Kodi mwana wanu amavutika kukhala pamalo amodzi? Tiyeni tiphunzire za ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)!

Kodi mwana wanu nthawi zonse amakhala pamalo amodzi? Akuvutika, akuthamanga, akudumphadumpha... Kodi mwatopa ndi kusamvera zomwe zikunenedwa? Izi zitha kukhala zizindikiro za chinthu chozama kuposa momwe timaganizira. Umenewo ndi matenda otchedwa ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) . ADHD si vuto losowa chidwi chabe, koma ndi vuto lovuta kwambiri, lokhudzana ndi ubongo. Chifukwa cha izi, amavutika pang'ono kulabadira zinthu zina, kukhala pamalo amodzi, ndikulamulira maganizo awo nthawi imodzi. Koma, chodabwitsa ndichakuti, akamachita chinthu chomwe amakonda, amatha ngakhale 'kuganizira kwambiri'!

Zizindikiro za ADHD nthawi zambiri zimayamba pakati pa zaka 3 ndi 6. Nthawi zina, zimatha kupezeka ngakhale atakula. Anthu ena amazindikira vutoli akakula. Ngakhale kuti palibe mankhwala athunthu a ADHD, musadandaule, zizindikirozi zitha kuthetsedwa bwino ndi zinthu monga mankhwala ndi njira zochiritsira.

Ana mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi ADHD. Vutoli ndi lofala kwambiri m'dziko lathu. Ngati mwana wanu wapezeka ndi ADHD, kudziwa zoona zake, komanso kulankhula ndi makolo ena a ana omwe ali ndi ADHD, kudzakuthandizani kwambiri inu ndi mwana wanu kuti muwathandize. Musanyengedwe ndi nthano.

Kodi pali mitundu ya ADHD? Kodi ndi iti?

Inde, madokotala amalankhula za mitundu inayi ikuluikulu pozindikira ADHD mwa ana ndi akuluakulu:

• ADHD yosasamalira: Mtundu uwu umadziwika ndi kuvutika kumvetsera, kumaliza ntchito, ndi kusunga zinthu mwadongosolo. Mu mtundu uwu, zizindikiro za kusakhazikika ndi kusakhazikika sizimafala kawirikawiri, ngati zilipo. Anthuwa nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati "maloto" m'kalasi kapena kunyumba.

• ADHD Yochita Zinthu Mopitirira Muyeso: Anthu awa amavutika kukhala chete kapena kukhala chete. Ali ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo amakonda kulankhula kwambiri. Amalowererapo ena akamalankhula, ndipo amachita zinthu popanda kuganiza. Komabe, anthuwa sangakhale ndi vuto lodziwika bwino la kumvetsera.

• Kuwonetsa zinthu mophatikizana: Uwu ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri wa ADHD. Izi ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amaganiza akamva mawu akuti ADHD. Zimaphatikiza kusaganizira bwino zomwe zatchulidwa kale komanso zizindikiro za kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso/kusaganiza bwino.

• Kuwonetsa kosadziwika: Mtundu uwu wa ADHD ndi woopsa kwambiri moti ungasokoneze moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, koma sukugwirizana ndi zofunikira za mitundu yakale. Madokotala amautcha kuti 'ADHD yosadziwikiratu'.

Komanso, kutengera momwe zizindikirozi zimakhudzira moyo wanu watsiku ndi tsiku, madokotala amaika matendawa m'magulu ofatsa, apakati, komanso ovuta .

Kodi zizindikiro za ADHD ndi ziti?

Zizindikiro za ADHD zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu:

1.Zizindikiro za kusaganizira bwino: Zizindikirozi zimakhudza luso lanu loyang'ana pa ntchito ndikuyimaliza kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto. Mutha kuzengereza ntchito zomwe zimafuna chisamaliro chanu. Mungawoneke ngati mukusokonezeka ngakhale wina akulankhula, ndipo mungataye zinthu pafupipafupi.

2. Zizindikiro za kuchita zinthu mopupuluma/kusaganiza bwino: Zizindikirozi zimakhudza kuthekera kokhala chete, kukhala pamalo amodzi momasuka, ndipo zingakuvuteni kudikira nthawi kapena kuganiza musanalankhule.

Pali zizindikiro pafupifupi zisanu ndi zinayi m'magulu onsewa. Zafotokozedwa pansipa. Koma chofunika ndichakuti izi ndi makhalidwe abwinobwino omwe ana ambiri amawonetsa nthawi ndi nthawi. Si mwana aliyense amene amachita izi nthawi zina amakhala ndi ADHD. Madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosamala kwambiri kuti adziwe ADHD.

Zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chidwi (mwa ana):

Onani ngati mwana wanu akuchita zinthu ngati izi:

• Amapewa ntchito zomwe zimafuna chisamaliro chambiri (monga homuweki, ntchito ya kusukulu).
• Sasamala mokwanira zinthu zinazake, kapena amaoneka ngati akuchita zolakwika mosasamala .
• Nthawi zambiri ndimaiwala zinthu zomwe ndiyenera kuchita.
• N'zosavuta kusokonezedwa ndi zinthu zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira inu, ndipo nthawi zina ndi malingaliro anu.
• Kuvuta kusunga zinthu mwadongosolo (monga momwe zoseweretsa zimakonzedwera m'chipinda, momwe zinthu zimakonzedwera m'thumba la sukulu, momwe masitepe a polojekiti amakonzedwera).
• Kuvuta kulabadira zomwe mukuchita (monga kumvetsera nkhani, kuwerenga nkhani yayitali).
• Amataya zinthu zomwe amafunikira (monga zipangizo za kusukulu, mapensulo, magalasi).
• Ngakhale munthu akulankhula mwachindunji, zimaoneka ngati maganizo ake ali kwina, kapena ali m'dziko la maloto .
• Ngakhale ntchito ikayambika mosavuta, siimathe chifukwa chakuti maganizo amasokonezedwa ndi chinthu china (izi zingakhudze kugwira ntchito zapakhomo ndi kuzimaliza).

Makhalidwe okhudzana ndi zochita zogwedezeka/zosakhazikika (mwa ana):

Onaninso zinthu izi:

• Amachita zinthu pang'ono ndi manja kapena miyendo, kugwedezeka (makamaka akamadya, kugwira ntchito zapakhomo, kapena atakhala pampando).
• Khalani pansi ndipo mudzuke nthawi iliyonse mukafuna kutero.
• N'zovuta kwambiri kusewera mwakachetechete kapena kuchita china chilichonse.
• N'zovuta kudikira mpaka nthawi yanu itafika.
• Amasokoneza zomwe ena akuchita (monga kudumphira ana ena akusewera, kutenga chidole cha wina popanda chilolezo).
• Kudumpha, kukwera, kuthamanga , kapena kusakhazikika pamene mukufuna kukhala pamalo amodzi.
• Nthawi zonse zimaoneka ngati "zikuyenda" kapena "ngati injini."
• Amalankhula asanalowe m'malo mwake, kapena amamaliza ziganizo za anthu ena.
• Kulankhula mopitirira muyeso.

Kodi zifukwa za ADHD ndi ziti?

ADHD ndi matenda a majini . Izi zikutanthauza kuti mwana wanu amabadwa ndi kusintha kwa majini komwe kumayambitsa kusintha kwina mu kukula kwa ubongo. Timatcha izi kuti 'kusiyana kwa mitsempha.' Mwachidule, ubongo wawo umagwirizana mosiyana pang'ono. Nthawi zambiri, kusintha kwa majini kumeneku komwe kumayambitsa ADHD kumachitika m'mabanja. Ana omwe ali ndi ADHD akhoza kukhala ndi makolo awo enieni kapena abale awo omwe ali ndi vutoli.

Ofufuza akupitilizabe kupeza momwe ADHD imakhudzira ubongo. Chomwe tikudziwa mpaka pano ndichakuti mwana wanu akakhala ndi ADHD, gawo lakutsogolo la ubongo wake limakhudzidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti agwiritse ntchito 'directed attention' . 'Directed attention' ndi luso loyang'ana pa chinthu chomwe sitikuchikonda kwenikweni. Taganizirani izi, zinthu monga kumvetsera aphunzitsi kusukulu kapena kuchita homuweki.

Timagwiritsa ntchito 'kusamala kolunjika' kumeneku pokonzekera, kuchita zinthu zambiri, komanso kuthetsa mavuto. Izi zimatchedwa 'ntchito zoyang'anira' . Ngati pali zinthu zina zomwe zimatisangalatsa, zimafuna mphamvu zambiri kuti tigwiritse ntchito 'kusamala kolunjika'.

Ngati mwana wanu ali ndi ADHD, zimafunika mphamvu zambiri kuposa munthu wamba kuti aganizire zinthu zomwe akufunikiradi kuchita. Izi zikutanthauza kuti akabwera kunyumba kuchokera kusukulu atatopa, mwana wanu angakane kuchita ntchito zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaoneka zosavuta, monga kupachika jekete lake kapena kulongedza thumba lake, chifukwa alibe cholinga chochita ntchito 'zoyambira' zimenezo.

