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Koj tus menyuam lub hauv siab puas poob rau hauv? Cia peb tham txog Ravitch Procedure

Koj tus menyuam lub hauv siab puas poob rau hauv? Cia peb tham txog Ravitch Procedure

Thaum koj saib koj tus menyuam lub hauv siab, puas zoo li nws poob rau hauv? Los yog nws tawm mus rau pem hauv ntej zoo li tus nquab? Koj puas tau pom tias koj tus menyuam ua pa nyuaj lossis mob hauv siab vim yog qhov mob no? Tej zaum nws tsis xav ua si nrog cov phooj ywg lossis mus rau pas dej ua luam dej, thiab nws chim heev txog qhov kev hloov pauv no hauv nws lub cev. Hnub no peb tab tom tham txog kev phais tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem pab nrog qhov mob zoo li no.

Txoj Kev Kho Mob Ravitch yog dab tsi?

Hais yooj yim xwb, txoj kev phais mob Ravitch yog ib txoj kev phais mob los kho qhov pectus excavatum lossis pectus carinatum. Hauv txoj kev phais mob no, tus kws phais mob yuav qhib koj tus menyuam lub hauv siab (phais qhib), tshem tawm qee cov pob txha mos uas puas lawm nyob ib puag ncig nruab nrab ntawm lub hauv siab, lub sternum , thiab kho qhov chaw ntawm lub sternum.

Qhov kev phais no txo ​​qhov mob uas tus menyuam ntsib, xws li ua pa nyuaj thiab mob hauv siab . Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov kev pab rau tus menyuam txoj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub hlwb. Xav txog seb nws yuav chim siab npaum li cas rau tus menyuam yaus uas xav tias lawv lub hauv siab txawv ntawm lwm tus? Tom qab kev phais no, thaum qhov tsos ntawd rov qab zoo li qub, tus menyuam txoj kev ntseeg siab rau tus kheej yuav nce ntxiv ntau heev.

Qhov kev phais no feem ntau tshwm sim li cas?

Pectus Excavatum yog ib qho ua rau phab ntsa hauv siab puas. Tus mob no cuam tshuam rau ib tus neeg ntawm 300 tus neeg thiab ib tus neeg ntawm 1,000 tus neeg. Muaj ob hom kev phais mob tseem ceeb los kho tus mob no. Ib qho yog Ravitch Procedure . Qhov thib ob yog Nuss Procedure . Txawm hais tias kev phais Nuss muaj ntau dua hauv qee lub tebchaws, Ravitch procedure yog ib qho kev phais mob uas ntseeg tau heev, tus qauv kub uas tau ua tiav rau ntau txhiab tus neeg thoob ntiaj teb rau ntau tshaj 60 xyoo.

Koj thiab koj tus menyuam npaj li cas ua ntej phais?

Qhov no yog ib feem tseem ceeb heev rau koj ua niam txiv. Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias yog cov niam txiv ntshai lossis ntxhov siab ua ntej tus menyuam phais, tus menyuam yuav xav tib yam. Yog li ntawd, nws yog lub zog loj rau tus menyuam kom nyob twj ywm li sai tau.

Koj ua tau kom koj tus menyuam so siab los ntawm kev hais cov lus no:

  • "Koj tsaug zog tag thaum lub sijhawm phais, yog li koj yuav tsis hnov ​​dab tsi lossis mob dab tsi li ."
  • Cov kws kho mob yuav saib xyuas koj zoo, thiab peb yuav mus tam sim ntawd.

Tej zaum yuav npaj phais, koj tus kws kho mob yuav xaj kom thaij duab CT ntawm koj tus menyuam lub hauv siab.Lawv thov kom kuaj. Piav rau tus me nyuam tias qhov no yog kev luam theej ib txwm uas tsis mob.

Ntxiv mus, koj tus kws kho mob yuav qhia meej meej rau koj txog thaum twg yuav tsum tsis txhob noj thiab haus ua ntej phais mob, thiab cov hau kev los tswj qhov mob tom qab phais mob.

