Uyu munsi turaganira ku turemangingo twihariye (photoreceptors) tugufasha kubona isi binyuze mu maso yawe!

Ese wigeze wibaza uko tubona ibintu byiza muri iyi si, amabara, utuntu duto? Amaso yacu mu by'ukuri ameze nk'amakamera abiri atangaje. Muri ayo "makamera" harimo uturemangingo duto twihariye cyane. Utwo turemangingo twitwa '(Photoreceptors)'. Mu magambo make, utu ni two "dufata" urumuri kandi twohereza ubutumwa mu bwonko bwacu, tuti "Dore ibyo mbona." Rero, uyu munsi turaganira kuri utu '(Photoreceptors)' dutangaje mu buryo burambuye, ariko mu buryo bworoshye cyane.

Ibi (Photoreceptors) ni ibihe?

Mu magambo make, "Photoreceptors" zawe ni ubwoko bwihariye bw'ingirabuzimafatizo zifata urumuri ziherereye mu gice gito cyane cy'ingirabuzimafatizo cyitwa "Retina" inyuma y'amaso yawe. Izina ryazo rituruka ku kuba bivuze "abakira urumuri." Inshingano nyamukuru y'izi ngirabuzimafatizo ni ugufata urumuri rwinjira mu jisho ryawe rukaruhindura ikimenyetso cy'amashanyarazi ubwonko bwawe bushobora gusobanukirwa. Icyo gihe ni bwo ubona icyo bise "kubona."

Ese wari uzi ko sisitemu yacu yose y'imitsi ikora binyuze mu turemangingo twihariye twitwa neuron ? Izi neuron zikoresha ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi n'ibinyabutabire kugira ngo zohereze amakuru ava mu bice byose by'umubiri wacu mu bwonko, hanyuma zigaruke mu bwonko. Bumwe mu bwoko bwihariye bwa neuron ni photoreceptors muri retina yacu. Bitewe n'uburyo retina yacu ikura mu gihe cy'imikurire y'umwana uri mu nda, izi photoreceptors ni igice cy'imitsi yacu yo hagati - niyo sisitemu imwe irimo ubwonko n'umugongo. Ibyo ntibitangaje?

Ni iki kibaho ku nkoni n'udusimba?

Izi kamera ebyiri z’ifoto ni zo ntwari ebyiri z’imikorere amaso yawe akoresha kugira ngo amenye urumuri kandi aruhindure ikintu ubwonko bwawe bushobora gusobanukirwa. Iyo dutekereje ku maso yacu, akenshi tuyatekereza nk’amakamera. Mu by’ukuri, kamera zo muri iki gihe zishushanyije nk’ijisho ry’umuntu.

Tekereza kamera nshya ya digitale. Imbere muri yo hari sensor yihariye. Iyi sensor ikora neza neza nka retina mu maso yacu. Imenya urumuri ikaruhindura code ya digitale. Hanyuma, akantu gato ka mudasobwa kari muri kamera gatunganya code kugira ngo gakore ishusho nziza cyangwa videwo tubona.

Iyi ni yo nzira imwe iba iyo retina yawe n'ubwonko bwawe bikorana kugira ngo bikwereke isi ikukikije. Ibintu retina yawe ibona bihinduka ibimenyetso by'imitsi, byoherezwa mu bwonko bwawe binyuze mu mutsi w'amatwi . Ubwonko "burasoma" kandi bugasobanura ibyo bimenyetso, "bugakora" ibyo ubona. Uturemangingo twihariye muri retina yawe dutangira iyi gahunda yose twitwa photoreceptors. None se, ibyo birasobanutse?

Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa photoreceptors?

Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi bwa ``Photoreceptors`` mu jisho ry'umuntu. Byitirirwa imiterere yabyo. Ni:

1. Uturemangingo tw'uduti `(Uduti)`

2. Utunyangingo tw'amakoni `(Amakoni)`

Reka turebe buri bwoko bw'ibi bintu ukwabwo.

Reka twige ku ngirabuzimafatizo z'inkoni.

Izi fotoreceptors ni ndende kandi zifite uburebure bwa cylindrical, nk'uduti duto. Niyo mpamvu zitwa "uturemangingo tw'uduti." Zishobora kwitwara neza cyane ndetse no ku mucyo muto cyane. Tekereza gato, hafi 95% by'uduti tw'uduti mu maso yawe (ni ukuvuga miliyoni 100 kugeza kuri 125!) ni uturemangingo tw'uduti.

