Shin kai mutum ne da ke kallon wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka da fina-finai a talabijin? To, wataƙila ka saba da kalmomi kamar 'An yi gwajin DNA' da 'haɗin DNA'. Amma menene ainihin zanen yatsa na DNA? Shin wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi kawai don kama masu laifi? A'a, fasaha ce mai ban mamaki wacce take da mahimmanci ga abubuwa da yawa fiye da haka. Bari mu yi magana a kai a yau kawai.
Menene wannan 'taswirar kwayoyin halitta' da ke cikin jikinmu?
A taƙaice dai, gwajin yatsu na DNA gwaji ne na sinadarai wanda ke bayyana yanayin halittar mutum ko wani abu mai rai. Domin fahimtar wannan, da farko muna buƙatar sanin menene DNA.
Kalmar DNA a takaice take nufin deoxyribonucleic acid . Ana samunta a cikin kowace ƙwayar halitta a jikinka. Ka yi tunaninta a matsayin tsarin rayuwarka gaba ɗaya.
Wannan sarkar DNA ta ƙunshi nau'ikan sinadarai guda 4. Muna kiran waɗannan 'tushe'. Waɗannan suna haɗuwa biyu-biyu don samar da 'tushe biyu'. Akwai kimanin biliyan 3 na waɗannan nau'ikan a cikin DNA ɗinku! Tsarin da waɗannan nau'ikan suka haɗu yana gaya wa ƙwayoyin halittarku yadda ake yin kwafin juna.
Wannan duka tarin sinadarai ne muke kira 'genome.' Wannan shine cikakken wurin adana bayanai game da kwayoyin halitta.
Abin mamaki shine cewa kwayar halittar kowane mutum a duniya iri ɗaya ce da kashi 99.9%. Amma wannan ƙaramin bambanci na kashi 0.1% shine abin da ya bambanta kai da ni a zahiri da kuma a hankali, ni da kowa. Kamanninmu, halayenmu, yadda muke tunani, da kuma yadda muke kamuwa da wasu cututtuka, duk waɗannan suna shafar wannan ƙaramin bambanci. Fasahar zanen yatsa ta DNA tana amfani da sinadarai don raba zaren DNA da kuma cire waɗannan gutsuttsuran kashi 0.1% waɗanda suka keɓance maka. Muna ganin wannan sakamakon a matsayin tsarin layuka. Za mu iya kwatanta wannan tsarin da wani samfurin.
Menene amfani da zanen yatsa na DNA?
Tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙiro ta a shekarar 1984, ana amfani da wannan fasaha musamman a shari'o'i da harkokin shari'a. Haka kuma ta zama ba makawa a fannin likitanci. Bari mu duba manyan fa'idodinta.
| Fagen amfani | Misalai da bayanai |
|---|---|
| Don al'amuran shari'a da binciken laifuka | |
| Gano masu laifi | Ana iya ɗaukar DNA daga samfurin gashi, jini, ko yau da aka samu a wurin da aka aikata laifi sannan a haɗa shi da DNA na wanda ake zargi. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da shi don wanke wani daga laifi. |
| Tabbatar da 'yan'uwa | Ana amfani da wannan don abubuwa kamar tabbatar da iyayen yaro (gwajin uba) da kuma gano 'yan'uwa da suka ɓace. |
| Gano gawawwakin da suka mutu | Ana amfani da wannan don tabbatar da asalin gawarwakin da suka daɗe suna mutuwa, kamar waɗanda suka mutu a hatsari ko bala'i na halitta, kuma waɗanda aka lalata ba tare da an gane su ba. |
| Fa'idodin likita | |
| Dashen gabobi | Idan wani yana buƙatar dashen gabobi, kamar koda ko hanta, ana amfani da gwajin DNA don ganin ko kyallen da aka bayar da kuma wanda aka karɓa sun dace. |
| Gano cututtukan gado | Wannan yana taimakawa wajen gano wasu cututtuka na gado tun da wuri da kuma tantance ko mutum yana da wata cuta ta kwayoyin halitta. |
| Neman magunguna don cututtuka | Wannan fasaha tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga masu bincike su gano canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta da ke haifar da waɗannan cututtukan gado da kuma samar da magunguna masu dacewa a gare su. |
Ta yaya ake yin wannan gwajin?
Yin amfani da zanen yatsa na DNA ba abu ne mai wahala ko mai raɗaɗi kamar yadda kuke tsammani ba. Ya ƙunshi ɗaukar samfurin ƙwayoyin halitta daga jikinku. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don ɗaukar wannan samfurin.
- A goge ƙwayoyin halitta daga cikin kunci da auduga.
- Daga fatar jikinka.
- Daga tushen gashin kai.
- Daga yau, gumi, ko wasu ruwaye na jiki.
Amma hanya mafi sauƙi kuma mafi yawan amfani ita ce ɗaukar samfurin jini.
Me ke faruwa a dakin gwaje-gwaje?
Bayan an ɗauki samfurin daga gare ku, za a aika shi zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ga abin da ke faruwa:
1. Keɓewar DNA: Da farko, ana ƙara sinadarai don raba DNA kawai daga ƙwayoyin da ke cikin samfurin ku. Sannan, DNA ɗin yana narkewa cikin ruwa.
2. Yanke DNA zuwa gunduwa-gunduwa: Na gaba, wani tsarin sinadarai ya yanke wadannan dogayen sarkokin DNA zuwa kananan gunduwa-gunduwa wadanda ke da tsari mai maimaitawa wanda yake da mahimmanci a gare mu.
3. Kwafi gutsuttsuran: Mataki na gaba shine yin miliyoyin kwafi na waɗannan ƙananan gutsuttsuran DNA, wanda hakan zai sa a gwada su cikin sauƙi.
4. Wucewa ta cikin gel: Yanzu waɗannan gutsuttsuran DNA an haɗa su da gel kuma ana wucewa da wutar lantarki ta cikinsa. Sannan a raba gutsuttsuran DNA zuwa manya da ƙanana bisa ga girmansu.
5. Tsarin ya bayyana: A ƙarshe, idan aka ƙara rini na musamman a wannan, idan aka duba shi a ƙarƙashin hasken UV ko kuma da laser, wani tsari mai layi ya bayyana, kamar barcode a kan kayayyaki a babban kanti .
6. Kwatantawa: Wannan tsari mai kama da barcode shine yatsan DNA ɗinka. Sannan zaka iya kwatanta wannan da tsari da aka ɗauka daga wani samfuri kuma ka faɗi da cikakken daidaito ko sun dace ko a'a.
Wannan fasaha ta zama kayan aiki mai matuƙar muhimmanci wanda ke tasiri ga fannoni da dama na rayuwarmu a yau.
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- Tsarin Yatsa na DNA gwaji ne mai matuƙar inganci wanda ke gano tsarin kwayoyin halitta na musamman ga kowane mutum.
- Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga dalilai na shari'a kamar binciken laifuka, kafa dangi, da kuma gano hukumomin da ba a san ko su waye ba.
- A fannin likitanci, ana amfani da wannan fasaha don nemo mutanen da suka dace da dashen gabobi, gano cututtukan gado, da kuma nemo musu magunguna.
- Sakamakon wannan gwajin kamar 'barcode na kwayoyin halitta' ne wanda ya keɓance ga kowane mutum.
- Idan kana da wata damuwa ta lafiya ko tambayoyi game da wannan, koyaushe ka yi magana da likitanka don neman shawara.
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