Muaj dab tsi tshwm sim tiag tiag thaum lub sijhawm phais?

Feem ntau qhov kev phais no yuav siv sijhawm li ob mus rau peb teev. Cia peb saib luv luv txog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum ua.

Cov kauj ruam Ib qho lus piav qhia yooj yim txog qhov xwm txheej
1. Siv ib qho txiav Tus kws kho mob ua ib qho kev phais kab rov tav rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm tus menyuam lub hauv siab, saum lub sternum.
2. Nqa cov leeg nqaij Cov leeg nqaij uas npog lub hauv siab (cov leeg nqaij Pectoralis) raug tsa maj mam thiab rub mus rau ib sab.
3. Tshem tawm cov pob txha mos uas puas lawm Cov pob txha mos ntawm ob sab ntawm lub pob txha caj qaum uas puas lawm, uas ua rau cov duab hloov pauv, raug tshem tawm kom zoo.
4. Kev kho mob ntawm lub duav Nws tsa ib lub pob txha hauv siab uas tau poob rau hauv lossis txo lub pob txha hauv siab uas tau tawm los, ua kom nws nyob rau hauv qhov chaw raug thiab zoo li nws yuav tsum nyob.
5. Kev teeb tsa kev txhawb nqa Yuav kom lub sternum nyob rau hauv qhov chaw raug, ib tug me me bar ua los ntawm stainless hlau yog muab tso rau hauv qab nws los yog cov phaj yog muab tso rau saum toj.
6. Xaws qhov txiavThaum kawg, cov leeg nqaij rov qab mus rau lawv qhov chaw qub thiab qhov txiav ntawm daim tawv nqaij raug xaws kom zoo zoo.

Tom qab phais tas, muaj dab tsi tshwm sim?

Tom qab phais tas, yuav muab ob lub qhov dej me me tso rau hauv qhov txhab ntawm tus menyuam lub hauv siab kom ntws cov kua dej ntau dhau. Yuav muab ib lub catheter tso rau hauv kom ntws cov zis. Tsis txhob txhawj txog cov no. Lub catheter yuav raug tshem tawm hauv ib lossis ob hnub. Lub raj hauv siab yuav raug tshem tawm hauv li ob mus rau peb hnub.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias cov hlau txhawb nqa uas muab tso rau hauv lub hauv siab yuav tsum tau tshem tawm hauv kev phais me me li ib xyoos tom qab . Tab sis nws yooj yim heev, thiab tus menyuam tuaj yeem mus tsev tib hnub ntawd. Qee zaum, yog tias cov phaj raug ntxig uas tau kho nrog cov ntsia hlau, lawv tsis tas yuav raug tshem tawm dua.

Puas muaj tej yam txaus ntshai lossis teeb meem nrog rau qhov kev phais no?

Ib yam li kev phais mob, muaj tej yam txaus ntshai me me xwb. Tiam sis qhov xov xwm zoo yog tias qhov teeb meem ntawm kev phais mob Ravitch uas tau hloov kho tshiab tsawg dua 5% . Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias 95 ntawm 100 rooj plaub yuav daws tau tag nrho. Nov yog qee qhov teeb meem uas yuav tshwm sim.

Tej yam teeb meem uas yuav tshwm sim Piav qhia yooj yim
Pneumothorax Kev mob ntsws.
Atelectasis Kev tawg ntawm ib feem ntawm lub ntsws.
Kev ntws dej ntawm lub ntsws Cov kua dej puv ib ncig ntawm lub ntsws.
Mob plawvKev o ntawm daim nyias nyias uas npog lub plawv.
Kev kis kab mob Qhov txhab los yog kev kis kab mob hauv lub cev.
Dhia tawm ntawm lub bar Kev txav mus los ntawm kev txhawb nqa ruaj khov.
Rov qab mob dua Lub mis rov qab mus rau nws qhov zoo li qub tom qab ib lub sijhawm (tsis tshua muaj).

