He aha kēia 'epithelium' ma nā wahi a pau o ko kākou kino? E hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi kākou!

Ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe pehea e pale ai ko kākou ʻili iā kākou? A i ʻole pehea kākou e omo ai i nā meaʻai mai ka meaʻai a kākou e ʻai ai, a i ʻole pehea kākou e mālama ai i nā mea e like me ka lepo mai ko kākou kino i ka wā e hanu ai kākou? ʻO kēia ʻiʻo kūikawā a kākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia lā e pili ana i kēia mau mea a pau. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he epithelium . Ua lohe paha ʻoe i kēia huaʻōlelo mai ke kauka mai. No laila, e nānā kākou i ke ʻano o ia mea, kahi i loaʻa ai i loko o ke kino, a me kāna hana.

He aha ka Epithelium? I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi...

He ʻano ʻiʻo kūikawā ka Epithelium i loko o ko kākou kino . E noʻonoʻo e pili ana iā ia, uhi ia i aneane kēlā me kēia ʻili i loko a ma waho o ko kākou kino, e uhi ana i loko o nā lua a me nā ʻōpū hakahaka, a ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻiʻo nui i loko o ko kākou mau glands.

I kēia manawa ke noʻonoʻo nei paha ʻoe, he aha ka hana a kēia ʻiʻo epithelial i ko mākou kino? ʻOiaʻiʻo, he nui kāna mau hana ma muli o kona wahi . ʻO nā mea nui ka pale ʻana, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā mea like ʻole, a me ka omo ʻana i nā mea e pono ai .

Ua ʻike paha ʻoe he ʻehā ʻano nui o nā ʻiʻo i loko o ko mākou kino:

• ʻIʻo Epithelial
• ʻIʻo hoʻopili
• ʻIʻo ʻiʻo
• ʻIʻo aʻalolo

ʻO kēia mau mea, he mea nui loa ka ʻiʻo epithelial. No ka mea, inā pono kekahi mea e komo a puka paha i waho o ko kākou mau kino, pono ia e hele mua ma o kēia ʻiʻo epithelial .

Hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i ka nui o nā wahi i loko o ko mākou kino i loaʻa ai kēia ʻiʻo epithelial. Eia kekahi mau laʻana:

• ʻO ka papa waho loa o kou ʻili (epidermis)
• ʻO ka uhi i loko o kou ʻōpū
• ʻO ka uhi i loko o kou mau ala ea
• ʻO ka uhi i loko o kou lua ʻōpū
• Kou mau ʻōpū hou

Aia nā ʻiʻo epithelial ma nā wahi a pau.

No laila, he aha nā pūnaewele epithelial?

Maʻalahi loa. Hana ʻia nā ʻiʻo epithelial me nā pūnaewele epithelial . Hiki i kēia mau pūnaewele ke ʻano like ʻole, a hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia i hoʻokahi papa a i ʻole ma nā papa he nui. Aia ia i kahi o nā pūnaewele i loko o ke kino a me ke ʻano o ka hana a lākou e hana ai.

I loko o ka biology, ʻo ke kelepona ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o ke ola e hiki ke ola ma kāna iho. Ua hana ʻia ko mākou kino me nā triliona o kēia mau kelepona. ʻEkolu mau ʻāpana nui o ke kelepona:

• ʻIli kelepona: ʻO kēia ka uhi a puni ke kelepona. Hoʻomalu ia i nā mea e komo a puka i waho o ke kelepona.
• Nucleus: ʻO kēia ka ʻāpana koʻikoʻi loa o ke kelepona. Aia i loko ka hapa nui o ka ʻike hoʻoilina o ke kelepona, a i ʻole DNA .
• ʻO ka cytoplasm:ʻO kēia ka ʻāpana wai i loko o ke kelepona. Aia i loko nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kelepona, nā ʻano liʻiliʻi e hana ana i nā hana like ʻole.

