na kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Wannan zai iya taimaka wa likitoci su zaɓi magunguna waɗanda za su iya kai hari ga wannan ciwon daji (maganin da aka yi niyya). |
| Gwajin Kafin Haihuwa | Ana amfani da fasahar PCR a gwaje-gwaje don tantance ko yaro a cikin mahaifar uwa yana da wasu cututtukan kwayoyin halitta. |
| Kimiyyar Shari'a | Ana cire DNA daga ƙaramin tabon jini ko gashi da aka samu a wurin da aka aikata laifi, ana ƙara shi ta amfani da fasahar PCR, kuma ana amfani da shi don gano waɗanda ake zargi. |
Yaya ake ɗaukar samfurin gwajin PCR?
Yadda za ku ɗauki samfurin gwajin PCR ya dogara da irin cutar da kuke nema. Hanyar ɗaukar samfurin ya bambanta ga kowace cuta.
| Hanyar ɗaukar samfur | A wane irin yanayi ake yin hakan? |
|---|---|
| Samfurin jini (Gwajin jini) | Ana ɗaukar samfurin jini don gano cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, da kuma gano wasu ƙwayoyin cuta (misali HIV, Hepatitis B/C) waɗanda suka shiga jinin. |
| Swab na hanci | Wannan ita ce hanyar da muka sani. Ka tuna lokacin da ka manna sanda a hancinka a lokacin Covid? Ana amfani da wannan hanyar don gano ƙwayoyin cuta da ke shafar tsarin numfashi (COVID, Influenza, RSV). |
| Binciken ƙwayoyin halitta (biopsy) | Ana ɗaukar wannan samfurin daga ƙaramin yanki na nama daga ciwon daji ko ƙashin ƙashi kuma ana amfani da shi don neman canje-canje a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. |
| Amniocentesis | Ana yin wannan ne don gwada yanayin kwayar halittar jaririn ta hanyar shan ƙaramin ruwan amniotic da ke kewaye da jaririn daga uwa mai juna biyu. |
| Gano Halittar Halitta Kafin Dasawa | Hadin in vitro (IVF), ana amfani da wannan hanyar don gwada wasu ƙwayoyin halitta daga cikin tayin don ganin ko yana da cututtukan kwayoyin halitta kafin a dasa shi a cikin mahaifar uwa. |
A mafi yawan lokuta, ba sai ka yi wani abu na musamman ba don shirya gwajin PCR. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta, kamar lokacin yin wani abu kamar biopsy, likitanka zai ba ka umarnin da ya dace kafin lokaci.
Ta yaya fasahar PCR ke aiki?
To, yanzu bari mu ga yadda wannan fasaha mai ban mamaki take aiki. Wannan fasaha ce ta kimiyya kaɗan, amma zan yi bayani a sauƙaƙe.
1. Shirya samfurin: Da farko, ana ware DNA ko RNA daga samfurin (jini, abubuwan da ke fita daga jiki, da sauransu) da aka ɗauka daga gare ku.
2. Yin hadin: Na gaba, ana hada wannan DNA/RNA da aka ware da wasu sinadarai na musamman. Babban abin da ke cikin wannan hadin shine wani enzyme da ake kira DNA Polymerase . Wannan shine babban wanda ke yin aikin kwafi.
3. Zagayen Dumamawa da Sanyaya: Yanzu ƙaramin bututu mai wannan cakuda an sanya shi a cikin wata na'ura ta musamman. Wannan injin yana ɗagawa da rage zafin jiki da sauri.
- Denaturation: Da farko, zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa zuwa kimanin digiri 95 na Celsius. Wannan yana sa igiyoyin DNA guda biyu su rabu.
- Zubar da Jini: Na gaba, za a rage zafin zuwa kimanin digiri 55. Sannan, ƙananan sassan DNA (primers) waɗanda suka dace da ɓangaren DNA da muke nema an haɗa su da zaren DNA da aka raba.
- Sake Zafi (Fadadawa): Sannan zafin zai tashi zuwa kimanin digiri 72. Sannan enzyme na DNA polymerase ya shigo ya yi sabon zaren DNA daga wannan firam ɗin wanda ya dace da zaren DNA na asali.
4. Kwafi: Yanzu an yi kwafi biyu na zaren DNA ɗaya. Wannan zagayar zafin jiki tana maimaita kanta sau 30-40. A cikin zagayar ɗaya, adadin DNA yana ninkawa. Biyu ya zama huɗu, huɗu ya zama takwas, takwas ya zama goma sha shida... Bayan zagayar kusan 30, an yi kwafi sama da biliyan ɗaya daga ainihin guda ɗaya na DNA.