• Ibi ni byiza cyane mu kugufasha kureba mu bihe biri hasi, nko mu gihe ugenda hanze nijoro.
• Ariko, ibi ntibigaragaza neza ibisobanuro birambuye.
• Igikuru ni uko uturemangingo tw’udutsiko tudashobora gutandukanya amabara. Tubona gusa umukara, umweru n’ikijuju.

Utwuma dufata amashusho tw’uduti (Rod photoreceptors) dushinzwe cyane cyane kureba mu rumuri ruto no kureba nijoro. Bigufasha kubona mu rumuri ruto, bizwi mu buvuzi nka scotopic vision .

Amakuru yerekeye utunyangingo tw'inyuma

Uturemangingo tw’inyuma dufite ishusho nk’iy’inyuma, bivuze ko dukikije hepfo kandi tugana hejuru (photoreceptors).

• Izi selile zikenera urumuri rwinshi kugira ngo zikore kurusha selile z’uduti, bivuze ko zikora cyane ahantu hafite urumuri rwinshi.
• Ariko, iyo ibi bikozwe, urashobora kumenya amabara! Yego, utu tunyangingo tw’inyuguti ni two tugufasha kubona amabara yose yo ku isi ubona.
• Uturemangingo twinshi twa cone tuboneka mu gice cyo hagati cya retina yawe, mu gace kidasanzwe kitwa macula . Niyo mpamvu igice cyo hagati cy'amaso yawe gishobora kubona amabara n'ibindi bintu bito (urugero, gusoma inyuguti mu gitabo) neza.

Uburyo Butangaje bwo Kubona Ibara (Kureba Amabara)

Hari ubwoko butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'amabara mu maso yacu. Dufite ubushobozi butangaje bwitwa "amabara vision" kuko ubwo bwoko bwose butatu bukorana. Igitangaje ni uko utu turemangingo tw'amabara tutabona amabara mu by'ukuri. Ahubwo, tubona gusa uburebure butandukanye bw'urumuri. Hanyuma tubwira ubwonko iby'ubwo burebure bw'amabara. Ubwonko bwawe busesengura ayo makuru bukaguha ubushobozi bwo kubona amabara.

Iyo urebye umukororombya, icyo ubona mu by'ukuri ni urugero rwiza rwo gusobanukirwa imiterere y'urumuri rugaragara. Umucyo utukura ufite uburebure bw'umurambararo burebure, niyo mpamvu uri inyuma - kandi ukaba munini - ku ruhande rw'umukororombya. Umukororombya ufite uburebure bw'umurambararo bugufi, niyo mpamvu uri imbere - kandi ukaba muto - ku ruhande rw'umukororombya.

Abantu benshi bafite ubwoko butatu bwa cone photoreceptors. Kugira ubwoko butatu bwa cones byitwa trichromacy . Ubwo bwoko butatu ni:

• Ifite imiterere y'ubururu bugufi (S-cones): Iyi miterere ikunze kwibasirwa n'ubururu.
• Ifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya uburebure bw'umurambararo (M-cones): Izi zikunze kugabanya uburebure bw'icyatsi.
• Ifite imiterere miremire y'uburebure (L-cones): Izi ahanini zikunze kwibasirwa n'umutuku.

Nubwo ubwoko bwose butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'amabara y'inyuma bushobora kwiyumvamo amabara runaka, hari aho ubwo bwoko butatu buhurira. Ubwonko bwawe bushobora gutandukanya amabara atandukanye n'amabara atandukanye yayo ugereranije itandukaniro mu bukana bw'ibimenyetso biva mu bwoko bwose butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'inyuma. Niyo mpamvu ijisho ry'umuntu muzima rishobora gutandukanya amabara agera kuri miliyoni!

Tetrachromacy: Utunyangingo tune tw’inyuguti z’umuhondo!

Iyi ni indwara idakunze kubaho cyane. Impinduka mu miterere y’uturemangingo ifata abagore gusa ituma bamwe bagira ubwoko bune bw’uturemangingo tw’ingirabuzimafatizo. Ibi byitwa tetrachromacy (tetra bisobanura "ine" mu Kigiriki cya kera).