ʻO kekahi mau ʻano cell, ʻoiai nā cell epithelial, he mau ʻano kūikawā ko lākou ma luna o ko lākou ʻili e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻokō i kā lākou mau hana. Eia kekahi mau laʻana:

• Microvilli: Ua like kēia me nā manamana lima liʻiliʻi e puka mai ana mai ka ʻili o nā cell. Akā, ʻaʻole lākou e neʻe. ʻO kā lākou hana nui, ʻo ia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻili o ke cell. ʻAe kēia i ke cell e omo i nā mea hou aku. No ka laʻana, he mau tausani o kēia mau microvilli i loko o nā cell epithelial i loko o kou ʻōpū liʻiliʻi . ʻO kēia nā mea e kōkua iā ʻoe e omo i nā meaola mai ka meaʻai āu e ʻai ai, a kōkua pū lākou i ka pale ʻana i kou kino mai nā bacteria i loko o kou ʻōpū.
• ʻO Cilia: He mau ʻano lahilahi loa kēia, e like me ka lauoho, a neʻe. Loaʻa lākou ma ka ʻili o nā cell. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoneʻe i kahi cell holoʻokoʻa, a i ʻole e hoʻoneʻe i nā mea ma ka ʻili o waho o ke cell. ʻO kahi cell me cilia he mau haneli o cilia. E noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ia mea, aia kēia mau cilia i nā cell epithelial i loko o kou ala hanu . Ke hanu ʻoe i ka lepo a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, paʻa lākou i loko o kēia mau cilia, e hoʻoneʻe ana iā lākou i nā puka ihu, e pale ana iā lākou mai ke komo ʻana i loko o nā māmā. ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻo ia nā cell epithelial i loko o nā Fallopian tubes o nā wahine. Kōkua kēia i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i kahi hua manu mai kahi ovary i ka uterus.
• Stereocilia: He ʻano microvilli kūikawā kēia. Akā ua like lākou me ka cilia. He mau mea hoʻolele pū kekahi mai ka ʻili o kekahi mau cell epithelial. He mea nui kēia mau stereocilia no ka lohe ʻana a me ke kaulike i loko o ka ʻiʻo epithelial o kou pepeiao i loko .

He aha nā ʻano o nā pūnaewele epithelial i loaʻa?

No ka mea, he ʻokoʻa nā hana a nā ʻiʻo epithelial, aia kekahi mau ʻano o nā cell epithelial, ma muli o ko lākou wahi. E nānā kākou i ko lākou ʻano.

Nā ʻano o nā pūnaewele epithelial ma ke ʻano

ʻEkolu mau ʻano nui o nā pūnaewele e pili ana i ko lākou ʻano:

• ʻEpithelium squamous: He pālahalaha kēia mau pūnaewele, e like me ka lau.
• ʻEpithelium Cuboidal: He ʻano cuboidal kēia mau pūnaewele, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua like ko lākou kiʻekiʻe, ka laulā, a me ka hohonu.
• ʻEpithelium Columnar: Ua like ke ʻano o kēia mau pūnaewele me ke kia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ko lākou kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ko lākou laulā.

Nā ʻano e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā cell

ʻOkoʻa nō hoʻi nā ʻiʻo epithelial i ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā pūnaewele:

• Maʻalahi: ʻO ka epithelium maʻalahi kahi mea nona hoʻokahi papa wale nō o nā cell .
• Stratified: ʻO kahi epithelium stratified i hana ʻia me nā papa he nui o nā cell .
• Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia:He mea kūikawā iki kēia. No ka mea, ua hoʻopaʻa pū ʻia nā ʻāpana, a hele mai lākou i nā nui like ʻole, me he mea lā he nui nā papa. Akā, hoʻokahi wale nō papa o nā ʻāpana .

He aha nā ʻano nui o nā pūnaewele epithelial i loko o kou kino?

