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Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus, tab sis muaj hlau ntau dhau hauv lub cev? Cia peb tham txog Sideroblastic Anemia

Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus, tab sis muaj hlau ntau dhau hauv lub cev? Cia peb tham txog Sideroblastic Anemia

Thaum cov neeg feem coob hnov ​​lo lus 'anemia ' , lawv xav txog qhov tsis muaj hlau tam sim ntawd. Yog vim li ntawd lawv thiaj li nkees tas li, qaug zog, kiv taub hau, thiab qee zaum tsis tuaj yeem pw tsaug zog. Tab sis koj puas paub tias qee zaum ntawm cov neeg mob anemia, qhov txawv tshwm sim tiag tiag? Hloov chaw ntawm qhov tsis muaj hlau, cov hlau hauv cov qe ntshav 'nce'. Qhov no puas zoo li txawv me ntsis? Hnub no peb tab tom tham txog ib qho tshwj xeeb, tab sis tsis tshua muaj, mob anemia hu ua sideroblastic anemia.

Hais yooj yim xwb, Sideroblastic Anemia yog dab tsi?

Yuav kom nkag siab qhov no, cia peb xub saib peb cov ntshav. Hauv cov qe ntshav liab hauv peb cov ntshav muaj ib qho protein hu ua hemoglobin . Nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ntes cov pa oxygen uas nkag mus rau hauv lub ntsws thaum peb ua pa thiab nqa nws mus thoob plaws lub cev. Yog li cov pa oxygen no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua lub cell hauv peb lub cev kom muaj sia nyob.

Tam sim no, txhawm rau ua cov hemoglobin no, peb lub cev yeej xav tau cov zaub mov 'hlau'. Feem ntau, anemia tshwm sim thaum lub cev tsis muaj hlau. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua hemoglobin.

Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Sideroblastic Anemia, muaj qee yam txawv tshwm sim. Ntawm no, tsis muaj hlau tsis txaus hauv lub cev. Qhov tseeb, muaj hlau ntau dhau! Qhov teeb meem yog tias vim muaj qhov tsis zoo hauv qee cov qe ntshav liab uas tsim tawm hauv peb cov pob txha pob txha, lawv tsis tuaj yeem siv cov hlau no los ua hemoglobin.

Xav txog ib chav ua noj uas muaj mov, dej, thiab ntsev los ua mov, tab sis lub lauj kaub mov puas lawm. Ces koj ua tsis tau mov. Yog li ntawd nws yog li cas. Hauv tus kab mob no, muaj ntau hlau, ib qho khoom xyaw uas xav tau los ua hemoglobin. Tab sis lub Hoobkas uas siv cov hlau ntawd los ua hemoglobin, peb cov qe ntshav liab, tsis ua haujlwm zoo. Yog li cov hlau tsis siv pib sib sau ua ke hauv cov qe ntshav liab uas tsis zoo no. Peb hu cov qe ntshav tsis zoo no uas tau sib sau ua ke hlau li no '(Sideroblasts)'.

Cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob no yog dab tsi?

Cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob no zoo ib yam li lwm yam mob ntshav tsis txaus, yog li ntawd qee zaum nws yuav yooj yim to taub. Thiab vim tias tus kab mob no loj hlob qeeb qeeb, koj yuav tsis paub tias koj muaj tus kab mob no. Cov no yog cov tsos mob tseem ceeb uas koj tuaj yeem pom.

Cov tsos mob Kev piav qhia
Lub cev tsis muaj zog thiab qaug zog Xav tias qeeb qeeb, nkees sai txawm tias ua tej haujlwm me me los xij.
Daim tawv nqaij daj ntseg Qhov tsos dawb paug pom thaum lub cev muaj ntshav tsawg dua.
Ua pa nyuaj Kev qaug zog tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis tau txais oxygen txaus rau lub cev.
Lub plawv dhia ceev ceev (Tachycardia) Lub plawv dhia ceev lossis lub plawv dhia tsis xwm yeem.
Mob taub hau thiab chim siab Mob taub hau ntau zaus thiab chim siab.
Mob hauv siab Muaj tej lub sij hawm, mob hauv siab yuav tshwm sim.

Cov hom kab mob Sideroblastic Anemia tseem ceeb yog dab tsi?

Kab mob no feem ntau muab faib ua ob hom.

1. Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus uas tau txais los ntawm noob caj noob ces (Inherited Sideroblastic Anemia)

Qhov no yog ib qho mob uas tsis tshua muaj, raws li caj ces. Uas yog, nws kis mus rau ib tug menyuam los ntawm cov noob caj ces los ntawm ib tug niam txiv. Hom mob no feem ntau yog X-linked Sideroblastic Anemia . Qhov no yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv ib qho noob caj ces uas cuam tshuam rau kev tsim hemoglobin. Yog li ntawd, lub cev sim nqus ntau hlau los ntawm cov khoom noj kom ua rau qhov tsis muaj hemoglobin. Hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob xws li lub siab puas tsuaj. Hom mob no feem ntau raug kuaj pom ua ntej hnub nyoog 30 xyoo.

2. Hom mob ntshav qab zib uas pib tom qab (Acquired Sideroblastic Anemia)

Qhov no yog hom mob uas feem ntau tshwm sim. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog tias nws feem ntau kho tau . Txawm hais tias cov kws kho mob qee zaum tsis paub qhov ua rau muaj qhov teeb meem no, muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj qhov teeb meem no:

  • Qee cov tshuaj: Tshwj xeeb yog qee cov tshuaj uas tau muab rau kev kho mob ntsws.
  • Haus dej cawv ntau dhau: Kev haus dej cawv ntau dhau rau lub sijhawm ntev yog qhov ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo loj.
  • Cov tshuaj lom neeg : Kev raug tshuaj lom neeg ntev ntev, xws li cov hlau lead.
  • Lwm yam kab mob: Tus mob no kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm lwm yam kab mob xws li kev tiv thaiv kab mob, qog nqaij hlav, lossis kab mob metabolic.

Muaj ib yam dab tsi uas peb yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas ntawm no. Kwv yees li 10% ntawm cov neeg uas muaj hom mob tom qab no (Acquired) tuaj yeem hloov mus ua mob qog ntshav hu ua Leukemia. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum kuaj mob no kom raug, nrhiav qhov ua rau mob, thiab kho.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, ob hom no tuaj yeem tsim lwm yam mob hu ua hemochromatosis , uas ua rau muaj hlau ntau dhau hauv lub cev.

Yuav kuaj mob li cas kom meej?

Vim tias cov tsos mob zoo ib yam li lwm yam mob ntshav tsis txaus, nws yuav nyuaj me ntsis rau kev kuaj mob. Yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum mloog koj lub cev. Yog tias koj muaj ib lossis ntau yam tsos mob teev saum toj no, thov mus ntsib koj tus kws kho mob.

Tus kws kho mob yuav nug koj txog koj cov tsos mob, kuaj koj, thiab tom qab ntawd xaj ntau qhov kev kuaj kom paub tseeb tias koj puas muaj tus mob no.

  • Kev Kuaj Ntshav: Kev suav cov ntshav tag nrho thiab kev kuaj hlau yog qhov tseem ceeb.
  • Kev Ntsuas Ntshav Ntawm Sab Nraud: Ntawm no, cov qauv ntshav raug kuaj xyuas hauv qab lub tshuab microscope kom pom tias puas muaj cov hlwb hlau uas sib sau ua ke tsis zoo (Sideroblasts) uas peb tau tham txog ua ntej.
  • Kev Kuaj Mob Pob Txha: Qee zaum, yuav tsum tau coj ib qho qauv me me ntawm cov pob txha mus kuaj kom paub meej tias muaj tus kab mob.
  • Lwm yam kev kuaj mob: Yog tias tsim nyog, tus kws kho mob kuj tseem yuav pom zoo kom ua MRI scan lossis kev kuaj noob caj noob ces.

Yuav kho li cas?

Cov kev xaiv kho mob nyob ntawm seb koj puas muaj hom mob uas yug los lossis tau txais.

