Ese umwana wawe ashyira ibara ry'icyatsi kibisi mu kirere n'ibiti mu bururu iyo arimo gushushanya? Ese hari igihe ujya mu iduka ukananirwa gutandukanya amabara abiri y'imyenda? Cyangwa se ugorwa no gutandukanya mango yeze n'ingo itarakura? Ibi bintu bishobora kuba atari amakosa asanzwe gusa. Uyu munsi turimo kuvuga ku ndwara yitwa "ubuhumyi bw'amabara", ikunze kugaragara mu bantu benshi muri sosiyete, cyane cyane mu bagabo, ariko ntivugwaho byinshi.

Mu magambo make, uburiganya bw'amabara ni iki?

Iyo twumvise ijambo "ubuhumyi bw'amabara," dutekereza ku muntu utabona amabara, ubona isi mu ibara ry'umukara n'umweru. Ariko mu by'ukuri ni indwara idakunze kugaragara. Mu buvuzi, iyi ndwara tuyita ibura ry'amabara . Si uko udashobora kubona amabara na gato, ahubwo ni uko ubona amabara mu buryo butandukanye n'ubw'umuntu usanzwe. Mu by'ukuri, hari itandukaniro rito mu buryo amaso yawe abona amabara.

Ibi birushaho kumvikana neza iyo dusobanukiwe gato uburyo tubona amabara.

Uburyo bwo kubona ikintu buragoye cyane. Amaso yacu n'ubwonko bwacu bikora hamwe kugira ngo bikore ibi. Muri retina, inyuma y'amaso yacu, hari ubwoko bwihariye bw'uturemangingo tw'imitsi dushobora kumva urumuri. Tubyita photoreceptors. Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ibi.

1. Inkoni: Izi zidufasha kubona ibintu mu mucyo muto, ni ukuvuga mu mwijima.

2. Amabara y'urukiramende: Aba ni intwari z'inkuru yacu. Utu turemangingo tw'urukiramende tudufasha gutandukanya no kumenya amabara.

Utu tunyangingo tw’ibumba natwo tugabanyijemo ubwoko butatu bw’ingenzi. Buri bwoko bushobora kwiyumvamo ibara rimwe ry’ibanze.

• Udupira tw’umutuku (L cones)
• Udukoko tw’icyatsi kibisi (M cones)
• Udupira tw’ubururu (S cones)

Tekereza uri umushushanyi. Niba ufite amabara atatu, umutuku, icyatsi n'ubururu, ushobora kuyavanga kugira ngo ukore ibara iryo ari ryo ryose wifuza. Muri ubwo buryo, amaso yacu akusanya amakuru aturutse kuri utwo turemangingo dutatu tw’ishusho hanyuma akayohereza mu bwonko kugira ngo hamenyekane ibara ry'ikintu. Guta ibara bibaho iyo kamwe cyangwa menshi muri utwo turemangingo tw’ishusho tubuze kuva tuvuka, cyangwa niba tudakora neza.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ingenzi bw'indwara zo kutabona amabara?

Ubutabona bw'amabara bushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'uturemangingo tw'inyuguti (cone cells) ufite tubura cyangwa tudakora neza. Ibi bishobora gusa nkaho bigoye gato, ariko iyi mbonerahamwe izagufasha kubyumva byoroshye.

Ni ibihe bimenyetso by'iyi ndwara?

Biragoye ku muntu wavutse afite iyi ndwara kumenya ko hari ikintu gitandukanye kuri we. Kuko yabonye isi muri ubwo buryo kuva akiri umwana. Ni ibisanzwe kuri we. Akenshi, ntibamenya ko bafite iyi ndwara kugeza igihe bamusuzumiye kwa muganga w’amaso.

Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara ni ibi bikurikira:

• Kugorwa no gutandukanya no kumenya amabara amwe n'amwe (urugero: umutuku n'icyatsi kibisi, ubururu n'umuhengeri, icyatsi n'umukara).
• Umucyo cyangwa ubujyakuzimu bw'amabara bishobora kutagaragara neza.
• Kugorwa no gutandukanya amabara atandukanye y'ibara rimwe (urugero: icyatsi kibisi cyoroshye n'icyatsi kibisi cyijimye).

Ese ufite gushidikanya ku mwana wawe?

Umwana muto ashobora kutabasha kuvuga ku mpinduka mu byo abona, bityo rero ni ngombwa ko wowe nk'umubyeyi umenya ibi bimenyetso.

• Ntakunda imirimo yo gushushanya no gusiga amarangi: Ashobora kwirinda iyi mirimo kuko afite ikibazo cyo kumenya amabara.
• Gukoresha amabara atari yo: Gukoresha amabara adasanzwe, nko guhindura ikirere icyatsi n'ubururu.
• Guhumura ibiryo mbere yo kubirya: Hari igihe udashobora kumenya niba ibiryo ari bishya, bishaje, cyangwa byeze ukurikije ibara ryabyo, bityo ushobora kumenyera kubihumura.
• Iyo asabwe gutondekanya ibikinisho cyangwa uduce duto akurikije amabara, biramugora kubikora.

Kuki habaho uburibwe bw'amabara?

Hari impamvu ebyiri z'ingenzi zibitera.

