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Thil pakhat i paih hnuah pawh i hmu reng em? Palinopsia chungchang hi han sawi ila!

Thil pakhat i paih hnuah pawh i hmu reng em? Palinopsia chungchang hi han sawi ila!

Ngaihtuah teh, room pakhata chair pakhat i en a, chutah i hawi kual a. Mahse, i mit hmaah a la awm reng niin a lang. A nih loh leh car chak tak i en chuan a hnungah comet ang maia êng sei tak a rawn zui tih i hmu a ni. Chutiang thil mak tak tak chu i tawng tawh em? Hei hi damdawi lama palinopsia kan tih chu a ni. A hming awmzia chu "hmuh leh" tihna a ni. Ngaihtuah buai suh, hei hi mit natna a ni lo fo va, kan thluaka mit hmuhna thununtu peng hrang hrang inthlak danglamna a ni fo. Hemi chungchang hi chipchiar takin sawi ila.

A awlsam zawngin, Palinopsia chu eng nge ni?

Palinopsia chu i mit hmaa thil i hmuh chhunzawm zel hi a ni a, chu chu lakchhuah a nih hnuah pawh a ni. A nih loh leh, tuna i thil hmuh chu a dik lo anga a lan chuan. Hei hi i mit lama harsatna vang a ni lo. I thluak vision processing area a tihbuai emaw thil danglam emaw avanga lo awm a ni .

A tam zawkah chuan hei hian thluak hmun occipital lobe an tih chu a nghawng a, chu chu lu hnung lamah a awm a, mit hmuhna processing-ah mawhphurtu ber a ni. Mahse, a tlem hle a, stroke ang chi natna khirh tak chhinchhiahna a ni thei . Chuvangin hei hi hriat chian a pawimawh.

Palinopsia chi hrang hrang lian ber ber a awm em?

Ni e, mithiamte chuan he natna hi chi hnih ah an then a. Chungte chu `Hallucinatory` leh `Illusory` an ni. Type tin hnuaiah hian symptom dang engemaw zat a awm bawk. Hengte hi table pakhatah i hrethiam ang u.

Palinopsia chi hrang hrang A sawifiahna leh a lan chhuah dan
Hallucinatory Palinopsia a awm thin
(Magical) a ni.
Heta thil thleng chu thluaka visual memory dahkhawmna hmunte chu a overactive ta a ni. Tun hmaa thil hmuh tawh, minute engemaw zat kalta emaw, kum tam tak kalta emaw pawh nise, hmuh tur a awm nghal mai thei.

Form lian ber berte:

  • Thlalak fiah tak, che thei lo hmuh: Thil pakhat chu chiang taka hmuh a nih avangin mi thenkhat phei chuan khawih an tum hial a ni.
  • Thilthleng tih nawn lehna: Thilthleng tawi te, mi pakhatin an hmai a khawih ang chi chu tih nawn leh theih a ni.
  • Hmun hrang hrangah feature inang chiah hi a lang a:Entirnan, i hmuh zawng zawng hian hmul chi khat an nei vek niin a lang.
  • Pattern pakhat theh darh: Jacket chunga pattern pakhat chu a chhehvel bang, chair, etc.-ah a darh tih hmuh tur a awm.

Palinopsia tih hriat loh (illusory Palinopsia) a ni
(visual lem) a ni.
Heta thil thleng hi thluak hian tuna thil hmuh mek hi a hrilhfiah dik lo a ni. Chu chu vision chu a dik lo anga lang tihna a ni.

Form lian ber berte:

  • Thil eng tak lem chu rei zawka vawn theihna: Eng êng tak kan en hnuah, chu thlalak chu a tlangpui aia rei mit hmaah a awm reng a ni.
  • Light-streaking: Lirthei chak tak headlight hnung lama comet ang maia êng chhuak.
  • Visual trailing: Eng source ai chuan thil che thei apiang chu a hnung lamah trailing line nei angin a lang .
  • Fading vision: Blurry, a chang chuan black, translucent image second tlemte chhung a rawn lang a, chutah chuan a bo leh thin.

Eng thilin nge he dinhmun hi a thlen theih?