  • Kev Kho Mob Qhov Ua Rau Mob: Yog tias koj muaj hom mob uas tau txais, thawj kauj ruam yog tshem tawm qhov ua rau mob. Piv txwv li, yog tias muaj tshuaj ua rau mob, koj tus kws kho mob yuav tsum tsis txhob noj tshuaj ntawd thiab sau lwm yam tshuaj rau koj. Yog tias koj haus dej cawv ntau, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob haus cawv kiag li.
  • Vitamin B6: Cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias vitamin B6, lossis pyridoxine, yuav pab tau rau kev kho ob hom mob no. Koj tus kws kho mob yuav sau ntawv kom noj cov vitamin no ua cov tshuaj ntxiv.
  • Tshem tawm cov hlau ntau dhau: Muaj cov tshuaj uas muab tau los tshem tawm cov hlau ntau dhau ntawm lub cev. Deferoxamine yog muab ua tshuaj txhaj rau hauv qab daim tawv nqaij, thiab Deferasirox yog muab ua tshuaj ntsiav. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub raum, yog li lawv yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ze ntawm tus kws kho mob.
  • Kev Hloov Ntshav: Yog tias koj lub cev tsis teb rau kev kho mob vitamin B6, koj tus kws kho mob yuav pom zoo kom hloov ntshav. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no muaj qhov tsis zoo. Yog tias koj txuas ntxiv hloov ntshav, koj lub cev cov hlau yuav nce ntxiv, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau daim siab.
  • Kev Hloov Pob Txha: Qhov no yog kev kho mob kawg. Nws raug txiav txim siab rau cov mob hnyav uas tsis muaj lwm yam kev kho mob twg kho tau.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Kab mob ntshav tsis zoo li kab mob ntshav ib txwm muaj. Qhov uas tshwm sim ntawm no tsis yog qhov txo qis ntawm cov hlau hauv cov qe ntshav, tab sis yog qhov nce ntxiv.
  • Txawm tias koj muaj cov tsos mob xws li qaug zog thiab ntsej muag daj ntseg tas li los, tsis txhob txiav txim siab ntawm koj tus kheej tias nws tsuas yog qhov tsis txaus hlau xwb.
  • Tus kab mob no tuaj yeem yog los ntawm noob neej los yog loj hlob tom qab vim muaj tej yam xws li cawv lossis qee yam tshuaj.
  • Yog koj muaj cov tsos mob, nrhiav kev pab kho mob. Kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob rau koj tus kheej tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev.
  • Muaj cov kev kho mob zoo, xws li vitamin B6 thiab cov tshuaj tshem hlau. Koj tus kws kho mob yuav txiav txim siab seb qhov kev kho mob twg zoo tshaj plaws rau koj.

Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus, Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus Sideroblastic, Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus Sideroblastic, Hlau ntau dhau, Hemoglobin, Cov qe ntshav liab, Cov tsos mob
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 9 + 3 =
Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus, tab sis muaj hlau ntau dhau hauv lub cev? Cia peb tham txog Sideroblastic Anemia
Cov tsos mobSeptember 25, 2025

Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus, tab sis muaj hlau ntau dhau hauv lub cev? Cia peb tham txog Sideroblastic Anemia

Thaum cov neeg feem coob hnov ​​lo lus 'anemia ' , lawv xav txog qhov tsis muaj hlau tam sim ntawd. Yog vim li ntawd lawv thiaj li nkees tas li, qaug zog, kiv taub hau, thiab qee zaum tsis tuaj yeem pw tsaug zog. Tab sis koj puas paub tias qee zaum ntawm cov neeg mob anemia, qhov txawv tshwm sim tiag tiag? Hloov chaw ntawm qhov tsis muaj hlau, cov hlau hauv cov qe ntshav 'nce'. Qhov no puas zoo li txawv me ntsis? Hnub no peb tab tom tham txog ib qho tshwj xeeb, tab sis tsis tshua muaj, mob anemia hu ua sideroblastic anemia.

Hais yooj yim xwb, Sideroblastic Anemia yog dab tsi?

Yuav kom nkag siab qhov no, cia peb xub saib peb cov ntshav. Hauv cov qe ntshav liab hauv peb cov ntshav muaj ib qho protein hu ua hemoglobin . Nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ntes cov pa oxygen uas nkag mus rau hauv lub ntsws thaum peb ua pa thiab nqa nws mus thoob plaws lub cev. Yog li cov pa oxygen no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua lub cell hauv peb lub cev kom muaj sia nyob.

Tam sim no, txhawm rau ua cov hemoglobin no, peb lub cev yeej xav tau cov zaub mov 'hlau'. Feem ntau, anemia tshwm sim thaum lub cev tsis muaj hlau. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua hemoglobin.

Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Sideroblastic Anemia, muaj qee yam txawv tshwm sim. Ntawm no, tsis muaj hlau tsis txaus hauv lub cev. Qhov tseeb, muaj hlau ntau dhau! Qhov teeb meem yog tias vim muaj qhov tsis zoo hauv qee cov qe ntshav liab uas tsim tawm hauv peb cov pob txha pob txha, lawv tsis tuaj yeem siv cov hlau no los ua hemoglobin.