1. Yarazwe

Iyi ni yo mpamvu ikunze kugaragara cyane. Ni ukuvuga ko ihererekanywa mu buryo bw'uturemangingo kuva ku babyeyi kugeza ku bana.Amakuru akenewe kugira ngo tugire uturemangingo tw’amaso mu maso yacu ari mu turemangingo twacu. Iyo habayeho impinduka (mutation) muri utwo turemangingo, uturemangingo tw’amaso dushobora kudakura neza cyangwa ntidukore neza. Kubera ko uturemangingo tw’ubuhumyi bw’amabara y’umutuku n’icyatsi kibisi tuba kuri chromosome ya X, iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara ku bagabo kurusha abagore.

2. Bibaho mu myaka ya nyuma y'ubuzima (Byabonetse)

Hari igihe umuntu wavutse nta kibazo ashobora kugira iyi ndwara nyuma y’imyaka ye ku mpamvu runaka. Ibi bibaho iyo uturemangingo tw’ingirabuzimafatizo twangiritse bitewe no kwangirika kw’ijisho, retina, cyangwa ubwonko.

• Indwara z'amaso: Indwara nka retinopathy ya diyabete, kataract, glaucoma, no kwangirika kw'amagufwa y'amaso bifitanye isano n'imyaka.
• Indwara zigira ingaruka ku bwonko cyangwa ku mitsi.
• Ibikomere byo mu maso: Gukomereka bikomeye ku mutwe cyangwa mu jisho.
• Ingaruka mbi z'imiti imwe n'imwe: Gukoresha imiti imwe n'imwe igihe kirekire bishobora kugira ingaruka ku maso.
• Guhura n'ibinyabutabire mu bidukikije.

Wamenya ute neza niba ufite iyi ndwara?

Niba ukeka ko wowe cyangwa umwana wawe afite iyi ndwara, icyiza wakora ni ukujya kwa muganga w'amaso. Azagukorera isuzuma ryuzuye ry'amaso.

Hari ibizamini byihariye kandi byoroshye cyane byo gupima ubuhumyi bw'amabara. Ushobora kwibuka kubona amashusho mu bitabo aho umubare cyangwa ishusho byihishe mu ruziga rukozwe mu tudomo tw'amabara atandukanye. Ibizamini nk'ibi, hakoreshejwe amakarita cyangwa ecran ya mudasobwa, bishobora kukwereka neza ubwoko bw'ibura ry'amabara ufite n'uburemere bwaryo.

Amaso y'umwana wawe azasuzumwa n'umuganga w'abana wo mu ivuriro rye risanzwe. Bazakugira inama ku myaka umwana wawe agomba kubonana na muganga w'amaso.

Ese hari uburyo bwo kuvura ibi?

Iki ni ikibazo ku bantu benshi.

Ariko, iyo indwara ibonetse, kuvura indwara yateye (urugero: diyabete, cataract) rimwe na rimwe bishobora gusubiza ibara ry’amabara. Ariko, iyo kwangirika kw’uturemangingo tw’ingirabuzimafatizo ari burundu, kureba bishobora kutakira neza.

Muri iki gihe, hari indorerwamo zidasanzwe (indorerwamo z’amabara) zifasha bamwe kubona amabara neza cyangwa neza. Ariko izi ntabwo zikiza indwara. Ntabwo zikora kuri buri wese. Niba rero urimo gutekereza ku kintu nk'iki, banza uganire na muganga wawe w’amaso.Ni ngombwa gushaka inama niba ikubereye.

Ni gute wabaho neza muri iki kibazo?

Iyo umenye ko ufite ikibazo cyo kutabona amabara, urashobora kumva uruhutse ku ruhande rumwe. "Oh, iyi ni yo mpamvu nvanga ayo mabara." Ariko icyarimwe, ushobora no kumva ubabaye gato iyo wibajije uti "Ese mbona isi mu buryo butandukanye n'abandi bantu?" Ibyo ni ibisanzwe.

Igikuru ni ukumenya iki kibazo no kugihuza nacyo.

• Indwara zoroheje: Abantu benshi bafite ubuhumyi bworoheje bw'amabara y'umutuku n'icyatsi kibisi butagira ingaruka ku buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi. Ntibibabuza kubona uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga cyangwa gukora akazi gasanzwe.
• Gufasha abana: Niba umwana wawe afite iyi ndwara, menyesha abarimu be. Ganira ku buryo bwo kumufasha mu bikorwa bijyanye n'amabara ku ishuri (urugero: kwandika amazina y'amabara ku makaramu y'amabara).
• Ikoranabuhanga rirafasha: Muri iki gihe, hari porogaramu zikoreshwa kuri telefoni zigendanwa zigaragaza ibara ry'ikintu iyo ugifashe kamera. Ibintu nk'ibi bishobora gufasha mu buzima bwa buri munsi.
• Baza muganga wawe: Vugana na muganga wawe nta guhisha ku bijyanye n'uburwayi bwawe, icyo wakora, n'impungenge zawe.

Abantu benshi babaho ubuzima bwiza kandi bushimishije, bafite ikibazo cyo kutabona ibara ry'uruhu nta kibazo. Icyo bakeneye gukora ni ukumenya uko bamerewe no guhindura gato ubuzima bwabo kugira ngo babigereho.