Palinopsia hi a chhan tam tak a awm a, mit hmuhna thununtu thluak peng hrang hrang tichhe thei thil eng pawh hian a thlen thei a ni. A chhan ber chu:

  • Migraines: He symptom hi migraines-ah hmuh theih a ni a, a bik takin migraines auras nei, mit hmuhna tichhe thei a ni.
  • Seizures leh epilepsy: Hei hi mit hmuhna nena inzawm thluak hmun hrang hranga seizures vang a ni thei.
  • Thluak tibuaitu natna hrik: Entirnan, `posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)` ang chi natna hi COVID-19 vang a ni thei.
  • Stroke leh TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack): Hetiang dinhmun hi thluaka thisen kal a tihbuai vang a ni thei. TIA chu hun eng emaw chen atana paralysis lo awm leh awm lo a ni.
  • Thluak lama harsatna dangte chu: thluaka tumor tha lo leh cancer nei, concussion leh traumatic brain injury (TBI), leh thluaka thisen chhuak te hi a ni.
  • Damdawi thenkhat: Damdawi thenkhat hman hian hei hi a nghawng thei bawk.
  • Idiopathic: A châng chuan he natna hi a chhan hriat theih lohvin a awm thei .

Damdawi thenkhat pawhin hetiang hi a thlen thei bawk.

Damdawi thenkhat i ei lai hian palinopsia a thlen thei bawk. Chutiang hunah chuan doctor hriattir a pawimawh hle.

  • Depression damdawi thenkhat (`Antidepressants` - e.g. trazodone, mirtazapine) .
  • Epilepsy damdawi thenkhat (`Antiseizure damdawi` - e.g. topiramate) .
  • Naupai theihna damdawi `Clomiphene` ang chi te
  • Naupai venna damdawi
  • Rilru natna atana damdawi `Risperidone' ang chi te
  • Dan loa ruihhlo (`LSD`, `mescaline` ang chi) .

Engtikah nge damdawi lam thurawn ka lak ang? Hei hi emergency a ni em?

Hei hi a pawimawh ber a ni. Palinopsia hi i la neih ngai loh thil a nih chuan in lama mahni chauha natna hmuhchhuah leh enkawl chu a tha lo hle.

Hetiang symptom hi i neih hmasak ber a nih chuan rei vak lo hnuah pawh a bo tawh a nih pawhin doctor pan nghal tur a ni a, hei hi stroke ang chi natna khirh tak chhinchhiahna a nih theih avangin.

Palinopsia, i hmai sir khata tlak, i taksa sir khata rilru hahna, emaw, tawng harsa i neih chuan damdawi in emergency room (ETU)-ah kal nghal rawh. Hengte hi stroke chhinchhiahna berte an ni. Enkawlna dawng tura i nghah rei poh leh i thluak a tichhia thei a ni.

I doctor chuan migraine ang chi natna khirh lo zawk i nei tih a nemnghet a nih chuan engtikah nge damdawi lam thurawn i lak tur tih a hrilh ang che. Mahse, rinhlelhna i neih chuan him lam pan a, damdawi lam thurawn lak hi a tha ber fo.

Hetiang dinhmun hi ven theih a ni em?

Thil engemaw avanga palinopsia natna lo awm thinte chu kan veng thei a ni.

  • Lu hliam laka invenna: Bicycle emaw motor emaw a khalh dawnin helmet vuah fo ang che. Lirthei a chuang dawnin seat belt vuah tur a ni. Hetiang thil awlsam tak takte hian lu hliam leh a vanga harsatna awmte chu a veng thei a ni.
  • I natna rei tak enkawl rawh: Migraine ang chi natna i neih chuan i doctor-in damdawi a pek chu a hun takah ei thin ang che.
  • Damdawi dik tak hmang rawh: I doctor-in a hrilh che ang chiaha damdawi a pek che kha hmang rawh. Damdawi eng pawh i ei hnua heng symptoms zinga pakhat tal i neih chuan doctor hnenah hriattir tur a ni. Tin, ruihhlo dan loa hman loh vek tur a ni.

Zawhna ṭhenkhat chu i ngaihtuah ve mai thei bawk

Palinopsia leh Afterimage hi thil inang an ni em?

Ni lo, an pahnih inkarah hian danglamna chiang tak a awm.