Kumbali ina, mwana wanu amagwiritsa ntchito bwino 'automatic attention' kuposa ana omwe ali ndi ubongo wamba ('neurotypical'). Uwu ndi chidwi chomwe timagwiritsa ntchito poyang'ana pa chinthu chomwe chimatisangalatsa. Izi zimatipatsa chomwe chimatchedwa 'hyperfocus' , kuthekera kochita chinthu chimodzi kwa maola ambiri. Mwana wanu angagwiritse ntchito 'hyperfocus' iyi kuti akhale waluso kwambiri pa chizolowezi kapena masewera, kapena kukwaniritsa zolinga zina.

Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimayambitsa ADHD?

Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti anthu ena ali ndi majini omwe amawapangitsa kukhala ndi ADHD. Izi zikutanthauza kuti majini amenewo amachititsa kuti munthuyo akhale ndi ADHD. Koma kenako, zinthu zina zachilengedwe zimayamba kugwira ntchito ndipo zimayambitsa ADHD.

Zinthu zomwe zingawononge chilengedwe ndi izi:

• Kukumana ndi poizoni wina panthawi ya mimba. Mwachitsanzo, kukhudzana ndi poizoni monga fodya, kumwa mowa, kapena lead panthawi ya mimba.
• Kulemera kochepa kwa mwana wobadwa (kulemera kotsika, chiopsezo chimakhala chachikulu).
• Kubadwa msanga.

Kodi mavuto omwe angakhalepo chifukwa cha ADHD ndi ati?

ADHD ingakhudze momwe mwana wanu amaganizira za iye mwini komanso momwe amachitira zinthu ndi dziko lozungulira iye. Ngati sakuchiritsidwa bwino,, mwana wanu angakumane ndi zinthu monga:

• Kukhala ndi kudziona ngati wopanda pake .
• Magiredi otsika kusukulu komanso kulephera kukwaniritsa zomwe angathe.
• Kuvutika ndi zochitika za anthu (makamaka chifukwa chosekedwa ndi anzanu kapena kusafuna kucheza nawo).
• Kuwonjezeka kwa chiopsezo cha matenda obwera chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo akakula.
• Ngozi ndi kuvulala kobwerezabwereza.
• Kuvuta kupeza ndi kusunga ntchito akakula.

Kodi madokotala amazindikira bwanji ADHD?

Madokotala amazindikira ADHD kutengera kupezeka kapena kusakhalapo kwa zizindikiro zina. Amagwiritsa ntchito njira zochokera ku bukhu lovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi , DSM-5-TR .

Kuti mudziwe ngati mwana wanu ali ndi ADHD, muyenera kutsatira malamulo onsewa :

• Mwana wanu ayenera kukhala ndi zizindikiro zosachepera zisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera ku gulu limodzi (kusasamala kapena kuchita zinthu mopitirira muyeso/kusaganiza bwino). Kapena, zizindikiro zosachepera zisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera ku gulu lililonse (zonse khumi ndi ziwiri kapena kuposerapo).
• Zizindikiro ziyenera kuti zinayamba asanakwanitse zaka 12 .
• Zizindikiro ziyenera kupezeka m'malo osachepera awiri (monga kunyumba ndi kusukulu).
• Zizindikiro ziyenera kusokoneza zochita za mwana za tsiku ndi tsiku komanso ubwenzi wake .
• Matenda ena sayenera kukhala chifukwa cha zizindikiro izi.

Palibe mayeso a labu (monga mayeso a magazi kapena mkodzo) omwe angapeze ADHD. M'malo mwake, madokotala amachita 'kuwunika kwa ADHD' . Izi zimaphatikizapo kulankhula nanu, mwana wanu, ndi anthu ena (monga abwenzi, achibale, aphunzitsi) kuti mudziwe zambiri za khalidwe la mwana wanu.

Kuzindikira matendawa kumachitika m'magawo atatu:

1. Kuzindikira machitidwe okhudzana ndi chidwi ndi zochita.

2. Onetsetsani kuti palibe zifukwa zina zomwe zimayambitsa makhalidwe amenewa (monga kuvutika maganizo kapena nkhawa ).

3. Yang'anani ngati pali matenda ena omwe amabwera nthawi imodzi.

Ana omwe ali ndi ADHD nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi matenda ena amisala. Mwachitsanzo:

• Nkhawa
• Kuvutika maganizo
• Matenda otsutsa otsutsa

Angakhalenso ndi matenda ena a ubongo, monga autism kapena vuto la kuphunzira . Dokotala wa mwana wanu angakulangizeni kuti mufufuze zina kuti mudziwe kapena kuchotsa matenda enawa.