Xav txog ib chav ua noj uas muaj mov, dej, thiab ntsev los ua mov, tab sis lub lauj kaub mov puas lawm. Ces koj ua tsis tau mov. Yog li ntawd nws yog li cas. Hauv tus kab mob no, muaj ntau hlau, ib qho khoom xyaw uas xav tau los ua hemoglobin. Tab sis lub Hoobkas uas siv cov hlau ntawd los ua hemoglobin, peb cov qe ntshav liab, tsis ua haujlwm zoo. Yog li cov hlau tsis siv pib sib sau ua ke hauv cov qe ntshav liab uas tsis zoo no. Peb hu cov qe ntshav tsis zoo no uas tau sib sau ua ke hlau li no '(Sideroblasts)'.

Cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob no yog dab tsi?

Cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob no zoo ib yam li lwm yam mob ntshav tsis txaus, yog li ntawd qee zaum nws yuav yooj yim to taub. Thiab vim tias tus kab mob no loj hlob qeeb qeeb, koj yuav tsis paub tias koj muaj tus kab mob no. Cov no yog cov tsos mob tseem ceeb uas koj tuaj yeem pom.

Cov tsos mob Kev piav qhia
Lub cev tsis muaj zog thiab qaug zog Xav tias qeeb qeeb, nkees sai txawm tias ua tej haujlwm me me los xij.
Daim tawv nqaij daj ntseg Qhov tsos dawb paug pom thaum lub cev muaj ntshav tsawg dua.
Ua pa nyuaj Kev qaug zog tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis tau txais oxygen txaus rau lub cev.
Lub plawv dhia ceev ceev (Tachycardia) Lub plawv dhia ceev lossis lub plawv dhia tsis xwm yeem.
Mob taub hau thiab chim siab Mob taub hau ntau zaus thiab chim siab.
Mob hauv siab Muaj tej lub sij hawm, mob hauv siab yuav tshwm sim.

Cov hom kab mob Sideroblastic Anemia tseem ceeb yog dab tsi?

Kab mob no feem ntau muab faib ua ob hom.

1. Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus uas tau txais los ntawm noob caj noob ces (Inherited Sideroblastic Anemia)

Qhov no yog ib qho mob uas tsis tshua muaj, raws li caj ces. Uas yog, nws kis mus rau ib tug menyuam los ntawm cov noob caj ces los ntawm ib tug niam txiv. Hom mob no feem ntau yog X-linked Sideroblastic Anemia . Qhov no yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv ib qho noob caj ces uas cuam tshuam rau kev tsim hemoglobin. Yog li ntawd, lub cev sim nqus ntau hlau los ntawm cov khoom noj kom ua rau qhov tsis muaj hemoglobin. Hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob xws li lub siab puas tsuaj. Hom mob no feem ntau raug kuaj pom ua ntej hnub nyoog 30 xyoo.

2. Hom mob ntshav qab zib uas pib tom qab (Acquired Sideroblastic Anemia)

Qhov no yog hom mob uas feem ntau tshwm sim. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog tias nws feem ntau kho tau . Txawm hais tias cov kws kho mob qee zaum tsis paub qhov ua rau muaj qhov teeb meem no, muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj qhov teeb meem no:

  • Qee cov tshuaj: Tshwj xeeb yog qee cov tshuaj uas tau muab rau kev kho mob ntsws.
  • Haus dej cawv ntau dhau: Kev haus dej cawv ntau dhau rau lub sijhawm ntev yog qhov ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo loj.
  • Cov tshuaj lom neeg : Kev raug tshuaj lom neeg ntev ntev, xws li cov hlau lead.
  • Lwm yam kab mob: Tus mob no kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm lwm yam kab mob xws li kev tiv thaiv kab mob, qog nqaij hlav, lossis kab mob metabolic.

Muaj ib yam dab tsi uas peb yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas ntawm no. Kwv yees li 10% ntawm cov neeg uas muaj hom mob tom qab no (Acquired) tuaj yeem hloov mus ua mob qog ntshav hu ua Leukemia. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum kuaj mob no kom raug, nrhiav qhov ua rau mob, thiab kho.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, ob hom no tuaj yeem tsim lwm yam mob hu ua hemochromatosis , uas ua rau muaj hlau ntau dhau hauv lub cev.

Yuav kuaj mob li cas kom meej?