Afterimage a niA pangngai a ni. Thil eng tak second 20-30 vel i en a, i mit i chhing chuan a chhungah chuan a lem i hmu a ni lawm ni? Chu chu ``afterimage'' an tih chu a ni. Hun engemaw chen hnuah a bo a, a tir lama i hmuh ang lo takin a rawn lang fo bawk (negative image).

Mahse Palinopsia hi thil danglam tak a ni. Chutiang a nih chuan thlalak hmuhte chu a chiang zawk a, i thil hmuh hmasak ber nen a rawng inangah a lang a, thil pakhat hmuh tur chuan rei tak i en reng a ngai lo.

Hei hi test a awm em?

Palinopsia hriat theihna tur test bik a awm lo. I doctor chuan zawhna zawtin he natna hi i nei em tih a hre thei ang. Mahse, a chhan zawng tur chuan , MRI emaw CT scan emaw, EEG (thluak hnathawh tehna) ang chi test i neih a ngai mai thei. I doctor chuan i symptoms a zirin eng test nge mamawh tih a rel ang.

Take-Home Thuchah a ni

  • Palinopsia hi mit natna aiin, mit natna aiin, mit hmuhna nena inzawm thluak peng hrang hrangte hnathawh dan inthlak danglamna avanga lo awm a ni.
  • Hei hi migraine ang chi thil awlsam tak atanga stroke ang chi natna khirh tak chhinchhiahna thlengin a ni thei.
  • Hetiang symptom hi a vawi khatna atana i tawn chuan ngaihthah ngai suh, rei lo te atan a bo pawh nise. Damdawi lam thurawn zawng nghal rawh.
  • Mahni inhriatchhuah emaw, natna enkawl emaw pumpelh rawh. A chhan dik tak hriat theih nan doctor pan a pawimawh hle.
  • Palinopsia symptoms i neih chuan, i hmai a tlakbuak, i taksa peng pakhatah a bengchheng emaw, i tawng harsat emaw a nih chuan damdawi in Emergency Department (ETU)-ah kal nghal rawh.

Palinopsia, Palinopsia, mit lama harsatna, mit, thluak natna, paralysis, migraine, miasma, symptoms te

👩🏽 ⚕️ Zawhna dang (FAQ)

💬 Insum theih lohna chu eng nge ni?

Hei hi toilet kal tlai huna thil thleng a ni lo! ‘Incontinence’ hi thunun theih lohna/mualphothlak tak a ni (Loss of bladder/bowel control), i nuih, i khuh, emaw thil rit tak i chawi chuan i thawmhnaw chungah zun/ bawlhhlawh a leak nghal vek (Leakage)! Chumi avang chuan mi tam tak chuan in chhuahsan an hlau a, khawtlang atanga 100% in hla takah an khawsa thin.

💬 Insum theih lohna chhan berte chu engte nge ni?

Urinary incontinence awm chhan berte chu: 1) Hmeichhiaah nau neih hnua (sphincter muscle chak lo). 2) Menopause tih a ni. 3) Mipaah ​​prostate issue a awm. Fecal incontinence hi: 4) Chronic constipation, bowel cancer, emaw hemorrhoid surgery hnua nerve/muscle tihchhiat vang a ni.

💬 He incontinence hi tihdam theih a ni em? Engtikah nge Doctor ka hmuh ang?

Hei hi zah tur leh in lama awm reng tur natna a ni lo, hei hi damdawi (Kegel exercises/medication/surgery) hmanga 100% tihdam theih natna a ni! Mahse, a hlauhawm ber chu! Mi hrisel tak, hnungzang natna ruala awm, rang taka ‘ zun leh ekna a thunun thei lo’ a nih chuan ruh ruh tliak a ni ngei ang a, a ro vek tawh (Cauda Equina Syndrome / fatal)! Damdawi inah dah nghal a ngai a, i ke pahnih chu nunna hloh lo turin i chhanhim a ngai bawk!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Palinopsia leh Afterimage hi thil inang an ni em?

Ni lo, an pahnih inkarah hian danglamna chiang tak a awm.

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

No comments yet. Be the first to share your thoughts here.