I kēia manawa, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke ʻano a mākou i kūkākūkā ai ma luna a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā papa cell, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kekahi mau ʻano o ka ʻiʻo epithelial. Eia kekahi o lākou:

• ʻEpithelium squamous maʻalahi: Hoʻopili kēia ʻano i nā kīʻaha koko a me nā lua o ke kino a kāohi i ke hele ʻana o nā mea i nā ʻiʻo ma lalo.
• ʻEpithelium cuboidal maʻalahi: Loaʻa pinepine kēia mau mea i loko o nā ʻiʻo glandular (kahi e hana ai i nā mea huna) a me nā tubules kidney.
• ʻEpithelium kolamu maʻalahi: Hoʻohana kūikawā ʻia kēia mau mea no ka omo ʻana. Loaʻa pinepine i kēia mau pūnaewele nā ​​​​cilia a i ʻole microvilli ma ko lākou ʻili. Hoʻopili kēia mau pūnaewele i kou ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū.
• ʻEpithelium squamous stratified: ʻO kēia ʻano ʻiʻo he mau hana pale. No ka laʻana, ka pale ʻana i nā ʻiʻo ma lalo mai nā microorganisms a i ʻole ka hōʻino ʻana o ka wai. ʻO ka papa waho loa o kou ʻili (epidermis) ua hana ʻia me kēia mau cell epithelial squamous stratified.
• ʻEpithelium cuboidal stratified: ʻAʻole maʻamau loa kēia ʻano. Hiki ke loaʻa i loko o nā ducts excretory o kāu mau kelepa salivary a me nā kelepa hou.
• ʻEpithelium columnar stratified: ʻAʻole maʻamau loa kēia. Loaʻa ia i loko o ka membrane mucous (conjunctiva) e hoʻopili ana i kou mau lihilihi. Hāʻawi ia i ka pale a hoʻokuʻu pū i ka mucus.
• ʻEpithelium columnar pseudostratified: Hoʻopili kēia ʻano i kou ala hanu o luna. He nui nā cilia i loko.

Nā pūnaewele Epithelial me nā hana kūikawā

Aia kekahi mau pūnaewele epithelial i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me kā lākou mau hana kikoʻī.

• ʻEpithelium hoʻololi: Ua kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo urothelium . Hana ʻia ia me kekahi mau papa o nā cell. ʻO ka mea kūikawā e pili ana i kēia, ʻo ia ka wā e kīkoʻo ʻia ai, e pālahalaha kēia mau cell. Hoʻopili ia i ka hapa nui o kou ala urinary . ʻO ia hoʻi ka ʻiʻo e hiki ai i kāu ʻōpū mimi ke hoʻonui.
• ʻEpithelium glandular:He ʻano kūikawā kēia ʻano epithelium no ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā mea. Loaʻa kēia mau mea i loko o kou mau glands. He mau ʻōkana kūikawā nā glands e hiki ke hana, mālama, a/a i ʻole e hoʻokuʻu i nā mea e like me nā hormones, nā protein, a me ka wai.
• ʻEpithelium ʻala: Aia kēia i loko o kou lua ihu. Loaʻa iā ia nā pūnaewele mea hoʻokipa ʻala . Loaʻa i kēia mau pūnaewele nā ​​​​​​hale lōʻihi a kūikawā i kapa ʻia ʻo cilia. Ke hanu ʻoe i loko, loaʻa nā molekula ʻala i loko o ka cilia i ko lākou hele ʻana ma kēia ʻili epithelial. A laila hele ka ʻike e pili ana i kēlā mau molekula mai nā mea hoʻokipa i ka ʻōpuʻu ʻala i loko o kou lolo. Ma laila e wehewehe ai kou lolo i ke ʻano o kēlā ʻala.

No laila, he aha ka mea e hana maoli ana i ka ʻiʻo epithelial? (Nā Hana)

I kēia manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻiʻo epithelial i ko mākou kino. Hana lākou i kekahi mau hana e pono ai ko mākou ola. ʻOiai aia nā pūnaewele epithelial ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa kā lākou hana a me ke kumu ma muli o ko lākou wahi.