Vim tias cov tsos mob zoo ib yam li lwm yam mob ntshav tsis txaus, nws yuav nyuaj me ntsis rau kev kuaj mob. Yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum mloog koj lub cev. Yog tias koj muaj ib lossis ntau yam tsos mob teev saum toj no, thov mus ntsib koj tus kws kho mob.

Tus kws kho mob yuav nug koj txog koj cov tsos mob, kuaj koj, thiab tom qab ntawd xaj ntau qhov kev kuaj kom paub tseeb tias koj puas muaj tus mob no.

  • Kev Kuaj Ntshav: Kev suav cov ntshav tag nrho thiab kev kuaj hlau yog qhov tseem ceeb.
  • Kev Ntsuas Ntshav Ntawm Sab Nraud: Ntawm no, cov qauv ntshav raug kuaj xyuas hauv qab lub tshuab microscope kom pom tias puas muaj cov hlwb hlau uas sib sau ua ke tsis zoo (Sideroblasts) uas peb tau tham txog ua ntej.
  • Kev Kuaj Mob Pob Txha: Qee zaum, yuav tsum tau coj ib qho qauv me me ntawm cov pob txha mus kuaj kom paub meej tias muaj tus kab mob.
  • Lwm yam kev kuaj mob: Yog tias tsim nyog, tus kws kho mob kuj tseem yuav pom zoo kom ua MRI scan lossis kev kuaj noob caj noob ces.

Yuav kho li cas?

Cov kev xaiv kho mob nyob ntawm seb koj puas muaj hom mob uas yug los lossis tau txais.

  • Kev Kho Mob Qhov Ua Rau Mob: Yog tias koj muaj hom mob uas tau txais, thawj kauj ruam yog tshem tawm qhov ua rau mob. Piv txwv li, yog tias muaj tshuaj ua rau mob, koj tus kws kho mob yuav tsum tsis txhob noj tshuaj ntawd thiab sau lwm yam tshuaj rau koj. Yog tias koj haus dej cawv ntau, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob haus cawv kiag li.
  • Vitamin B6: Cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias vitamin B6, lossis pyridoxine, yuav pab tau rau kev kho ob hom mob no. Koj tus kws kho mob yuav sau ntawv kom noj cov vitamin no ua cov tshuaj ntxiv.
  • Tshem tawm cov hlau ntau dhau: Muaj cov tshuaj uas muab tau los tshem tawm cov hlau ntau dhau ntawm lub cev. Deferoxamine yog muab ua tshuaj txhaj rau hauv qab daim tawv nqaij, thiab Deferasirox yog muab ua tshuaj ntsiav. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub raum, yog li lawv yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ze ntawm tus kws kho mob.
  • Kev Hloov Ntshav: Yog tias koj lub cev tsis teb rau kev kho mob vitamin B6, koj tus kws kho mob yuav pom zoo kom hloov ntshav. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no muaj qhov tsis zoo. Yog tias koj txuas ntxiv hloov ntshav, koj lub cev cov hlau yuav nce ntxiv, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau daim siab.
  • Kev Hloov Pob Txha: Qhov no yog kev kho mob kawg. Nws raug txiav txim siab rau cov mob hnyav uas tsis muaj lwm yam kev kho mob twg kho tau.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Kab mob ntshav tsis zoo li kab mob ntshav ib txwm muaj. Qhov uas tshwm sim ntawm no tsis yog qhov txo qis ntawm cov hlau hauv cov qe ntshav, tab sis yog qhov nce ntxiv.
  • Txawm tias koj muaj cov tsos mob xws li qaug zog thiab ntsej muag daj ntseg tas li los, tsis txhob txiav txim siab ntawm koj tus kheej tias nws tsuas yog qhov tsis txaus hlau xwb.
  • Tus kab mob no tuaj yeem yog los ntawm noob neej los yog loj hlob tom qab vim muaj tej yam xws li cawv lossis qee yam tshuaj.
  • Yog koj muaj cov tsos mob, nrhiav kev pab kho mob. Kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob rau koj tus kheej tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev.
  • Muaj cov kev kho mob zoo, xws li vitamin B6 thiab cov tshuaj tshem hlau. Koj tus kws kho mob yuav txiav txim siab seb qhov kev kho mob twg zoo tshaj plaws rau koj.

Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus, Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus Sideroblastic, Kab mob ntshav tsis txaus Sideroblastic, Hlau ntau dhau, Hemoglobin, Cov qe ntshav liab, Cov tsos mob
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 9 + 3 =