Skip to main content

Kia ako tātou mō te Mate Tākihi Pūkahukahu i roto i ngā kupu māmā noa iho.

Kia ako tātou mō te Mate Tākihi Pūkahukahu i roto i ngā kupu māmā noa iho.

He mamae tō tuara, tō taha, tō hope rānei i ētahi wā? Kua kite rānei koe i te toto i roto i tō mimi? Tērā pea nā te raruraru o te whatukuhu ēnei. He maha ngā tāngata e kore e aro ki ēnei mea, engari he tohu nui pea ēnei. I tēnei rā ka kōrero tātou mō tētahi āhuatanga e kiia nei ko te 'Cystic Kidney Disease' e pāngia ana e te tini o ngā tāngata, engari kāore i te tino mōhio. Kia titiro tātou he aha tēnei, he aha i puta ai, me ngā mea ka taea te mahi mōna.

He aha te mate whatukuhu pūkahukahu?

He whakarāpopototanga noa iho tēnei, he rōpū āhuatanga e puta ai tētahi, ētahi rānei o ngā pēke kī tonu i te wai (e kiia nei ko ngā cyst) i roto, i te taha rānei o ō whatukuhu. Whakaarohia ēnei he poihau iti kua whakakiia ki te wai. Ina puta ēnei pēke i roto i ngā whatukuhu, ka taea e rātou te whakararuraru i te mahi matua a ngā whatukuhu ki te tātari i ngā para me te wai nui mai i te toto. I roto i te wā, ka taea e tēnei āhuatanga te arahi ki te ngoikore o te whatukuhu.

He pēhea te noa o tēnei āhuatanga?

Kei te momo mate te mea e tino kitea ana. Hei tauira, he mea tino noa te momo e kiia nei ko 'Simple Kidney Cysts'. I te toharite, tata ki te kotahi i roto i te tekau tāngata ka kitea. Engari he onge ake ētahi atu momo o tēnei rōpū mate.

He aha ngā tohu matua o tēnei mate?

Nā te mea he rerekē ngā momo mate tākihi cystic, ka rerekē pea ngā tohu i waenga i te tangata me te tangata. Heoi, he iti noa ngā tohu e kitea ana. Me titiro tātou ki ēnei tohu.

Tohu He whakamārama māmā
Mamae tuara me te kaki Nā te mea kei te taha o te tuaiwi ngā whatukuhu, ka pā te mamae i te rahi haere o ngā pukupuku.
Te toto i roto i te mimi (Hematuria) Ka taea e te toto te kohi i roto i te mimi nā te pakaru o ngā pukupuku, nā te kino rānei o te whatukuhu.
Te uaua ki te mimiHe iti iho te mimi e mimihia ana i tō te tikanga, he ahua kore rānei e pai ki a koe.
Te toto toto tiketike Ka pāngia te whakahaere toto toto e te ngoikore o te mahi whatukuhu.
Ngā mate urutā mimi auau Ka piki ake te mōrearea o te mate i ngā panonitanga o te mahi a te whatukuhu.
Ngā Kōhatu Tākihi Ka piki ake te mōrearea o te hanganga kōhatu i ngā panonitanga o te mahi a te whatukuhu.

He aha i pēnei ai te āhua o ngā pukupuku? He aha te take o tēnei?

He maha ngā take mō tēnei. Ko ētahi momo he mea tuku iho , arā, ka taea te tuku iho i ngā mātua ki ngā tamariki. Ko ētahi atu momo ka puta ake i muri mai i te ao, nā ētahi atu mate, ngā whānautanga hapa, te koroheketanga rānei.

He whakarāpopototanga noa iho, he mano tini ngā ngongo ririki (ngā ngongo whatukuhu) o roto i ō tātou whatukuhu e tātari ana i te toto. Ka puta he pūkahukahu ina pakaru tetahi wāhanga iti o tētahi o ēnei ngongo, ā, ka kohia he wai ki roto.

Ko wai te mea tino mōrearea ki te whakawhanake i tēnei mate?