Yuav siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas thiaj rov zoo?

Koj tuaj yeem cia siab tias yuav coj tau koj tus menyuam mus tsev los ntawm tsev kho mob peb mus rau plaub hnub tom qab phais. Qee zaum, yog tias siv txoj kev kho mob txias cov hlab ntsha (Nerve Cryoablation) los tswj qhov mob thaum phais, lub sijhawm nyob hauv tsev kho mob yuav raug txo kom tsawg dua peb hnub.

Ua ntej mus tsev, tus me nyuam:

  • Koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov mob.
  • Koj yuav tsum tau noj mov thiab mus chav dej ib leeg xwb.
  • Koj yuav tsum taug kev tau me ntsis.

Nug koj tus kws kho mob thaum twg koj rov qab mus kawm ntawv tau. Txawm li cas los xij, yuav tsum tsis txhob ua kis las uas raug mob kom txog thaum koj lub hauv siab zoo tag nrho, uas yuav siv sijhawm li 6 txog 8 lub lis piam .

Tom qab phais tas, tus kws kho mob yuav hais kom koj rov qab los ntsib kws kho mob dua hauv ob lub lis piam, peb lub hlis, thiab ib xyoos.

Thaum twg koj yuav tsum hu rau kws kho mob tam sim ntawd?

Yog tias koj tus menyuam muaj ib qho ntawm cov tsos mob hauv qab no tom qab rov qab los tsev, hu rau koj tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd.

Yog koj muaj cov tsos mob no tom qab phais lawm, hu rau koj tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd.
Cov tsos mob Yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau dab tsi
Cov cim qhia txog kev kis kab mob Kub taub hau heev, liab, o, lossis kua paug tawm ntawm qhov txhab.
Qhov mob uas tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau Qhov mob hnyav heev ua rau nws tswj tsis tau nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas tau muab.
Ua pa nyuaj Tus me nyuam ua pa nyuaj los yog xav tias tsis muaj pa txaus.

Kev txiav txim siab phais rau ib tug menyuam tsis yog ib qho yooj yim rau cov niam txiv. Tab sis nws kuj nyuaj rau saib koj tus menyuam raug kev txom nyem lub cev lossis lub hlwb vim lawv qhov tsos. Yog li ntawd, ua tus neeg tawm tswv yim rau koj tus menyuam. Tham nrog koj tus kws kho mob txog txhua yam kev txhawj xeeb lossis kev ntshai uas koj muaj. Tham nrog koj tus menyuam, mloog seb lawv xav li cas. Qhov no tsis yog kev txiav txim siab uas tuaj yeem ua tau ib hmos. Tham nrog tsev neeg thiab txiav txim siab seb qhov twg zoo tshaj plaws rau txhua tus.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Txoj Kev Kho Mob Ravitch yog ib txoj kev phais mob uas tau ua tiav zoo heev, uas tau muaj ntau xyoo los kho cov mis uas poob qis lossis tawm los.
  • Qhov no muab ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo rau ob qho tib si tus menyuam lub cev muaj teeb meem (xws li ua pa nyuaj) thiab lub hlwb muaj teeb meem (xws li tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab rau tus kheej).
  • Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev npaj lub siab ntawm tus menyuam uas cov niam txiv yuav tsum nyob twj ywm ua ntej phais.
  • Kev kho kom rov zoo yuav tsum tau nyob hauv tsev kho mob ob peb hnub thiab so ob peb lub lis piam hauv tsev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zam kev ua si uas sib chwv.
  • Tsis txhob yig los tham txog tej kev txhawj xeeb lossis kev tsis ntseeg uas koj muaj nrog koj tus menyuam tus kws kho mob.