Iyi ndwara ya `(Tetrachromacy)` ishobora kuba intege nke cyangwa ikomeye. Umuntu ufite `(Tetrachromacy)` ikomeye, bivuze ko ubwonko butunganya amakuru aturuka mu karemangingo ka kane k’umubumbe neza, ashobora gutandukanya no kumenya amabara agera kuri miliyoni 100! Ariko ibi ni gake cyane, bityo biracyakorerwa ubushakashatsi.

Indwara n'indwara zikunze kwibasira ibyuma bitanga urumuri

Ikibabaje ni uko hari indwara nyinshi zishobora kugira ingaruka ku mitsi n'udusimba twawe. Zimwe muri zo ni indwara zikunze kugaragara zigira ingaruka ku bindi bice bya retina n'uturemangingo dukikije ijisho. Ariko hari zimwe mu ndwara zigira ingaruka ku buryo bwihariye ku turemangingo tw'ijisho ryawe. Reka turebere hamwe zimwe mu ngingo z'ingenzi:

• Ubuhumyi bw'amabara: Ibi bishobora kuba igice cyangwa byose (urugero, achromatopsia - kudashobora kubona amabara ayo ari yo yose).
• Kugabanuka kw'uturemangingo tw'inkoni: Muri ibi, uturemangingo tw'inkoni n'uturemangingo tw'inkoni bigenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro.
• Kwangirika kw'amagufwa y'amagufwa: Kwangirika kw'amagufwa y'amagufwa y'amagufwa, cyane cyane uko umuntu asaza, bigira ingaruka ku kureba hagati.
• Indwara ya Refsum: Indwara idakunze kugaragara mu ngirabuzimafatizo.
• Retinitis pigmentosa: Indwara y’uturemangingo ibanza kwibasira uturemangingo tw’udutsi hanyuma ikagera ku turemangingo tw’udutsi.
• Indwara yo mu mirasire y'izuba: Kwangirika kwa retina guterwa no kureba izuba neza, nko mu gihe cy'izuba ryijimye.
• Usher syndrome: Indwara y’uturemangingo igira ingaruka ku kureba no kumva.

Ni ibihe bimenyetso bisanzwe by'indwara ziterwa n'udukoko duto (photoreceptors)?

Iyo ufite ikibazo kigira ingaruka ku byuma byawe bivura indwara, ikimenyetso nyamukuru ni ukudahita neza cyangwa guta ubwenge. Ariko urwego rwo kutabona rushobora gutandukana. Biterwa n'ubwoko bw'ibyuma bivura indwara (uduti, utubuto, cyangwa byombi).

Ibiranga imiterere y'ibibabi bifatwa n'inkoni

• Ikimenyetso nyamukuru kigaragara bwa mbere muri bene ibyo bihe ni ubuhumyi bwo mu ijoro (Nyctalopia), bivuze ko umuntu atabona neza mu rumuri ruto.
• Hari indwara zimwe na zimwe, nka retinitis pigmentosa, zishobora kwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita ndetse zikanagira ingaruka ku byuma bitanga urumuri, bigira ingaruka ku kureba ku manywa ndetse no ku kureba amabara.

Ibiranga indwara zifata uturemangingo tw’ingirabuzimafatizo

• Ibi bikunze kuba birimo kutabona amabara (kudashobora gutandukanya amabara atandukanye) cyangwa kubura ubushobozi bwo kubona amabara uko igihe kigenda gihita.
• Bishobora kandi kugira ingaruka ku bushobozi bwawe bwo kubona neza utuntu duto, bishobora gutuma ubona ibintu mu buryo bw'ibicu cyangwa mu buryo bw'urujijo.
• Zimwe muri izi ndwara zishobora kwiyongera nyuma zikanatera ibimenyetso bifitanye isano n'inkoni (nk'ubuhumyi bwo mu ijoro).

Icy'ingenzi ni uko indwara nyinshi ziterwa na photoreceptor zigira ingaruka ku turemangingo tw’inyuma n’utw’inyuma icyarimwe. Ibi bikunze kugaragara cyane cyane mu gihe hari ibyangiritse cyangwa impinduka ku ngirabuzimafatizo z’inyuma. Urugero rwiza ni ukugabanuka kw’amagufwa y’inyuma .

Ni gute nagenzura ubuzima bw'uturemangingo twanjye tw'inkoni n'utw'inyuma?