Ahakoa he rerekē ngā āhuatanga mōrearea mō ia momo, i te nuinga o te wā, he paku teitei ake te mōrearea o ēnei tāngata:

  • Ngā tāngata neke atu i te 50 tau te pakeke.
  • Ngā tāngata e pāngia ana e te mate whatukuhu mau tonu (CKD) me te ngoikore rānei o te whatukuhu.
  • Ko te hunga he hītori whānau tō rātou kua pā ki tēnei mate, he ira rerekē rānei e pā ana ki a rātou.

Me pēhea te tautuhi a te tākuta i tēnei mate?

Ina haere koe ki te kite i tō tākuta, ka pātai tuatahi ia ki a koe mō ō tohumate. Ka pātai anō hoki ia mēnā kua pāngia tētahi o tō whānau e ēnei mate. Kātahi ka tūtohu ia i tētahi, i ētahi rānei o ngā whakamātautau e whai ake nei hei tirotiro i ngā kōhatu tākihi:

  • Matawai Ultrasound: Koinei te tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana, e māmā ana, e kore hoki e mamae.
  • Matawai CT: Ka taea te whakarato i ngā whakaahua mārama ake, taipitopito ake hoki o ngā whatukuhu.
  • Matawai MRI: Ko tētahi atu tikanga tēnei e whakarato ana i ngā whakaahua tino mārama.

Hei tāpiritanga, tera pea ka whakahaerehia he whakamātautau toto me te tātari mimi hei tirotiro i te pai o te tātari toto a ō whatukuhu.

He aha ngā maimoatanga mō tēnei?

Ko te maimoatanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo mate kei a koe, te āhua o ngā pukupuku, me te kaha o ō tohu.

Mō ngā Pūngāwerewere Tākihi Māmā

I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā whēkau māmā kāore he tohu, ā, kāore he raruraru e puta, kāore e hiahiatia he maimoatanga motuhake. Ka tirotirohia e tō tākuta ia tau hei tirotiro mēnā kei te nui haere te whēkau . Heoi, mēnā kei te mamae, kei te raru rānei te whēkau, ka taea e koe te mahi i ēnei e whai ake nei:

  • Te mimiti i te ngira pai: I a koe e mātakitaki ana i te matawai, ka werohia he ngira pai hei tango i te wai i roto i te pukupuku.
  • Pokanga laparoscopic: Te tango, te tahu rānei i te pukupuku mā te whakamahi i te kāmera mā roto i tētahi tapahi iti.

Mena ka puta te ngoikore o te whatukuhu

Mena ka kino haere te mate, ā, ka pā mai te ngoikore o te whatukuhu, ka tūtohu pea tō tākuta i ngā maimoatanga pēnei i:

  • Dialysis: He mīhini e mahi ana i te mahi horoi i ō toto e kore e taea e ō whatukuhu te mahi.
  • Te Whakatō Whatukuhu: He whakatōnga whatukuhu hauora mai i tētahi kaituku ora, kua mate rānei.
  • Ngā rongoā mō te toto toto tiketike: Te hoatu rongoā ("ngā rongoā antihypertensives") hei whakahaere i te toto toto tiketike.
  • Ngā huringa āhua noho: Ka taea e koe te whakahaere i te toto toto mā te mahi i ngā mahi pēnei i te whakakori tinana i ia rā, te pupuri i te taumaha hauora, me te karo i te momi hikareti.

He aha ngā momo rerekē o te mate whatukuhu cystic?

Ae, he maha ngā momo matua o tēnei mate. Ko ētahi ka puta mai i ngā take ira, ko ētahi ka riro mai i te wā e ora ana.

Momo mate Whakamārama
Ngā momo i puta mai i ngā take ira
Te Mate Tākihi Polycystic (PKD) Ko te momo ira tino kitea. He nui ngā pūkahukahu ka puta i roto i ngā whatukuhu e rua, ka nui haere ngā whatukuhu, ka ngaro hoki te mahi.
Te Mate Tākihi Pūkahukahu Waenga (MCKD) Ka puta ngā pukupuku i te wāhanga o roto (medulla) o ngā whatukuhu. Ka kino ngā ngongo whatukuhu i tēnei, ka puta te mumura me te whara.
Ngā momo i riro mai
Ngā Pūkahukahu Whatukuhu Māmā Ko te momo melanoma tēnei e tino kitea ana i roto i te hunga neke atu i te 50 tau te pakeke, kāore he kino, engari he onge te huri hei mate pukupuku.
Te Mate Tākihi Pūkahukahu i Whiwhihia Ngā pūkahukahu e puta ake ana i muri mai i te oranga nā te mate tākihi mau tonu, te ngoikore rānei o te tākihi. He mea tino kitea i waenga i ngā tūroro e tangohia ana te dialysis.