Hana nui ka ʻiʻo epithelial i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o nā hana ma lalo nei:

• Palekana: Mālama ka ʻiʻo epithelial i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ko kākou kino. No ka laʻana, ua hana ʻia kou ʻili me ka ʻiʻo epithelial . Mālama ia i nā ʻiʻo, nā kīʻaha koko, nā ʻiʻo, a me nā ʻōpū o loko i loko o kou kino. Pēlā nō, pale nā ​​​​cilia ma nā pūnaewele epithelial e hoʻopuni ana i kou mau ʻōpū i ke koena o kou kino mai nā bacteria i loko o nā ʻōpū.
• Ka hūnā ʻana: ʻO ka ʻiʻo epithelial i loko o kou mau glands (glandular epithelium) hiki ke huna i nā enzymes, hormones, a me nā wai like ʻole.
• ʻOmo: ʻO ka ʻiʻo epithelial e uhi ana i kou mau ʻōpū o loko, e like me kou ake a me kou mau māmā, hiki ke omo i kekahi mau mea. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka uhi epithelial i loko o kou mau ʻōpū e omo i nā meaola mai ka meaʻai āu e ʻai ai .
• Ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana: ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā huahana ʻōpala mai ke kino. Hoʻokuʻu ka ʻiʻo epithelial i loko o kou mau puʻupaʻa i nā huahana ʻōpala . A hoʻokuʻu ka ʻiʻo epithelial i loko o kou mau kelepa hou i ka hou.
• Kānana: Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka epithelium i loko o kou ala hanu i ka ea āu e hanu ai ma ke kānana ʻana i ka lepo a me nā ʻāpana lepo . Pēlā nō, kānana ka ʻiʻo epithelial i loko o kou mau puʻupaʻa i kou koko.
• Hoʻolaha: I loko o ka biology, ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekala a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻāpana mai kahi ʻāpana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka noʻonoʻo i kahi ʻāpana o ke ʻano haʻahaʻa. ʻO kahi membrane maʻalahi i hana ʻia me nā cell epithelial hiki ke ʻae i nā mea i koho ʻia e hele ma waena. Kōkua kēia kaʻina hana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā hana e like me ka kānana, ka omo ʻana, a me ka huna ʻana.
• Hoʻokipa ʻike:Loaʻa i ko mākou kino ka ʻike sensory mai ka honua waho ma muli o nā hopena aʻalolo sensory i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka ʻiʻo epithelial. No ka laʻana, he mea nui nā stereocilia ma ka ʻili o ka ʻiʻo epithelial i loko o kou pepeiao no ka lohe a me ke kaulike . Pēlā nō, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻōpuʻu ʻono ma kou alelo i loko o ka stratified squamous epithelium o kou alelo.

He aha nā maʻi e hoʻopilikia ai i nā ʻiʻo epithelial?

ʻO ka pilikia nui loa me ka ʻiʻo epithelial ka hiki ke hoʻomohala i nā maʻi kanesa, ʻoiai nā ʻano kanesa e like me ka adenocarcinoma a i ʻole ka papillary thyroid carcinoma .

ʻO ka Adenocarcinoma kahi ʻano maʻi kanesa e hoʻopilikia ana i ka ʻiʻo epithelial glandular e uhi ana i nā ʻōpū. ʻO ia ke ʻano maʻamau o ka maʻi kanesa e ulu ana i loko o nā ʻōpū. ʻO kēia no ka mea:

• ʻO ka hapa nui o nā maʻi kanesa prostate
• He nui nā maʻi ʻaʻai umauma
• Ma kahi o 96% o nā maʻi ʻaʻai colorectal
• Ma kahi o 95% o nā maʻi ʻaʻai pancreatic
• ʻO ka maʻi kanesa māmā ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ke kelepona no kahi 40% o nā maʻi kanesa māmā āpau.

ʻO ka papillary thyroid carcinoma ka mea e pili ana i kahi 80% o nā maʻi kanesa thyroid. Ulu mālie kēia ʻano maʻi kanesa. ʻOiai inā e pālahalaha ana i nā lymph node ma ka ʻāʻī, pane maikaʻi ka maʻi i ka lāʻau. He hiki ke ho'ōla loa ʻia a ʻaʻole pinepine e make.