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Please calculate: 3 + 6 =
Thil pakhat i paih hnuah pawh i hmu reng em? Palinopsia chungchang hi han sawi ila!
Taksa Hnathawh DanApril 10, 2026

Thil pakhat i paih hnuah pawh i hmu reng em? Palinopsia chungchang hi han sawi ila!

Ngaihtuah teh, room pakhata chair pakhat i en a, chutah i hawi kual a. Mahse, i mit hmaah a la awm reng niin a lang. A nih loh leh car chak tak i en chuan a hnungah comet ang maia êng sei tak a rawn zui tih i hmu a ni. Chutiang thil mak tak tak chu i tawng tawh em? Hei hi damdawi lama palinopsia kan tih chu a ni. A hming awmzia chu "hmuh leh" tihna a ni. Ngaihtuah buai suh, hei hi mit natna a ni lo fo va, kan thluaka mit hmuhna thununtu peng hrang hrang inthlak danglamna a ni fo. Hemi chungchang hi chipchiar takin sawi ila.

A awlsam zawngin, Palinopsia chu eng nge ni?

Palinopsia chu i mit hmaa thil i hmuh chhunzawm zel hi a ni a, chu chu lakchhuah a nih hnuah pawh a ni. A nih loh leh, tuna i thil hmuh chu a dik lo anga a lan chuan. Hei hi i mit lama harsatna vang a ni lo. I thluak vision processing area a tihbuai emaw thil danglam emaw avanga lo awm a ni .

A tam zawkah chuan hei hian thluak hmun occipital lobe an tih chu a nghawng a, chu chu lu hnung lamah a awm a, mit hmuhna processing-ah mawhphurtu ber a ni. Mahse, a tlem hle a, stroke ang chi natna khirh tak chhinchhiahna a ni thei . Chuvangin hei hi hriat chian a pawimawh.

Palinopsia chi hrang hrang lian ber ber a awm em?

Ni e, mithiamte chuan he natna hi chi hnih ah an then a. Chungte chu `Hallucinatory` leh `Illusory` an ni. Type tin hnuaiah hian symptom dang engemaw zat a awm bawk. Hengte hi table pakhatah i hrethiam ang u.

Palinopsia chi hrang hrang A sawifiahna leh a lan chhuah dan
Hallucinatory Palinopsia a awm thin
(Magical) a ni.
Heta thil thleng chu thluaka visual memory dahkhawmna hmunte chu a overactive ta a ni. Tun hmaa thil hmuh tawh, minute engemaw zat kalta emaw, kum tam tak kalta emaw pawh nise, hmuh tur a awm nghal mai thei.

Form lian ber berte:

  • Thlalak fiah tak, che thei lo hmuh: Thil pakhat chu chiang taka hmuh a nih avangin mi thenkhat phei chuan khawih an tum hial a ni.
  • Thilthleng tih nawn lehna: Thilthleng tawi te, mi pakhatin an hmai a khawih ang chi chu tih nawn leh theih a ni.
  • Hmun hrang hrangah feature inang chiah hi a lang a:Entirnan, i hmuh zawng zawng hian hmul chi khat an nei vek niin a lang.
  • Pattern pakhat theh darh: Jacket chunga pattern pakhat chu a chhehvel bang, chair, etc.-ah a darh tih hmuh tur a awm.

Palinopsia tih hriat loh (illusory Palinopsia) a ni
(visual lem) a ni.
Heta thil thleng hi thluak hian tuna thil hmuh mek hi a hrilhfiah dik lo a ni. Chu chu vision chu a dik lo anga lang tihna a ni.

Form lian ber berte:

  • Thil eng tak lem chu rei zawka vawn theihna: Eng êng tak kan en hnuah, chu thlalak chu a tlangpui aia rei mit hmaah a awm reng a ni.
  • Light-streaking: Lirthei chak tak headlight hnung lama comet ang maia êng chhuak.
  • Visual trailing: Eng source ai chuan thil che thei apiang chu a hnung lamah trailing line nei angin a lang .
  • Fading vision: Blurry, a chang chuan black, translucent image second tlemte chhung a rawn lang a, chutah chuan a bo leh thin.

Eng thilin nge he dinhmun hi a thlen theih?