Ravitch txheej txheem, Pectus Excavatum, Pectus Carinatum, Chest Swelling, Chest Protrusion, Sternum, Pediatric Surgery, Chest Surgery
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 4 + 4 =
Koj tus menyuam lub hauv siab puas poob rau hauv? Cia peb tham txog Ravitch Procedure
Kev phais mobJuly 7, 2026

Koj tus menyuam lub hauv siab puas poob rau hauv? Cia peb tham txog Ravitch Procedure

Thaum koj saib koj tus menyuam lub hauv siab, puas zoo li nws poob rau hauv? Los yog nws tawm mus rau pem hauv ntej zoo li tus nquab? Koj puas tau pom tias koj tus menyuam ua pa nyuaj lossis mob hauv siab vim yog qhov mob no? Tej zaum nws tsis xav ua si nrog cov phooj ywg lossis mus rau pas dej ua luam dej, thiab nws chim heev txog qhov kev hloov pauv no hauv nws lub cev. Hnub no peb tab tom tham txog kev phais tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem pab nrog qhov mob zoo li no.

Txoj Kev Kho Mob Ravitch yog dab tsi?

Hais yooj yim xwb, txoj kev phais mob Ravitch yog ib txoj kev phais mob los kho qhov pectus excavatum lossis pectus carinatum. Hauv txoj kev phais mob no, tus kws phais mob yuav qhib koj tus menyuam lub hauv siab (phais qhib), tshem tawm qee cov pob txha mos uas puas lawm nyob ib puag ncig nruab nrab ntawm lub hauv siab, lub sternum , thiab kho qhov chaw ntawm lub sternum.

Qhov kev phais no txo ​​qhov mob uas tus menyuam ntsib, xws li ua pa nyuaj thiab mob hauv siab . Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov kev pab rau tus menyuam txoj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub hlwb. Xav txog seb nws yuav chim siab npaum li cas rau tus menyuam yaus uas xav tias lawv lub hauv siab txawv ntawm lwm tus? Tom qab kev phais no, thaum qhov tsos ntawd rov qab zoo li qub, tus menyuam txoj kev ntseeg siab rau tus kheej yuav nce ntxiv ntau heev.

Qhov kev phais no feem ntau tshwm sim li cas?

Pectus Excavatum yog ib qho ua rau phab ntsa hauv siab puas. Tus mob no cuam tshuam rau ib tus neeg ntawm 300 tus neeg thiab ib tus neeg ntawm 1,000 tus neeg. Muaj ob hom kev phais mob tseem ceeb los kho tus mob no. Ib qho yog Ravitch Procedure . Qhov thib ob yog Nuss Procedure . Txawm hais tias kev phais Nuss muaj ntau dua hauv qee lub tebchaws, Ravitch procedure yog ib qho kev phais mob uas ntseeg tau heev, tus qauv kub uas tau ua tiav rau ntau txhiab tus neeg thoob ntiaj teb rau ntau tshaj 60 xyoo.

Koj thiab koj tus menyuam npaj li cas ua ntej phais?

Qhov no yog ib feem tseem ceeb heev rau koj ua niam txiv. Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias yog cov niam txiv ntshai lossis ntxhov siab ua ntej tus menyuam phais, tus menyuam yuav xav tib yam. Yog li ntawd, nws yog lub zog loj rau tus menyuam kom nyob twj ywm li sai tau.

Koj ua tau kom koj tus menyuam so siab los ntawm kev hais cov lus no:

  • "Koj tsaug zog tag thaum lub sijhawm phais, yog li koj yuav tsis hnov ​​dab tsi lossis mob dab tsi li ."
  • Cov kws kho mob yuav saib xyuas koj zoo, thiab peb yuav mus tam sim ntawd.

Tej zaum yuav npaj phais, koj tus kws kho mob yuav xaj kom thaij duab CT ntawm koj tus menyuam lub hauv siab.Lawv thov kom kuaj. Piav rau tus me nyuam tias qhov no yog kev luam theej ib txwm uas tsis mob.

Ntxiv mus, koj tus kws kho mob yuav qhia meej meej rau koj txog thaum twg yuav tsum tsis txhob noj thiab haus ua ntej phais mob, thiab cov hau kev los tswj qhov mob tom qab phais mob.

