Shin kun ji labarin lobotomy? Bari mu yi magana a kai a hankali!

Wataƙila ka taɓa jin kalmar lobotomy a cikin fim ko littafi. Idan ka ji ta, har yanzu tana zuwa maka a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro da ban mamaki, ko ba haka ba? Menene ainihinta? Me ya sa aka yi hakan a baya? Shin har yanzu ana yin ta a yau? A yau, za mu yi magana game da amsoshin duk waɗannan tambayoyin a cikin zuciyarka ta hanya mai sauƙi da abokantaka.

Menene ainihin lobotomy?

A taƙaice dai, lobotomy tiyata ce ta kwakwalwa. Amma ba tiyatar kwakwalwa ta zamani da muke yi a yau ba ce. Hanya ce da aka yi amfani da ita sosai a shekarun 1940 da 1950, wato shekaru 70-80 da suka gabata.

Kwakwalwarmu ta kasu kashi da dama, ko kuma 'lobes'. Kowanne sashe yana aiki daban. Wannan aikin lobotomy ya shafi gaban kwakwalwa. Tiyatar ta ƙunshi yanke rami a cikin kwanyar da kuma yanke haɗin jiji tsakanin gaban kwakwalwa da wani ɓangare na kwakwalwa da ake kira thalamus.

Yanzu kana iya tunanin, "Ya Allahna, me yasa za su yi haka?" Domin fahimtar dalilin, muna buƙatar komawa baya a lokacin. A wancan lokacin, babu ingantattun magunguna ga cututtukan kwakwalwa masu tsanani kamar yadda muke yi a yau. Asibitocin kwakwalwa, ko kuma kamar yadda ake kiransu a lokacin, suna cike da marasa lafiya da ke fama da matsalolin kwakwalwa masu tsanani. An ba su zaɓuɓɓukan magani kaɗan ne kawai, kamar maganin electroconvulsive (ECT). Don haka, tiyatar lobotomy ta zo a matsayin 'mafita ta ƙarshe' don samar da sauƙi ga irin waɗannan marasa lafiya marasa taimako.

Saboda waɗanne irin yanayi aka yi wannan tiyatar a baya?

A lokacin, likitoci sun yi amfani da wannan tiyatar ga marasa lafiya da suka daɗe suna fama da cututtukan tabin hankali kuma waɗanda ba su amsa wasu magunguna ba. Wasu daga cikin manyan cututtukan sun haɗa da:

• Tunani da ayyuka marasa so da ake maimaitawa ( Cutar da ke damun mutum - OCD )
• Tsananin baƙin ciki mai tsanani
Ciwon Schizophrenia
• tabin hankali
• Ciwon jijiyoyi na yau da kullun
• Halayyar da ba ta dace da zamantakewa ba (Halayyar ɗan adam)

A gaskiya ma, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa an sallami sama da kashi 40% na marasa lafiya daga gidajensu bayan tiyatar. Duk da cewa wannan tiyatar ta kasance mai matuƙar wahala da haɗari a yau, ta zama kamar sabuwar fata ga mutane a lokacin.

Tarihin duhu na lobotomy

Masanin kimiyyar ƙasar Portugal Egas Moniz ne ya fara gabatar da wannan tiyatar. Har ma an ba shi kyautar Nobel a fannin likitanci a shekarar 1949 saboda wannan binciken. Wani likita ɗan Amurka mai suna Walter Freeman ya ƙara ɗaukar wannan hanyar. Ya gabatar da wata hanya da ake kira 'transorbital'. A ciki, an saka wani kayan aiki mai kaifi na kansa (kamar na'urar ice pick) ta cikin ramin ido, sama da ido, cikin kwakwalwa kuma an yanke zare na jijiyoyi. Ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin hanya mai sauri da sauƙi, kuma ya yi dubban tiyata, ciki har da yara.

Amma ba komai ya tafi daidai ba. Waɗannan tiyatar suna da mummunan sakamako . Wasu halayen marasa lafiya sun canza gaba ɗaya. Sun zama marasa son kai, ba sa sha'awar komai. Wasu kuma sun manta da yadda ake yin hali a cikin al'umma kuma suka fara yin abin da bai dace ba. Saboda haka, likitoci da yawa sun ƙi shi, domin sun yi imani da gaske cewa canza halin mutum ta hanyar tiyata ba shi da ɗabi'a.

Da gano magungunan da ke da tasiri sosai ga cututtukan tabin hankali, kamar chlorpromazine, a shekarun 1950, buƙatar lobotomy ta ɓace a hankali. A shekarun 1960, tsohuwar hanyar lobotomy ta kusan daina aiki gaba ɗaya.

Menene mummunan illar wannan tiyatar?

Tiyatar kwakwalwa koyaushe tana da haɗari. Domin kwakwalwa gaɓɓai ne masu matuƙar saurin kamuwa da cuta, lalacewarta ba ta dawwama. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa wasu manyan illolin da ka iya faruwa bayan tsohon lobotomy.

To, shin ana yin lobotomies har yanzu?

Amsar wannan tambayar gajarta kuma mafi bayyananniyar amsa ita ce, "A'a." Wato, ba a yin wannan tsohon lobotomy na asali, bazuwar a ko'ina a duniya a yau.

Duk da haka, wannan ba yana nufin cewa tiyatar kwakwalwa don cututtukan kwakwalwa ta tsaya gaba ɗaya ba. Ana kiran waɗannan tiyatar ' psychosurgery ' ko, mafi daidai, tiyatar jijiyoyin jijiyoyi na stereotactic . Waɗannan hanyoyi ne daban-daban kuma sun fi ci gaba fiye da tsohuwar lobotomy.

Yadda ake yin tiyata a yau

A zamanin yau, likitoci za su iya yin gwajin CT, MRI, da EEGTa amfani da hanyoyin fasaha masu zurfi kamar , don gano ainihin wurin da matsalar take a cikin kwakwalwa har zuwa milimita. Sannan, ta hanyar ƙaramin yankewa, ta amfani da kayan aiki kamar na'urar hangen nesa da wuka gamma, ƙaramin yanki ne kawai ake magance matsalar ba tare da haifar da wata illa ga wasu sassan kwakwalwa ba.

Ana yin wannan nau'in tiyata ne kawai ga ƙaramin rukuni na marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su warke daga duk wasu jiyya ba, gami da magunguna da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, na dogon lokaci. Likitocin jijiyoyin jini masu ƙwarewa sosai ne ke yin ta. Sakamakon da aka samu a nan ya fi nasara, kuma lalacewar kwakwalwa ba ta da yawa.

A yau, ana amfani da waɗannan dabarun tiyata na zamani don magance ciwo mai tsanani, farfadiya, matsalolin motsi kamar cutar Parkinson, da wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa masu tsanani kamar OCD da baƙin ciki. Wata dabara ta zamani da ake kira Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) yanzu ana amfani da ita cikin nasara don waɗannan yanayi.