He aha ngā kai me karo mēnā he kōhatu tākihi tōu?

Mena he mate tākihi tōu, ā, kāore ō tākihi e mahi tika ana, he mea nui kia kōrero koe ki tētahi tohunga kai tākihi hei whakawhanake i tētahi mahere kai e tika ana māu. I te nuinga o te wā, me whakawhāiti e koe ēnei e whai ake nei:

  • Ngā kai he nui te tote (konutai): Ngā mea pēnei i te pīkara, te ika maroke, ngā ranu, me ngā kai kēne.
  • Ngā kai whai pūmua: Te whakawhāiti i ngā kai pēnei i te mīti, te ika, me ngā hua manu ki te nui e tika ana.
  • Ngā kai he nui te pāhare pāporo me te whākōkī: Ngā hua miraka, ngā nati, ngā panana, ngā karaka, ngā rīwai, me ētahi atu.
  • He mea nui anō hoki kia nui ake ngā kai e pai ana mō te ngākau ki roto i tāu kai.

Āhea koe me toro atu ki te tākuta tonu?

He tohu pea ēnei mō te ngoikore ohorere o te whatukuhu. Mēnā kei a koe tētahi, neke atu rānei o ēnei, me toro atu ki te tākuta tonu , me haere rānei ki te Tari Ohotata (ETU) o te hōhipera tata.

Kia tūpato ki ngā tohu pēnei i te mamae o te puku, te iti o te mimi, te pupuhi o ngā ringa, ngā pona waewae, me te mata (edema), te tino ngenge, te mākūkū o te kiri, te kore hiahia kai, te whakapairuaki me te ruaki, me te uaua ki te manawa.

Ahakoa kāore e taea te whakaora katoa i tēnei mate, mā te maimoatanga tika me ngā huringa momo noho, ka taea te whakahaere i te mate, ka taea te whakaiti i te kino o ngā whatukuhu, ā, ka taea e koe te ora pai mō ngā tau maha. Nō reira, ki te pā mai ngā tohu, he mea nui kia kaua e mataku, me kōrero ki tō tākuta.

Karere Tangohia ki te Kāinga

  • He tino noa ngā pukupuku māmā i roto i ngā whatukuhu, ā, he kore noa iho he kino.
  • Heoi anō, ko ētahi momo (ina koa ko te Mate Tākihi Polycystic - PKD) ka taea te tuku iho, ka arahi atu ki ngā mate kino ake.
  • Kaua rawa e warewarehia ngā tohu pēnei i te mamae o te tuara, o te hope rānei, te toto rānei i roto i tō mimi. Kōrero tonu ki tō tākuta.
  • Mā te tautuhi wawe me te maimoatanga tika ka whakaiti i te kino ki ngā whatukuhu.
  • He mea tino nui mō te hauora o ngā whatukuhu ngā mahi pēnei i te whakahaere i te toto toto, te whai i tētahi kai hauora, me te karo i te momi hikareti.

Mate Tākihi, Mate Tākihi Pūkahukahu, Ngā Pūkahukahu Tākihi, PKD, Dialysis, Whakatō Tākihi, Toto i roto i te Mimi, Mamae Tuara

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Ko wai te mea tino mōrearea ki te whakawhanake i tēnei mate?

Ahakoa he rerekē ngā āhuatanga mōrearea mō ia momo, i te nuinga o te wā, he paku teitei ake te mōrearea o ēnei tāngata:

He aha ngā kai me karo mēnā he kōhatu tākihi tōu?

Mena he mate tākihi tōu, ā, kāore ō tākihi e mahi tika ana, he mea nui kia kōrero koe ki tētahi tohunga kai tākihi hei whakawhanake i tētahi mahere kai e tika ana māu. I te nuinga o te wā, me whakawhāiti e koe ēnei e whai ake nei:

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Kaore ano kia tukuna he korero. Tāpirihia to korero ki konei mo te wa tuatahi.

