Mwina inunso mwauzidwapo kunyumba kuti, "Maso awa ali ngati a amayi anga," "Tsitsi langa lili ngati la abambo anga," kapena "Mkwiyo uwu uli ngati wa agogo anga." Ndipotu, timalandira zinthu zambiri kuchokera kwa makolo athu, monga mawonekedwe athu, kutalika, mtundu wa khungu, ndi kapangidwe ka tsitsi. Timatcha cholowa ichi. Koma kodi mukudziwa kuti matenda ena ndi matenda ena amathanso kutengera kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo? Lero, tiyeni tikambirane za cholowa ichi cha majini ndi momwe matenda amapatsidwira kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo.
Choyamba, tiyeni timvetse nkhani iyi ya cholowa cha majini.
Kuti timvetse izi, tiyenera kukambirana za zinthu zofunika kwambiri zokhudza matupi athu. Taganizirani za matupi athu ngati laibulale yayikulu.
- Ma chromosome: Mabuku omwe ali mu laibulale iyi amatchedwa ma chromosome. Pali mabuku 46 mwa awa mu selo lililonse la munthu. Mwa mabukuwa, 23 ndi obadwa kuchokera kwa mayi ndipo ena 23 ndi ochokera kwa bambo.
- Majini: Majini ndi maphikidwe olembedwa m'mabuku amenewo. Chinsinsi chimodzi chimakuuzani mtundu wa tsitsi lomwe mudzakhala nalo, china chimakuuzani mtundu wa maso omwe mudzakhala nawo, china chimakuuzani kutalika komwe mudzakhala nako... Pali maphikidwe ambirimbiri ngati awa.
- DNA: Zilembo zomwe zimalemba maphikidwe zimatchedwa DNA. Zilembo zimenezi zotchedwa DNA zimasonkhana pamodzi kuti zipange majini, ndipo majini amasonkhana pamodzi kuti apange ma chromosome.
Kotero, popeza mumapeza ma chromosome 23 kuchokera kwa amayi anu ndi abambo anu, mumapeza makope awiri a jini iliyonse. Limodzi kuchokera kwa amayi anu, limodzi kuchokera kwa abambo anu. Majini awa ndi omwe amasankha chilichonse m'thupi lanu.
Tsopano, kodi mawu oti 'Autosomal' amatanthauza chiyani? Pa ma chromosome 46 omwe ali m'thupi lathu, awiri amatsimikiza jenda lathu. Amatchedwa ma chromosome ogonana (X ndi Y). Ma chromosome otsala 44 (maawiri 22) amawerengedwa. Autosomal amatanthauza kuti jini inayake ili pa imodzi mwa ma chromosome 22 awa.
Njira ziwiri zazikulu zomwe matenda amatengera kwa makolo (Autosomal Dominant & Recessive)
Jini yosinthika yomwe imayambitsa matenda imafalikira kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo m'njira ziwiri zazikulu. Tiyeni tiwone njira ziwirizi kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzimvetsa.
| Khalidwe | Autosomal Dominant (cholowa chachikulu) | Autosomal Recessive |
|---|---|---|
| Majini ofunikira pa matenda | Jini imodzi yosiyana ndi ya kholo limodzi ndiyokwanira. | Majini onse awiri osiyana ochokera kwa makolo onse awiri amafunika. |
| Ubale wa makolo | Kawirikawiri, kholo limodzi limakhala ndi vutoli (limasonyeza zizindikiro). | Makolo onse awiri akhoza kukhala ndi "onyamula" omwe alibe zizindikiro. Alibe matendawa, koma ali ndi jini yomwe imayambitsa matendawa. |
| Kuthekera kwa mwana kulandira cholowa | Mwana aliyense ali ndi mwayi wa 50% (mmodzi mwa awiri) . | Mwana aliyense ali ndi mwayi wa 25% (mmodzi mwa anayi) . |
Autosomal Dominant: Jini limodzi, mphamvu zambiri!
Mwachidule, Dominant amatanthauza 'wolamulira' kapena 'wamphamvu'. Mu dongosololi, jini yosinthika yomwe imayambitsa matendawa ndi yamphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale mwana atalandira jini kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi lokha, ndizokwanira kuti mwanayo adwale matendawa.
Taganizirani izi motere: jini yathanzi ili ngati chidebe cha utoto woyera. Jini yodziwika bwino yomwe imayambitsa matendawa ili ngati chidebe cha utoto wofiira. Tsopano, ngati mutasakaniza utoto woyera ndi wofiirawu, mudzapeza mtundu wa pinki. Mutha kuwona momwe utoto wofiira umakhudzira. Umu ndi momwe zilili ndi izi.
Choncho, ngati wina m'banjamo ali ndi matenda a Autosomal Dominant, amaonekera bwino kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo. Ngati mayi kapena bambo ali nawo, mwana aliyense ali ndi chiopsezo cha 50%.
Zitsanzo za matenda obadwa nawo mu njira yolamulira autosomal:
- Matenda a Huntington: Matenda omwe maselo amitsempha muubongo amafa pang'onopang'ono.
- Matenda a Marfan: Matenda omwe amakhudza minofu yolumikizana ya thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa thupi kukhala lalitali komanso loonda, komanso miyendo ndi zala zazitali.
- Achondroplasia: Chifukwa chachikulu cha dwarfism.
Autosomal Recessive: Imafuna majini awiri, ikhoza kubisika!
Kubwerera m'mbuyo kumatanthauza 'chete' kapena 'chinsinsi'. Pankhaniyi, jini yosinthika yomwe imayambitsa matendawa si yamphamvu kwambiri. Kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu, jiniyo iyenera kutengedwa kuchokera kwa mayi ndi bambo. Pokhapokha majini onse awiri ataphatikizidwa, mwanayo angatenge matendawa.