Ma waho aʻe o ke kanesa, hiki i nā pilikia ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻiʻo epithelial ke loaʻa i nā ʻano kino like ʻole. ʻO kekahi o nā kūlana maʻamau:

• ʻAsthma: ʻO ka Asthma kahi ʻano e haiki ai kou mau ala ea, pehu, a hiki ke hana i ka mucus keu. I loko o kēia, loli ka epithelium bronchial o nā ala ea a lilo i mea palupalu.
• Maʻi Celiac: Ke ʻai kekahi kanaka me ka maʻi celiac i ka gluten (kahi protein i loaʻa i kekahi mau palaoa), hoʻouka kā lākou ʻōnaehana pale a hōʻino i ka microvilli i loko o nā cell epithelial e hoʻopili ana i ko lākou ʻōpū. ʻO kēia ka mea e paʻakikī ai i nā ʻōpū ke omo pono i nā meaʻai.
• ʻO ke ʻano o ka Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 1-4: Hiki i ka HPV ke hana i nā warts ma nā cell epithelial ma ka papa waho loa o kou ʻili (epidermis).
• Vertigo: ʻO Vertigo kahi kūlana e hoʻoulu ai i ka manaʻo wili. Hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i kekahi mau kumu. ʻO kekahi kumu he hōʻiliʻili kūpono ʻole o nā cell epithelial squamous stratified i loko o kou pepeiao (i kapa ʻia he cholesteatoma ). Inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoulu i ka vertigo (nā pilikia kaulike) a me nā pilikia lohe.

He aha nā hoʻokolohua e nānā ai i nā pūnaewele epithelial?

Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūnaewele epithelial ma kekahi mau wahi koʻikoʻi i loko o ko kākou kino, aia kekahi mau ʻano hoʻokolohua e nānā ana i nā pūnaewele epithelial e ʻike ai inā pili lākou i kekahi mau maʻi. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻo ka pathology ka nānā ʻana i nā pūnaewele i loko o nā ʻiʻo kino a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​laʻana wai i loko o kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua e ʻike ai i ka maʻi. ʻO ka mea ʻepekema e nānā ana i kēia mau pūnaewele ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he pathologist .

ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā hoʻokolohua e pili ana i ka ʻiʻo epithelial:

• Nā pūnaewele epithelial i loko o ka mimi: ʻO ka urinalysis kahi hoʻāʻo e ana i nā mea like ʻole i loko o kāu mimi. ʻO kahi hapa o ia mea he helu o nā pūnaewele epithelial mimi. E nānā kahi loea lab i kāu hāpana mimi ma lalo o kahi microscope e ʻike inā aia ka helu o nā pūnaewele epithelial i loko o ka pae maʻamau. He mea maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau pūnaewele epithelial i loko o kāu mimi. Akā inā he nui kāu o lākou, he hōʻailona paha ia o kahi maʻi, maʻi puʻupaʻa, a i ʻole kekahi maʻi koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe .
• Hoʻāʻo Pap smear / Pap: ʻO ka hoʻāʻo Pap kahi hoʻāʻo e nānā i nā cell epithelial ʻē aʻe i loko o ka cervix i loaʻa i ka maʻi kanesa a i ʻole e lilo i maʻi kanesa. Ma kēia hoʻāʻo, lawe kahi mea mālama ola i kahi laʻana o nā cell mai ka cervix a nānā iā lākou ma lalo o kahi microscope.
• ʻO kekahi mau hoʻāʻo biopsy: ʻO ka biopsy ka nānā ʻana (pinepine ma lalo o kahi microscope) o nā ʻiʻo i lawe ʻia mai kahi ʻāpana o ke kino e nānā i nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi. Aia kekahi mau ʻano biopsies e kālailai ana i nā cell epithelial. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka biopsy prostate e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā cell epithelial mai ka prostate me kahi nila a me ka nānā ʻana i nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi kanesa. ʻO ka biopsy no ka maʻi celiac e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā cell epithelial mai ka uhi o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi ma o kahi endoscopy a me ka nānā ʻana no ka hōʻino ʻana i ka microvilli i loko o nā cell.
• Kekahi mau hoʻokolohua Cytology (nā hoʻokolohua Cytology / Cytopathology): ʻO Cytology ka nānā ʻana i nā cell mai nā ʻiʻo kino a i ʻole nā ​​​​wai e hana i kahi hōʻailona. Nui nā hoʻokolohua cytology e pili ana i nā cell epithelial, e like me ka cytology gynecologic, thyroid cytology, respiratory cytology, a me ka cytology maka.