Kodi ndiyenera kudziwa chiyani za chithandizo cha ADHD?

Mankhwala a ADHD amagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu:Njira zochiritsira (zomwe zimaphunzitsa luso lothandiza) ndi mankhwala (mankhwala ochizira matenda) . Ndondomeko ya chithandizo imasiyana malinga ndi msinkhu wa munthuyo komanso zosowa zake.

Ngati mwana wanu ali ndi ADHD, dokotala wawo angakulangizeni chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi:

• Maphunziro a makolo: Akatswiri a zamaganizo amakuphunzitsani momwe mungakulitsire mphamvu za mwana wanu ndikumuthandiza kukonza makhalidwe omwe akumubweretsera mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, mumaphunzira kupanga chizolowezi cha mwana wanu, kulimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino, komanso kuyankha makhalidwe oipa. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri .
• Magulu a luso locheza ndi anthu: Mwana wanu angapindule ndi magulu ophunzitsira luso locheza ndi anthu. Maguluwa amakumana kwa ola limodzi kapena awiri pa sabata, nthawi zambiri kwa milungu 6-12. Mwana wanu adzaphunzira luso latsopano lolankhulana ndi anzawo omwe akuyang'aniridwa.
• Mankhwala (`Pharmacotherapy`): Mankhwala a ADHD amathandiza mwana wanu kugwiritsa ntchito 'chidwi chokhazikika'. Izi zitha kusintha zizindikiro zake, komanso chofunika kwambiri, moyo wake wabwino komanso ubale wake. Madokotala adzayang'anira mwana wanu kuti awone momwe mankhwalawo akugwirira ntchito komanso ngati mwanayo ali ndi zotsatirapo zina. Adzasintha mtundu ndi mlingo wa mankhwalawo ngati pakufunika kutero.

Cholinga cha chithandizo cha ADHD ndikuchepetsa zizindikiro pamene mwana akupitiriza moyo wake watsiku ndi tsiku. Kwa ana aang'ono (azaka 4 ndi 5) , madokotala amalimbikitsa makolo kuwaphunzitsa asanapereke mankhwala. Kwa ana okulirapo, achinyamata, ndi akuluakulu, chithandizo chabwino nthawi zambiri chimakhala kuphatikiza njira zochitira zinthu ndi mankhwala.

Pakadali pano palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti njira yachikhalidwe yolankhulirana kapena njira yolankhulirana imathandiza mwachindunji ndi zizindikiro za ADHD. Komabe, dokotala wa mwana wanu angakulimbikitseni njira zotere pa matenda ena omwe amabwera chifukwa cha nkhawa (monga nkhawa).

Kodi ndingathandize bwanji mwana wanga kunyumba?

Maphunziro a kulera ana amakuphunzitsani njira zothandiza zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito tsiku lililonse. Madokotala angakupatseninso upangiri wogwirizana ndi zosowa za mwana wanu. Kawirikawiri, nazi zina zomwe mungachite kuti muthandize mwana wanu. (Izi sizilowa m'malo mwa chithandizo, kuphatikizapo mankhwala, omwe dokotala wanu akulangiza.)

• Konzani zinthu zomwe mwana wanu amafunikira tsiku lililonse. Chilichonse chiyenera kukhala ndi malo ake, ndipo chilichonse chiyenera kukhala pamalo ake. Izi zikuphatikizapo zovala, matumba, ndi zinthu zina za kusukulu. Mndandanda wa zinthu ungathandize kuti zinthu ziyende bwino.
• Yambani kuchita zinthu mwachizolowezi. Tsatirani zomwezo tsiku lililonse kuyambira nthawi yomwe mumadzuka m'mawa mpaka nthawi yomwe mumagona usiku. Izi ziyenera kuphatikizapo nthawi yochita homuweki komanso kusewera. Kusasinthasintha ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa ana omwe ali ndi ADHD.
• Gwiritsani ntchito kalendala kapena dongosolo la zochitika zomwe mwana wanu angaone.Pangani malo olembera zikumbutso zofunika, maudindo, ndi zochitika. Zida zimenezi zingakhale zothandiza makamaka kwa ana aang'ono ndi achinyamata omwe akuvutika ndi kasamalidwe ka nthawi .
• "Mgwireni mwanayo akamachita chinthu chabwino." Kumusonyeza makhalidwe abwino kumamuphunzitsa zomwe ayenera kuchita. Makolo akamangoganizira za makhalidwe osayenera, makhalidwe amenewo amawonjezeka. Kulanga mwana kumamuphunzitsa zomwe sayenera kuchita.
• Langani bwino. Pangani njira yokhazikika yopindulira khalidwe loyenera. Yankhani khalidwe loipa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina, monga kupereka nthawi yopuma kapena kuchotsa mwayi wina.
• Sankhani malo ochitira homuweki yanu. Pangani malo abata, opanda zinthu zambiri, komanso opanda zosokoneza kuti muchitire homuweki yanu.
• Konzani nthawi. Konzani nthawi yochitira homuweki. Ngati mwana wanu samaliza, pumulani pang'ono ndipo konzani nthawi yatsopano yoti amalize.
• Tamandani khama lanu ndi kumaliza ntchito. M'malo mowonetsa mwana wanu ntchito yosamalizidwa, mupatseni mphotho chifukwa cha ntchito yomwe amaliza.