Tāpirihia to korero

Tātaihia koa: 4 + 1 =
Kia ako tātou mō te Mate Tākihi Pūkahukahu i roto i ngā kupu māmā noa iho.
Ngā tohu7 Hūrae 2026

Kia ako tātou mō te Mate Tākihi Pūkahukahu i roto i ngā kupu māmā noa iho.

He mamae tō tuara, tō taha, tō hope rānei i ētahi wā? Kua kite rānei koe i te toto i roto i tō mimi? Tērā pea nā te raruraru o te whatukuhu ēnei. He maha ngā tāngata e kore e aro ki ēnei mea, engari he tohu nui pea ēnei. I tēnei rā ka kōrero tātou mō tētahi āhuatanga e kiia nei ko te 'Cystic Kidney Disease' e pāngia ana e te tini o ngā tāngata, engari kāore i te tino mōhio. Kia titiro tātou he aha tēnei, he aha i puta ai, me ngā mea ka taea te mahi mōna.

He aha te mate whatukuhu pūkahukahu?

He whakarāpopototanga noa iho tēnei, he rōpū āhuatanga e puta ai tētahi, ētahi rānei o ngā pēke kī tonu i te wai (e kiia nei ko ngā cyst) i roto, i te taha rānei o ō whatukuhu. Whakaarohia ēnei he poihau iti kua whakakiia ki te wai. Ina puta ēnei pēke i roto i ngā whatukuhu, ka taea e rātou te whakararuraru i te mahi matua a ngā whatukuhu ki te tātari i ngā para me te wai nui mai i te toto. I roto i te wā, ka taea e tēnei āhuatanga te arahi ki te ngoikore o te whatukuhu.

He pēhea te noa o tēnei āhuatanga?

Kei te momo mate te mea e tino kitea ana. Hei tauira, he mea tino noa te momo e kiia nei ko 'Simple Kidney Cysts'. I te toharite, tata ki te kotahi i roto i te tekau tāngata ka kitea. Engari he onge ake ētahi atu momo o tēnei rōpū mate.

He aha ngā tohu matua o tēnei mate?

Nā te mea he rerekē ngā momo mate tākihi cystic, ka rerekē pea ngā tohu i waenga i te tangata me te tangata. Heoi, he iti noa ngā tohu e kitea ana. Me titiro tātou ki ēnei tohu.

Tohu He whakamārama māmā
Mamae tuara me te kaki Nā te mea kei te taha o te tuaiwi ngā whatukuhu, ka pā te mamae i te rahi haere o ngā pukupuku.
Te toto i roto i te mimi (Hematuria) Ka taea e te toto te kohi i roto i te mimi nā te pakaru o ngā pukupuku, nā te kino rānei o te whatukuhu.
Te uaua ki te mimiHe iti iho te mimi e mimihia ana i tō te tikanga, he ahua kore rānei e pai ki a koe.
Te toto toto tiketike Ka pāngia te whakahaere toto toto e te ngoikore o te mahi whatukuhu.
Ngā mate urutā mimi auau Ka piki ake te mōrearea o te mate i ngā panonitanga o te mahi a te whatukuhu.
Ngā Kōhatu Tākihi Ka piki ake te mōrearea o te hanganga kōhatu i ngā panonitanga o te mahi a te whatukuhu.

He aha i pēnei ai te āhua o ngā pukupuku? He aha te take o tēnei?

He maha ngā take mō tēnei. Ko ētahi momo he mea tuku iho , arā, ka taea te tuku iho i ngā mātua ki ngā tamariki. Ko ētahi atu momo ka puta ake i muri mai i te ao, nā ētahi atu mate, ngā whānautanga hapa, te koroheketanga rānei.

He whakarāpopototanga noa iho, he mano tini ngā ngongo ririki (ngā ngongo whatukuhu) o roto i ō tātou whatukuhu e tātari ana i te toto. Ka puta he pūkahukahu ina pakaru tetahi wāhanga iti o tētahi o ēnei ngongo, ā, ka kohia he wai ki roto.

Ko wai te mea tino mōrearea ki te whakawhanake i tēnei mate?