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka epithelium, endothelium, a me mesothelium?

Hiki i kēia mau inoa ʻekolu ke huikau no ka mea ua like iki ko lākou kani ʻana. ʻO Epithelium, endothelium , a me mesothelium ʻekolu ʻano o nā papa cell epithelial e hoʻopili ana i ko mākou mau ʻōpū o loko, nā lua o ke kino, a hana i ka papa o waho o ko mākou ʻili.

• ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻopili ka Epithelium i nā ala e wehe ai i ke kaiapuni o waho, e like me kou ʻōpū hanu a me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe.
• ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻopili ʻo Endothelium i nā kahawai kūloko o ke kino holoʻokoʻa, no ka laʻana, kāu ʻōnaehana hoʻopuni koko (nā kīʻaha koko) a me ka cornea o kou maka.
• Hoʻopuni ka mesothelium i nā lua nui o kou kino. No ka laʻana, ka lua ʻōpū (peritoneum), ka lua māmā (pleura), a me ka lua puʻuwai (pericardium). Hoʻopuka ka mesothelium i kahi wai lubricating i kapa ʻia ʻo serous fluid .

ʻO ka ʻiʻo epithelial kahi ʻano ʻiʻo e hana ana i nā hana he nui e pono ai no ka hana a me ke olakino o kou kino. Ua lohe paha ʻoe i kāu kauka e hoʻohana ana i ka huaʻōlelo "epithelium" i ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i kekahi mau hoʻokolohua a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano maʻi kanesa. Nui nā huaʻōlelo paʻakikī a ʻano ʻē e like me kēia ma ke kahua lapaʻau. Inā kānalua ʻoe i kahi huaʻōlelo a kāu kauka e hoʻohana ai, mai makaʻu e nīnau iā ia i ke ʻano o ia mea.

Nā mea nui loa āu e hoʻomanaʻo ai (Leka Lawe-Home)

No laila, ke lana nei koʻu manaʻo he manaʻo maʻalahi kou e pili ana i kēia 'epithelium' a mākou i kamaʻilio ai i kēia lā.

• He ʻiʻo kūikawā ka Epithelium e hana ana ma ke ʻano he uhi a loaʻa ia ma nā wahi āpau o ko kākou kino. Loaʻa ia ma nā wahi e like me ka ʻili, nā ʻōpū, a me ke ala hanu.
• Hana kēia i nā hana koʻikoʻi he nui, e like me ka pale ʻana, ka huna ʻana, a me ka omo ʻana .
• Aia nā ʻano like ʻole o nā pūnaewele epithelial ma muli o ko lākou ʻano a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana.
• Hiki i kekahi mau maʻi, ʻoiai ke kanesa , ke hoʻopilikia i kēia ʻiʻo epithelial, a ua pili pū ʻia me nā maʻi e like me ka hānō a me ka maʻi celiac.
• Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke olakino o kēia mau cell ma o nā hoʻokolohua like ʻole (nā hoʻāʻo mimi, Pap smears, biopsies) .

ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kou kino e kōkua nui iā ʻoe e noho olakino. No laila, e hoihoi i ke aʻo hou ʻana e pili ana i kēia mau mea.

ʻEpithelium , nā pūnaewele epithelial, nā ʻiʻo, ka uhi kino, nā glands, ka pale ʻana, ka huna ʻana, ka omo ʻana, nā ʻano pūnaewele, squamous, cuboidal, columnar, stratified, maʻalahi, pseudostratified, maʻi ʻaʻai, adenocarcinoma, pap smear