Palinopsia hi a chhan tam tak a awm a, mit hmuhna thununtu thluak peng hrang hrang tichhe thei thil eng pawh hian a thlen thei a ni. A chhan ber chu:

  • Migraines: He symptom hi migraines-ah hmuh theih a ni a, a bik takin migraines auras nei, mit hmuhna tichhe thei a ni.
  • Seizures leh epilepsy: Hei hi mit hmuhna nena inzawm thluak hmun hrang hranga seizures vang a ni thei.
  • Thluak tibuaitu natna hrik: Entirnan, `posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)` ang chi natna hi COVID-19 vang a ni thei.
  • Stroke leh TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack): Hetiang dinhmun hi thluaka thisen kal a tihbuai vang a ni thei. TIA chu hun eng emaw chen atana paralysis lo awm leh awm lo a ni.
  • Thluak lama harsatna dangte chu: thluaka tumor tha lo leh cancer nei, concussion leh traumatic brain injury (TBI), leh thluaka thisen chhuak te hi a ni.
  • Damdawi thenkhat: Damdawi thenkhat hman hian hei hi a nghawng thei bawk.
  • Idiopathic: A châng chuan he natna hi a chhan hriat theih lohvin a awm thei .

Damdawi thenkhat pawhin hetiang hi a thlen thei bawk.

Damdawi thenkhat i ei lai hian palinopsia a thlen thei bawk. Chutiang hunah chuan doctor hriattir a pawimawh hle.

  • Depression damdawi thenkhat (`Antidepressants` - e.g. trazodone, mirtazapine) .
  • Epilepsy damdawi thenkhat (`Antiseizure damdawi` - e.g. topiramate) .
  • Naupai theihna damdawi `Clomiphene` ang chi te
  • Naupai venna damdawi
  • Rilru natna atana damdawi `Risperidone' ang chi te
  • Dan loa ruihhlo (`LSD`, `mescaline` ang chi) .

Engtikah nge damdawi lam thurawn ka lak ang? Hei hi emergency a ni em?

Hei hi a pawimawh ber a ni. Palinopsia hi i la neih ngai loh thil a nih chuan in lama mahni chauha natna hmuhchhuah leh enkawl chu a tha lo hle.

Hetiang symptom hi i neih hmasak ber a nih chuan rei vak lo hnuah pawh a bo tawh a nih pawhin doctor pan nghal tur a ni a, hei hi stroke ang chi natna khirh tak chhinchhiahna a nih theih avangin.

Palinopsia, i hmai sir khata tlak, i taksa sir khata rilru hahna, emaw, tawng harsa i neih chuan damdawi in emergency room (ETU)-ah kal nghal rawh. Hengte hi stroke chhinchhiahna berte an ni. Enkawlna dawng tura i nghah rei poh leh i thluak a tichhia thei a ni.

I doctor chuan migraine ang chi natna khirh lo zawk i nei tih a nemnghet a nih chuan engtikah nge damdawi lam thurawn i lak tur tih a hrilh ang che. Mahse, rinhlelhna i neih chuan him lam pan a, damdawi lam thurawn lak hi a tha ber fo.

Hetiang dinhmun hi ven theih a ni em?

Thil engemaw avanga palinopsia natna lo awm thinte chu kan veng thei a ni.

  • Lu hliam laka invenna: Bicycle emaw motor emaw a khalh dawnin helmet vuah fo ang che. Lirthei a chuang dawnin seat belt vuah tur a ni. Hetiang thil awlsam tak takte hian lu hliam leh a vanga harsatna awmte chu a veng thei a ni.
  • I natna rei tak enkawl rawh: Migraine ang chi natna i neih chuan i doctor-in damdawi a pek chu a hun takah ei thin ang che.
  • Damdawi dik tak hmang rawh: I doctor-in a hrilh che ang chiaha damdawi a pek che kha hmang rawh. Damdawi eng pawh i ei hnua heng symptoms zinga pakhat tal i neih chuan doctor hnenah hriattir tur a ni. Tin, ruihhlo dan loa hman loh vek tur a ni.

Zawhna ṭhenkhat chu i ngaihtuah ve mai thei bawk

Palinopsia leh Afterimage hi thil inang an ni em?

Ni lo, an pahnih inkarah hian danglamna chiang tak a awm.