Tangoganizirani, makolo onse awiri ali ndi thanzi labwino. Koma onse akhoza kukhala "onyamula" jini yosinthika iyi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi jini yathanzi komanso jini yomwe imayambitsa matendawa. Koma chifukwa jini yathanzi ndi yolamulira, sasonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse. Zili ngati kuyika dontho la utoto wabuluu mu chidebe cha utoto woyera. Mtundu susintha kwambiri.
Koma makolo awiri onyamula katundu ngati uyu ali ndi mwana, izi ndi zomwe zingachitike:
- Pali mwayi wa 25% kuti mwana adzalandira majini athanzi kuchokera kwa mayi ndi bambo ake ndipo adzakhala ndi thanzi labwino.
- Pali mwayi wa 50% kuti mwana akhale ndi zizindikiro, monga makolo.
- Pali mwayi wa 25% kuti mwana adzalandira jini yoyambitsa matendawa kuchokera kwa mayi ndi bambo ake ndipo adzadwala matendawa.
Choncho, ngakhale palibe aliyense m'banjamo amene ali ndi matendawa, mwana akhoza kudwala mwadzidzidzi. Izi zili choncho chifukwa makolo ndi omwe amanyamula matendawa mosadziwa.
Zitsanzo za matenda obadwa nawo mu njira yobwezeretsa thupi:
- Matenda a cystic fibrosis: Matenda omwe amakhudza mapapo ndi dongosolo logaya chakudya chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwa mamina (madzimadzi ngati mamina) m'thupi.
- Matenda a sickle cell: Kuchepa kwa magazi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a maselo ofiira a magazi.
- Matenda a Tay-Sachs: Matenda oopsa omwe amawononga maselo amitsempha muubongo ndi msana.
Kodi kusintha kwa majini kumachitika bwanji?
Nthawi zina, maselo athu akamagawikana, zolakwika zazing'ono zimachitika pokopera DNA. Zili ngati kalata yoyendayenda pokopera buku. Timatcha kusintha kwa majini kumeneku. Izi sizikhala zoyipa nthawi zonse, ndipo zina mwa izo sizimakhudza konse. Koma kusintha kwina kumatha kusintha momwe jini imagwirira ntchito ndikuyambitsa matenda.
Pali mitundu ikuluikulu ingapo ya zilema:
- Kusintha: Kusintha chilembo chimodzi mu DNA code ndi china.
- Kuika: Kuwonjezera chilembo china ku code ya DNA.
- Kuchotsa: Kuchotsa chilembo kuchokera ku code ya DNA.
Ngakhale kusintha kochepa kumeneku kungasinthe kotheratu ntchito ya puloteni yopangidwa ndi jiniyo ndikuyambitsa matenda.
Kodi muyenera kuchita chiyani ngati mukukayikira izi?
Ngati wina m'banja mwanu ali ndi matenda obadwa nawo, kapena ngati mukukonzekera kukhala ndi mwana ndipo mukumva kuti muli pachiwopsezo, chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe mungachite ndikulankhula ndi dokotala wanu za matendawa.
Masiku ano, pali mautumiki monga kuyezetsa majini ndi uphungu wa majini.
- Mayeso a majini:Izi zitha kuzindikira kusintha kulikonse mu majini anu, ma chromosome, kapena mapuloteni. Mayeso awa amathandiza kudziwa ngati muli ndi jini yosinthika yomwe imayambitsa matenda, kapena ngati ndinu wonyamula.
- Uphungu wa majini: Mlangizi wa majini angakuthandizeni kumvetsetsa zotsatira za mayesowa, kukambirana za zoopsa zomwe zingachitikire banja lanu, ndikukonzekera tsogolo.
Chofunika kwambiri ndichakuti musachite mantha kupanga zisankho nokha, koma kufunsa upangiri kwa dokotala kapena katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchito. Adzakupatsani malangizo oyenera.
Kodi tingasunge thanzi la DNA yathu?
Ngakhale sitingathe kusintha majini omwe timalandira kuchokera kwa makolo athu, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe tingachite kuti tichepetse kuwonongeka kwa DNA yathu m'miyoyo yathu yonse ndikusunga thanzi lake.
- Idyani zakudya zopatsa thanzi. Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zimathandiza kuti maselo athu akhale athanzi.
- Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kumathandizira thanzi la thupi lonse.
- Pewani kusuta fodya konse. Mankhwala omwe ali mu fodya amatha kuwononga DNA mwachindunji.
- Chepetsani kumwa mowa. Kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kumawononganso maselo.
- Fufuzani mayeso azachipatala ndi upangiri nthawi yake. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuzindikira vuto lililonse pachiyambi.
Zinthu zimenezi zingathandize kuti thanzi lathu lonse likhale labwino.
Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba
- Monga momwe timaonekera, timalandiranso matenda ena kuchokera kwa makolo athu kudzera m'majini.
- Mu mawonekedwe a autosomal dominant , jini imodzi yosinthidwa kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi ndi yokwanira kuyambitsa matendawa. Mwanayo ali ndi mwayi wa 50% wolandira matendawa.
- Mu mawonekedwe a autosomal recessive , matendawa amafuna cholowa cha jini yosinthidwa kuchokera kwa makolo onse awiri. Makolo akhoza kukhala ndi omwe ali ndi matendawa koma osawonetsa zizindikiro. Mwayi woti mwana alandire matendawa ndi 25%.
- Ngati muli ndi nkhawa iliyonse yokhudza mbiri ya banja lanu ya matenda obadwa nawo kapena chiopsezo chowapatsira mwana, chinthu chabwino kwambiri choti muchite ndi kusachita mantha ndikulankhula ndi dokotala wanu .
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