Muaj dab tsi tshwm sim tiag tiag thaum lub sijhawm phais?

Feem ntau qhov kev phais no yuav siv sijhawm li ob mus rau peb teev. Cia peb saib luv luv txog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum ua.

Cov kauj ruam Ib qho lus piav qhia yooj yim txog qhov xwm txheej
1. Siv ib qho txiav Tus kws kho mob ua ib qho kev phais kab rov tav rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm tus menyuam lub hauv siab, saum lub sternum.
2. Nqa cov leeg nqaij Cov leeg nqaij uas npog lub hauv siab (cov leeg nqaij Pectoralis) raug tsa maj mam thiab rub mus rau ib sab.
3. Tshem tawm cov pob txha mos uas puas lawm Cov pob txha mos ntawm ob sab ntawm lub pob txha caj qaum uas puas lawm, uas ua rau cov duab hloov pauv, raug tshem tawm kom zoo.
4. Kev kho mob ntawm lub duav Nws tsa ib lub pob txha hauv siab uas tau poob rau hauv lossis txo lub pob txha hauv siab uas tau tawm los, ua kom nws nyob rau hauv qhov chaw raug thiab zoo li nws yuav tsum nyob.
5. Kev teeb tsa kev txhawb nqa Yuav kom lub sternum nyob rau hauv qhov chaw raug, ib tug me me bar ua los ntawm stainless hlau yog muab tso rau hauv qab nws los yog cov phaj yog muab tso rau saum toj.
6. Xaws qhov txiavThaum kawg, cov leeg nqaij rov qab mus rau lawv qhov chaw qub thiab qhov txiav ntawm daim tawv nqaij raug xaws kom zoo zoo.

Tom qab phais tas, muaj dab tsi tshwm sim?

Tom qab phais tas, yuav muab ob lub qhov dej me me tso rau hauv qhov txhab ntawm tus menyuam lub hauv siab kom ntws cov kua dej ntau dhau. Yuav muab ib lub catheter tso rau hauv kom ntws cov zis. Tsis txhob txhawj txog cov no. Lub catheter yuav raug tshem tawm hauv ib lossis ob hnub. Lub raj hauv siab yuav raug tshem tawm hauv li ob mus rau peb hnub.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias cov hlau txhawb nqa uas muab tso rau hauv lub hauv siab yuav tsum tau tshem tawm hauv kev phais me me li ib xyoos tom qab . Tab sis nws yooj yim heev, thiab tus menyuam tuaj yeem mus tsev tib hnub ntawd. Qee zaum, yog tias cov phaj raug ntxig uas tau kho nrog cov ntsia hlau, lawv tsis tas yuav raug tshem tawm dua.

Puas muaj tej yam txaus ntshai lossis teeb meem nrog rau qhov kev phais no?

Ib yam li kev phais mob, muaj tej yam txaus ntshai me me xwb. Tiam sis qhov xov xwm zoo yog tias qhov teeb meem ntawm kev phais mob Ravitch uas tau hloov kho tshiab tsawg dua 5% . Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias 95 ntawm 100 rooj plaub yuav daws tau tag nrho. Nov yog qee qhov teeb meem uas yuav tshwm sim.

Tej yam teeb meem uas yuav tshwm sim Piav qhia yooj yim
Pneumothorax Kev mob ntsws.
Atelectasis Kev tawg ntawm ib feem ntawm lub ntsws.
Kev ntws dej ntawm lub ntsws Cov kua dej puv ib ncig ntawm lub ntsws.
Mob plawvKev o ntawm daim nyias nyias uas npog lub plawv.
Kev kis kab mob Qhov txhab los yog kev kis kab mob hauv lub cev.
Dhia tawm ntawm lub bar Kev txav mus los ntawm kev txhawb nqa ruaj khov.
Rov qab mob dua Lub mis rov qab mus rau nws qhov zoo li qub tom qab ib lub sijhawm (tsis tshua muaj).