Afterimage a niA pangngai a ni. Thil eng tak second 20-30 vel i en a, i mit i chhing chuan a chhungah chuan a lem i hmu a ni lawm ni? Chu chu ``afterimage'' an tih chu a ni. Hun engemaw chen hnuah a bo a, a tir lama i hmuh ang lo takin a rawn lang fo bawk (negative image).

Mahse Palinopsia hi thil danglam tak a ni. Chutiang a nih chuan thlalak hmuhte chu a chiang zawk a, i thil hmuh hmasak ber nen a rawng inangah a lang a, thil pakhat hmuh tur chuan rei tak i en reng a ngai lo.

Hei hi test a awm em?

Palinopsia hriat theihna tur test bik a awm lo. I doctor chuan zawhna zawtin he natna hi i nei em tih a hre thei ang. Mahse, a chhan zawng tur chuan , MRI emaw CT scan emaw, EEG (thluak hnathawh tehna) ang chi test i neih a ngai mai thei. I doctor chuan i symptoms a zirin eng test nge mamawh tih a rel ang.

Take-Home Thuchah a ni

  • Palinopsia hi mit natna aiin, mit natna aiin, mit hmuhna nena inzawm thluak peng hrang hrangte hnathawh dan inthlak danglamna avanga lo awm a ni.
  • Hei hi migraine ang chi thil awlsam tak atanga stroke ang chi natna khirh tak chhinchhiahna thlengin a ni thei.
  • Hetiang symptom hi a vawi khatna atana i tawn chuan ngaihthah ngai suh, rei lo te atan a bo pawh nise. Damdawi lam thurawn zawng nghal rawh.
  • Mahni inhriatchhuah emaw, natna enkawl emaw pumpelh rawh. A chhan dik tak hriat theih nan doctor pan a pawimawh hle.
  • Palinopsia symptoms i neih chuan, i hmai a tlakbuak, i taksa peng pakhatah a bengchheng emaw, i tawng harsat emaw a nih chuan damdawi in Emergency Department (ETU)-ah kal nghal rawh.

Palinopsia, Palinopsia, mit lama harsatna, mit, thluak natna, paralysis, migraine, miasma, symptoms te

👩🏽 ⚕️ Zawhna dang (FAQ)

💬 Insum theih lohna chu eng nge ni?

Hei hi toilet kal tlai huna thil thleng a ni lo! ‘Incontinence’ hi thunun theih lohna/mualphothlak tak a ni (Loss of bladder/bowel control), i nuih, i khuh, emaw thil rit tak i chawi chuan i thawmhnaw chungah zun/ bawlhhlawh a leak nghal vek (Leakage)! Chumi avang chuan mi tam tak chuan in chhuahsan an hlau a, khawtlang atanga 100% in hla takah an khawsa thin.

💬 Insum theih lohna chhan berte chu engte nge ni?

Urinary incontinence awm chhan berte chu: 1) Hmeichhiaah nau neih hnua (sphincter muscle chak lo). 2) Menopause tih a ni. 3) Mipaah ​​prostate issue a awm. Fecal incontinence hi: 4) Chronic constipation, bowel cancer, emaw hemorrhoid surgery hnua nerve/muscle tihchhiat vang a ni.

💬 He incontinence hi tihdam theih a ni em? Engtikah nge Doctor ka hmuh ang?

Hei hi zah tur leh in lama awm reng tur natna a ni lo, hei hi damdawi (Kegel exercises/medication/surgery) hmanga 100% tihdam theih natna a ni! Mahse, a hlauhawm ber chu! Mi hrisel tak, hnungzang natna ruala awm, rang taka ‘ zun leh ekna a thunun thei lo’ a nih chuan ruh ruh tliak a ni ngei ang a, a ro vek tawh (Cauda Equina Syndrome / fatal)! Damdawi inah dah nghal a ngai a, i ke pahnih chu nunna hloh lo turin i chhanhim a ngai bawk!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Palinopsia leh Afterimage hi thil inang an ni em?

Ni lo, an pahnih inkarah hian danglamna chiang tak a awm.

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

No comments yet. Be the first to share your thoughts here.

Add Your Comment

Please calculate: 3 + 6 =