Ahakoa he rerekē ngā āhuatanga mōrearea mō ia momo, i te nuinga o te wā, he paku teitei ake te mōrearea o ēnei tāngata:

  • Ngā tāngata neke atu i te 50 tau te pakeke.
  • Ngā tāngata e pāngia ana e te mate whatukuhu mau tonu (CKD) me te ngoikore rānei o te whatukuhu.
  • Ko te hunga he hītori whānau tō rātou kua pā ki tēnei mate, he ira rerekē rānei e pā ana ki a rātou.

Me pēhea te tautuhi a te tākuta i tēnei mate?

Ina haere koe ki te kite i tō tākuta, ka pātai tuatahi ia ki a koe mō ō tohumate. Ka pātai anō hoki ia mēnā kua pāngia tētahi o tō whānau e ēnei mate. Kātahi ka tūtohu ia i tētahi, i ētahi rānei o ngā whakamātautau e whai ake nei hei tirotiro i ngā kōhatu tākihi:

  • Matawai Ultrasound: Koinei te tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana, e māmā ana, e kore hoki e mamae.
  • Matawai CT: Ka taea te whakarato i ngā whakaahua mārama ake, taipitopito ake hoki o ngā whatukuhu.
  • Matawai MRI: Ko tētahi atu tikanga tēnei e whakarato ana i ngā whakaahua tino mārama.

Hei tāpiritanga, tera pea ka whakahaerehia he whakamātautau toto me te tātari mimi hei tirotiro i te pai o te tātari toto a ō whatukuhu.

He aha ngā maimoatanga mō tēnei?

Ko te maimoatanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo mate kei a koe, te āhua o ngā pukupuku, me te kaha o ō tohu.

Mō ngā Pūngāwerewere Tākihi Māmā

I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā whēkau māmā kāore he tohu, ā, kāore he raruraru e puta, kāore e hiahiatia he maimoatanga motuhake. Ka tirotirohia e tō tākuta ia tau hei tirotiro mēnā kei te nui haere te whēkau . Heoi, mēnā kei te mamae, kei te raru rānei te whēkau, ka taea e koe te mahi i ēnei e whai ake nei:

  • Te mimiti i te ngira pai: I a koe e mātakitaki ana i te matawai, ka werohia he ngira pai hei tango i te wai i roto i te pukupuku.
  • Pokanga laparoscopic: Te tango, te tahu rānei i te pukupuku mā te whakamahi i te kāmera mā roto i tētahi tapahi iti.

Mena ka puta te ngoikore o te whatukuhu

Mena ka kino haere te mate, ā, ka pā mai te ngoikore o te whatukuhu, ka tūtohu pea tō tākuta i ngā maimoatanga pēnei i:

  • Dialysis: He mīhini e mahi ana i te mahi horoi i ō toto e kore e taea e ō whatukuhu te mahi.
  • Te Whakatō Whatukuhu: He whakatōnga whatukuhu hauora mai i tētahi kaituku ora, kua mate rānei.
  • Ngā rongoā mō te toto toto tiketike: Te hoatu rongoā ("ngā rongoā antihypertensives") hei whakahaere i te toto toto tiketike.
  • Ngā huringa āhua noho: Ka taea e koe te whakahaere i te toto toto mā te mahi i ngā mahi pēnei i te whakakori tinana i ia rā, te pupuri i te taumaha hauora, me te karo i te momi hikareti.

He aha ngā momo rerekē o te mate whatukuhu cystic?

Ae, he maha ngā momo matua o tēnei mate. Ko ētahi ka puta mai i ngā take ira, ko ētahi ka riro mai i te wā e ora ana.

Momo mate Whakamārama
Ngā momo i puta mai i ngā take ira
Te Mate Tākihi Polycystic (PKD) Ko te momo ira tino kitea. He nui ngā pūkahukahu ka puta i roto i ngā whatukuhu e rua, ka nui haere ngā whatukuhu, ka ngaro hoki te mahi.
Te Mate Tākihi Pūkahukahu Waenga (MCKD) Ka puta ngā pukupuku i te wāhanga o roto (medulla) o ngā whatukuhu. Ka kino ngā ngongo whatukuhu i tēnei, ka puta te mumura me te whara.
Ngā momo i riro mai
Ngā Pūkahukahu Whatukuhu Māmā Ko te momo melanoma tēnei e tino kitea ana i roto i te hunga neke atu i te 50 tau te pakeke, kāore he kino, engari he onge te huri hei mate pukupuku.
Te Mate Tākihi Pūkahukahu i Whiwhihia Ngā pūkahukahu e puta ake ana i muri mai i te oranga nā te mate tākihi mau tonu, te ngoikore rānei o te tākihi. He mea tino kitea i waenga i ngā tūroro e tangohia ana te dialysis.