Kodi ADHD ndi chilema?

Inde, m'maiko ena, mwachitsanzo, Americans with Disabled Act (ADA) imaona ADHD ngati vuto la kukula. Vutoli lingakhudze zochita za mwana wanu za tsiku ndi tsiku, kuphatikizapo kuphunzira kusukulu. Chifukwa chake, mwana wanu angafunike thandizo lina kusukulu, monga "maphunziro apadera" ndi/kapena "malangizo osinthidwa." Lankhulani ndi dokotala wa mwana wanu komanso sukulu za izi.

Kodi ndiyenera kupita kwa dokotala liti?

Ngati mukuganiza kuti mwana wanu ali ndi ADHD, lankhulani ndi dokotala wawo wa ana. Angathe kuzindikira ADHD (kapena kuchotsa vuto lake) ndikuonetsetsa kuti mwana wanu walandira chithandizo chilichonse chofunikira. Onetsetsani kuti mwamutengera mwana wanu kukayezetsa kuchipatala nthawi zonse ('kuwunika bwino') . Izi zili choncho kuti dokotala wawo wa ana athe kuyang'anira chitukuko chake ndikupereka chisamaliro china chofunikira.

Ngati mukuganiza kuti muli ndi zizindikiro za ADHD (akuluakulu nawonso akhoza kukhala ndi ADHD!), lankhulani ndi dokotala. Angakutsogolereni njira zodziwira matenda mukadzakula. Angathenso kuyang'ana matenda ena omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zofanana.

Kodi ADHD imatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji?

ADHD siitha, ndi vuto la moyo wonse. Koma sikuyenera kukhala vuto lomwe lingawononge moyo. Simungathe 'kulichotsa', koma ndi chithandizo, zizindikiro zanu zitha kuthetsedwa bwino.Chifukwa cha mankhwala othandiza, anthu ena sakumananso ndi mavuto aliwonse okhudzana ndi zizindikiro za ADHD akakula. Koma kwa ena, zizindikirozo zimakhudzabe moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku. Madokotala amasankha chithandizo kuti chigwirizane ndi zosowa za munthu aliyense.

ADHD si vuto la ubongo kapena chilema. Imakhudza aliyense mosiyana pang'ono.

Kotero, ngakhale mutakhala ndi vuto lomweli, mwana wanu akhoza kukhala ndi vuto losiyana. Zizindikiro zake zingakhale zochepa kapena zoopsa kuposa zanu. Ndipo zizindikiro zake (monga momwe zilili ndi zanu) zimatha kusintha pakapita nthawi.

Ngati mukuganiza kuti mwana wanu ali ndi ADHD, kapena ngati adapezeka kuti ali nayo, mwina muli ndi mafunso ambiri. Kumbukirani, vutoli ndi lofala kwambiri , ndipo madokotala nthawi zonse amaphunzira zambiri za vutoli. Madokotala a mwana wanu amatha kuyankha mafunso anu ndikukuthandizani kumvetsetsa momwe mungathandizire bwino mwana wanu.

Pomaliza, zinthu zoti muzikumbukira

ADHD si chinthu choopa. Ndi kusintha kochepa kwa momwe ubongo umagwirira ntchito. Ndi matenda oyenera, chithandizo, ndi chithandizo chachikondi, ngakhale mwana yemwe ali ndi ADHD akhoza kukhala ndi moyo wopambana komanso wachimwemwe. Ngati muli ndi nkhawa iliyonse yokhudza mwana wanu, sikuchedwa kufunafuna upangiri wa dokotala. Kumbukirani, simuli nokha , ndipo pali anthu ambiri omwe angakuthandizeni paulendowu. Dziwani mphamvu za mwana wanu ndikumuthandiza mwachikondi komanso moleza mtima.

ADHD , vuto la kusagwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso, thanzi la maganizo la mwana, mavuto a khalidwe, kusinthasintha kwa mitsempha