Yanzu, wannan guntun DNA/RNA, wanda a da yake ƙanƙanta sosai don a iya gano shi, ya zama babba wanda za a iya gano shi cikin sauƙi.
Akwai nau'ikan gwaje-gwajen PCR?
Eh, akwai nau'i biyu da ya kamata mu sani.
- PCR na Juyawa (RT-PCR): Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar Covid, mura, da HIV, suna da bayanan kwayoyin halittarsu a cikin RNA maimakon DNA. PCR na yau da kullun zai iya kwafi DNA kawai. Don haka, abin da kuke yi a cikin RT-PCR shine da farko amfani da wani enzyme na musamman (`Reverse Transcriptase`) don 'juya' wannan RNA zuwa DNA. DNA da aka samu ana kiransa da cikakken DNA (cDNA). Sannan tsarin PCR na yau da kullun yana faruwa.
- PCR na lokaci-lokaci / Kwatancen PCR (Q-PCR): Wannan hanya ce mai ɗan ci gaba. Abin da ke faruwa a cikin wannan shine yayin da ake kwafi DNA, ana haɗa lakabin fluorescent a ciki. Yayin da adadin DNA da aka kwafi ke ƙaruwa, wannan fluorescent ɗin ma yana ƙaruwa. Injin zai iya auna wannan fluorescent ɗin. Don haka, yayin da muke jira, wato, a ainihin lokaci , za mu iya ganin ko DNA ɗin da ya dace yana cikin samfurin ko a'a. Ba wai kawai ba, yana iya ba da ra'ayi mai zurfi game da adadin ƙwayar cuta a cikin samfurin asali (nauyin ƙwayoyin cuta). Gwajin RT-PCR na lokaci-lokaci wanda ya haɗa waɗannan hanyoyin biyu galibi ana amfani da shi don gano Covid.
Menene ma'anar rahoton PCR?
Yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a fahimci rahoton PCR idan ka karɓi rahoton.
- An Gano/An Tabbatar: Idan rahotonka ya ce "An Gano" ko "An Tabbatar," yana nufin cewa samfurinka ya ƙunshi sassan ƙwayar cuta ko kayan kwayoyin halitta da suke nema. A taƙaice dai, wataƙila kana da ƙwayar cutar.
- Ba a Gano Ba / Ba a Gano Ba: Wannan yana nufin cewa ba a sami gutsuttsuran DNA/RNA masu dacewa a cikin samfurin da aka gwada ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa wataƙila ba ku da wannan kamuwa da cuta.
Amma ga wani abu mai matuƙar muhimmanci. Wani lokaci, idan ka yi gwaji a farkon lokacin kamuwa da cuta (musamman kafin alamun su fara), adadin ƙwayar cuta a jikinka na iya zama ƙasa kuma PCR ba zai iya gano ta ba. Don haka, ko da ka sami sakamakon 'Ba a Gano Ba', idan har yanzu kana da alamun, ya fi kyau ka yi magana da likitanka ka bi shawararsa. Ana iya tambayarka ka sake yin gwaji cikin 'yan kwanaki.
Tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka don samun sakamako ya bambanta dangane da gwajin da ake yi. Swab na hanci (kamar COVID, mura) yawanci yana samun sakamako cikin awanni 24. Duk da haka, gwaje-gwajen jini da biopsy don neman cututtukan gado na iya ɗaukar mako guda ko fiye.
Idan kana da wasu tambayoyi ko damuwa game da gwajin PCR ko sakamakonsa, tabbatar da yin magana da likitanka game da shi.
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- PCR ba wai kawai gwaji ne na COVID ba. Gwaji ne mai ƙarfi da daidaito wanda ake amfani da shi don gano cututtuka daban-daban, cututtukan gado, da yanayi kamar ciwon daji.
- Wannan fasaha tana kwafi ƙaramin adadin DNA ko RNA a cikin samfurin zuwa miliyoyin kwafi, wanda ke kawo shi zuwa matakin da za a iya gano shi cikin sauƙi.
- Ko da sakamakon PCR "Ba a Gano shi ba" (Ko da kuwa ba shi da kyau), idan kana da alamun cutar, ba yana nufin cewa ba ka da cutar 100% ba. Wannan na iya zama haka, musamman a farkon matakan kamuwa da cuta.
- Likitan ku shine mafi kyawun mutumin da zai amsa duk wata tambaya ko damuwa da kuke da ita game da sakamakon gwajin ku da kuma yanayin lafiyar ku, don haka kada ku yi jinkirin yin magana da shi ko ita.
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