He aha ngā kai me karo mēnā he kōhatu tākihi tōu?

Mena he mate tākihi tōu, ā, kāore ō tākihi e mahi tika ana, he mea nui kia kōrero koe ki tētahi tohunga kai tākihi hei whakawhanake i tētahi mahere kai e tika ana māu. I te nuinga o te wā, me whakawhāiti e koe ēnei e whai ake nei:

  • Ngā kai he nui te tote (konutai): Ngā mea pēnei i te pīkara, te ika maroke, ngā ranu, me ngā kai kēne.
  • Ngā kai whai pūmua: Te whakawhāiti i ngā kai pēnei i te mīti, te ika, me ngā hua manu ki te nui e tika ana.
  • Ngā kai he nui te pāhare pāporo me te whākōkī: Ngā hua miraka, ngā nati, ngā panana, ngā karaka, ngā rīwai, me ētahi atu.
  • He mea nui anō hoki kia nui ake ngā kai e pai ana mō te ngākau ki roto i tāu kai.

Āhea koe me toro atu ki te tākuta tonu?

He tohu pea ēnei mō te ngoikore ohorere o te whatukuhu. Mēnā kei a koe tētahi, neke atu rānei o ēnei, me toro atu ki te tākuta tonu , me haere rānei ki te Tari Ohotata (ETU) o te hōhipera tata.

Kia tūpato ki ngā tohu pēnei i te mamae o te puku, te iti o te mimi, te pupuhi o ngā ringa, ngā pona waewae, me te mata (edema), te tino ngenge, te mākūkū o te kiri, te kore hiahia kai, te whakapairuaki me te ruaki, me te uaua ki te manawa.

Ahakoa kāore e taea te whakaora katoa i tēnei mate, mā te maimoatanga tika me ngā huringa momo noho, ka taea te whakahaere i te mate, ka taea te whakaiti i te kino o ngā whatukuhu, ā, ka taea e koe te ora pai mō ngā tau maha. Nō reira, ki te pā mai ngā tohu, he mea nui kia kaua e mataku, me kōrero ki tō tākuta.

Karere Tangohia ki te Kāinga

  • He tino noa ngā pukupuku māmā i roto i ngā whatukuhu, ā, he kore noa iho he kino.
  • Heoi anō, ko ētahi momo (ina koa ko te Mate Tākihi Polycystic - PKD) ka taea te tuku iho, ka arahi atu ki ngā mate kino ake.
  • Kaua rawa e warewarehia ngā tohu pēnei i te mamae o te tuara, o te hope rānei, te toto rānei i roto i tō mimi. Kōrero tonu ki tō tākuta.
  • Mā te tautuhi wawe me te maimoatanga tika ka whakaiti i te kino ki ngā whatukuhu.
  • He mea tino nui mō te hauora o ngā whatukuhu ngā mahi pēnei i te whakahaere i te toto toto, te whai i tētahi kai hauora, me te karo i te momi hikareti.

Mate Tākihi, Mate Tākihi Pūkahukahu, Ngā Pūkahukahu Tākihi, PKD, Dialysis, Whakatō Tākihi, Toto i roto i te Mimi, Mamae Tuara

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Ko wai te mea tino mōrearea ki te whakawhanake i tēnei mate?

Ahakoa he rerekē ngā āhuatanga mōrearea mō ia momo, i te nuinga o te wā, he paku teitei ake te mōrearea o ēnei tāngata:

He aha ngā kai me karo mēnā he kōhatu tākihi tōu?

Mena he mate tākihi tōu, ā, kāore ō tākihi e mahi tika ana, he mea nui kia kōrero koe ki tētahi tohunga kai tākihi hei whakawhanake i tētahi mahere kai e tika ana māu. I te nuinga o te wā, me whakawhāiti e koe ēnei e whai ake nei:

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Kaore ano kia tukuna he korero. Tāpirihia to korero ki konei mo te wa tuatahi.

Tāpirihia to korero

Tātaihia koa: 4 + 1 =