Kupezeka kodziwika padziko lonse kopangidwa ndi namwino: Nkhani yobisika ya maantibayotiki

Tonsefe tagwiritsapo ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo nthawi ina m'miyoyo yathu, sichoncho? Tikadwala matenda a bakiteriya, piritsi laling'ono lomwe dokotala amatipatsa ndi lodabwitsa kwambiri. Koma ndi angati a ife omwe timadziwa nkhani zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa mankhwala opulumutsa miyoyo awa? Ngakhale nkhani zina zalembedwa m'malembo agolide m'mbiri, nkhani za ngwazi zina ndi ngwazi zimaphimbidwa ndi nthawi. Lero tikambirana za munthu mmodzi wobisika, koma wofunika kwambiri. Dzina lake ndi Mattiedna Johnson.

Kodi Matilda Johnson uyu ndani?

Matilda Johnson si katswiri wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mwa ntchito yake, ndi namwino. Koma zimenezo sizinamulepheretse kuthandiza pa mpikisano wopeza maantibayotiki omwe angapulumutse miyoyo yambirimbiri. Wobadwa mu 1918 ku banja losauka la alimi ku Mississippi, Matilda anali waluso kwambiri pakuphunzira. Anamaliza wachiwiri kusukulu, kenako anamaliza sukulu ya unamwino ndipo anayamba kugwira ntchito ngati namwino wolembetsedwa. Panthawiyo, ndiko kuti, m'ma 1930 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 40, matenda otchedwa 'scarlet fever' anali kufalikira kwambiri ku America. Ankakhudza kwambiri ana aang'ono. Masiku amenewo, popanda maantibayotiki, pafupifupi 20% ya ana omwe adatenga matendawa anamwalira. Tangoganizirani momwe zinalili zoopsa. Tsiku lina, m'chipinda chosungira odwala matenda a scarlet fever kuchipatala komwe Matilda ankagwira ntchito, mwana wamng'ono anamwalira m'manja mwake. Sanaiwale zomwe zinachitikazo.

Matenda osatha komanso chiyembekezo chowala

Pofika mu 1944, pamene Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse inali pafupi, makampani opanga mankhwala anali kuyesetsa kupanga maantibayotiki monga penicillin. Dipatimenti ya Nkhondo ku US inali italengeza kuti kupanga penicillin kunali kofunika kwambiri. Panthawiyi ndi pamene adawona malonda mu nyuzipepala ya Matidna ndipo adapempha kuti alowe nawo mu kafukufukuyu. CM Christensen, pulofesa ku University of Minnesota, adamulemba ntchito. Pokulira pafamu, zomwe adakumana nazo popanga jelly, batala, ndi sopo zidamuthandiza kwambiri pa njira yasayansi yolekanitsira nkhungu. Ankagwira ntchito ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhungu. Koma chidwi chake chapadera chinali pa nkhungu yomwe adapeza mu supu ya phwetekere. Anayambitsa nkhungu iyi ku mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa chimfine chofiira. Zotsatira zake zinali zabwino kwambiri.Iye anapereka zitsanzo zimenezi kwa akuluakulu ake, koma sanalandire yankho. Mu 1946, anasiya ntchitoyo kuti akachite ntchito ya umishonale ku Liberia. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka khumi, matenda oopsa a red fever anali atayamba kuchiritsidwa mosavuta chifukwa cha mankhwala opha majeremusi.

Kusowa ulemu? "Zotsatira za Matilda"

Patapita nthawi yaitali, Matidna anazindikira kuti Pfizer adapereka chilolezo cha patent mu 1949 cha mankhwala otchedwa oxytetracycline pansi pa dzina la malonda lakuti Terramycin. Ngakhale kuti sichinali mankhwala abwino kwambiri a scarlet fever, akadali mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano. Funso ndilakuti: kodi mankhwalawa adapangidwa kuchokera ku nkhungu ya Matidna yomwe imapezeka mu supu ya phwetekere? Matidna ankakhulupirira choncho. Akatswiri ena masiku ano amati sanapatsidwe ulemu chifukwa cha zomwe adapeza. Ankakhulupiriranso kuti mankhwalawa adatchedwa Terramycin chifukwa cha kufotokozera kwake "mbewa zoopsa." Koma Pfizer amangovomereza kuti Matidna anali m'gulu la pulojekiti ya penicillin. Patent yawo idaperekedwa kwa amuna atatu. Izi si Matilda yekha. M'mbiri yonse, pakhala zochitika zambiri pomwe akazi omwe adapereka zopereka zazikulu ku sayansi anyalanyazidwa. Wolemba mbiri Margaret Rossiter adapatsa dzinali mu 1993 - "Matilda effect." Ndi chizolowezi chonyalanyaza zopereka za akazi ku sayansi kapena kuwapatsa ulemu kwa amuna.

Moyo wodzipereka kutumikira

Nkhani ya Matidna siithera ndi kafukufuku wake. Moyo wake wonse unali wodzipereka kutumikira. Atatumikira monga mmishonale ku Liberia, anabwerera ku America ndipo anakakhala ku Cleveland, komwe ankaphunzitsa anamwino mwa kuphunzitsa makalasi m'zipinda zapansi pa tchalitchi. Anagwiranso ntchito ina yakale. Panthawiyo, tchalitchi chake chinkachita maliro pafupifupi katatu pa sabata. "Tinkafuna kudziwa chifukwa chake anthu awa anali kufa," akulemba m'buku lake. Tangoganizirani, Matidna adatenga gawo loyamba popanga 'kufufuza kupanikizika' kumeneku komwe tingathe kuchita mosavuta kulikonse lero. Kuphatikiza apo, adayima mwamphamvu motsutsana ndi zopinga za tsankho zomwe zinalipo kwa anamwino akuda panthawiyo. Atakhumudwa ndi kusowa kwa oyimilira akuda mu American Nurses Association, adagwirizana ndi anamwino ena 14 kukhazikitsa National Black Nurses Association mu 1971. Masiku ano, bungweli lili ndi mamembala oposa 300,000. Matidna Johnson anamwalira mu 2003 ali ndi zaka 85. Koma nkhani yake, kudzipereka kwake, ndi kutumikira kwake sayansi ndi anthu zimatiphunzitsabe phunziro lalikulu masiku ano. Ngakhale anali namwino, kodi adakhudza bwanji gawo ngati la microbiology? Zikuwonetsa kuti palibe malire pa chidziwitso chathu, luso lathu, ndi chidwi chathu. Matilda Johnson, maantibayotiki, namwino, sayansi, zopereka za akazi, zotsatira za Matilda, penicillin, scarlet fever