Yuav siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas thiaj rov zoo?

Koj tuaj yeem cia siab tias yuav coj tau koj tus menyuam mus tsev los ntawm tsev kho mob peb mus rau plaub hnub tom qab phais. Qee zaum, yog tias siv txoj kev kho mob txias cov hlab ntsha (Nerve Cryoablation) los tswj qhov mob thaum phais, lub sijhawm nyob hauv tsev kho mob yuav raug txo kom tsawg dua peb hnub.

Ua ntej mus tsev, tus me nyuam:

  • Koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov mob.
  • Koj yuav tsum tau noj mov thiab mus chav dej ib leeg xwb.
  • Koj yuav tsum taug kev tau me ntsis.

Nug koj tus kws kho mob thaum twg koj rov qab mus kawm ntawv tau. Txawm li cas los xij, yuav tsum tsis txhob ua kis las uas raug mob kom txog thaum koj lub hauv siab zoo tag nrho, uas yuav siv sijhawm li 6 txog 8 lub lis piam .

Tom qab phais tas, tus kws kho mob yuav hais kom koj rov qab los ntsib kws kho mob dua hauv ob lub lis piam, peb lub hlis, thiab ib xyoos.

Thaum twg koj yuav tsum hu rau kws kho mob tam sim ntawd?

Yog tias koj tus menyuam muaj ib qho ntawm cov tsos mob hauv qab no tom qab rov qab los tsev, hu rau koj tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd.

Yog koj muaj cov tsos mob no tom qab phais lawm, hu rau koj tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd.
Cov tsos mob Yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau dab tsi
Cov cim qhia txog kev kis kab mob Kub taub hau heev, liab, o, lossis kua paug tawm ntawm qhov txhab.
Qhov mob uas tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau Qhov mob hnyav heev ua rau nws tswj tsis tau nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas tau muab.
Ua pa nyuaj Tus me nyuam ua pa nyuaj los yog xav tias tsis muaj pa txaus.

Kev txiav txim siab phais rau ib tug menyuam tsis yog ib qho yooj yim rau cov niam txiv. Tab sis nws kuj nyuaj rau saib koj tus menyuam raug kev txom nyem lub cev lossis lub hlwb vim lawv qhov tsos. Yog li ntawd, ua tus neeg tawm tswv yim rau koj tus menyuam. Tham nrog koj tus kws kho mob txog txhua yam kev txhawj xeeb lossis kev ntshai uas koj muaj. Tham nrog koj tus menyuam, mloog seb lawv xav li cas. Qhov no tsis yog kev txiav txim siab uas tuaj yeem ua tau ib hmos. Tham nrog tsev neeg thiab txiav txim siab seb qhov twg zoo tshaj plaws rau txhua tus.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Txoj Kev Kho Mob Ravitch yog ib txoj kev phais mob uas tau ua tiav zoo heev, uas tau muaj ntau xyoo los kho cov mis uas poob qis lossis tawm los.
  • Qhov no muab ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo rau ob qho tib si tus menyuam lub cev muaj teeb meem (xws li ua pa nyuaj) thiab lub hlwb muaj teeb meem (xws li tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab rau tus kheej).
  • Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev npaj lub siab ntawm tus menyuam uas cov niam txiv yuav tsum nyob twj ywm ua ntej phais.
  • Kev kho kom rov zoo yuav tsum tau nyob hauv tsev kho mob ob peb hnub thiab so ob peb lub lis piam hauv tsev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zam kev ua si uas sib chwv.
  • Tsis txhob yig los tham txog tej kev txhawj xeeb lossis kev tsis ntseeg uas koj muaj nrog koj tus menyuam tus kws kho mob.

Ravitch txheej txheem, Pectus Excavatum, Pectus Carinatum, Chest Swelling, Chest Protrusion, Sternum, Pediatric Surgery, Chest Surgery
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 4 + 4 =