Hari ibizamini byinshi ushobora gukora kugira ngo umenye ubuzima bw'udukingirizo twa photoreceptors zawe.

• Isuzuma risanzwe ry'amaso: Ibi ni nk'isuzuma ryuzuye ry'ubuzima bw'amaso yawe buri mwaka. Inzobere mu by'amaso cyangwa inzobere mu by'amaso ishobora gusuzuma imbere n'inyuma by'ijisho ryawe (retina).
• Isuzuma rya Mydriasis n'itara rito : Ubu buryo butuma retina igaragara neza mu gihe cyo gusuzuma amaso. Ibi bishobora gufasha kumenya indwara zitagaragara kandi zishobora kutagaragaza ibimenyetso mu ntangiriro.
• Ibizamini byihariye: Hari igihe muganga wawe ashobora kukugira inama yo gupima ibipimo byihariye. Ingero:
• Electroretinography (ERG): Iyi niyo ipima imikorere y'amashanyarazi ya retina yawe, ikagenzura uko ikora ku mucyo.
• Ibimenyetso by’ubushobozi bwo kureba (VEP): Iki ni ikizamini cy’ubwonko, ariko gishobora kumenya niba ubwonko bwawe bwakira ibimenyetso bivuye muri retina yawe neza.
• Ibizamini byo gupima: Ibi bizamini bifasha kubona neza ibice bitandukanye bya retina, harimo n'imitsi y'amaraso. Bishobora kumenya imitsi mishya y'amaraso ikura (ishobora kubaho mu ndwara nka diyabete) cyangwa izindi mpinduka zishobora kwangiza retina.

Inzobere mu by'amaso izaguhitiramo ibizamini bikubereye kandi ikabigusobanurira.

Ni gute nakwita ku byuma bifotora (photoreceptors) byanjye?

"(Photoreceptors)" zawe ni igice cy'ingenzi cyane cya retina yawe. Rero, kwita ku buzima bw'amaso yawe n'ubuzima bw'amaso muri rusange ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo kurinda amaso yawe. Dore bimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi ushobora gukora:

• Jya usuzuma amaso buri gihe: Ibi si ibizamini byo kugenzura imiti yawe gusa. Bishobora kumenya indwara zikomeye z'amaso mbere yuko ibimenyetso bitangira. Waba wambaye indorerwamo cyangwa contact lenses cyangwa utambaye, ni ngombwa ko buri wese asuzuma amaso nibura buri myaka ibiri (cyangwa mbere y'uko muganga abikora).
• Suzuma umubiri wawe buri gihe: Amaso yawe ni indorerwamo igaragaza ubuzima bw'umubiri wawe wose. Indwara zidakira, cyane cyane umuvuduko ukabije w'amaraso na diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2, zishobora kugira ingaruka ku maso yawe. Ibi bizamini by'umubiri bya buri mwaka bishobora kumenya byinshi muri ibi bihe mbere yuko bitera ibimenyetso cyangwa kwangirika kw'amaso yawe.
• Irinde Nikotine burundu: Kunywa itabi, kunywa itabi rya vape, n'ibindi bicuruzwa by'itabi byangiza cyane imiyoboro y'amaraso. Imitsi y'amaraso yoroshye itanga amaraso muri retina yawe ishobora kwangirika cyane no gukoresha nikotine.
• Shyira imbere imirire ikwiye: Vitamine A, by’umwihariko, ni intungamubiri y’ingenzi ku mikorere ya photoreceptors. Indyo yuzuye kandi ifite intungamubiri ni ingenzi ku buzima bwawe muri rusange, ndetse no ku buzima bw’amaso yawe.
• Komeza kugira ibiro byiza: Ganira na muganga w'umuryango wawe uko wabikora.

Ni gute ibyuma bifotora bifata urumuri?

Mu magambo make, iyo urumuri rukubise ku nkono zawe n'udutsi twawe, uruhererekane rw'imikorere y'ibinyabutabire n'amashanyarazi rutangira gukoreshwa muri utwo turemangingo no mu tundi turemangingo two muri retina duhujwe natwo. Ni muri ubwo buryo, utwuma dufata amashusho n'uturemangingo twa retina bihindura ingufu z'urumuri mo ibimenyetso bya elegitoroniki ubwonko bwawe bushobora gusobanukirwa.

Inkoni n'udupira ni ingenzi cyane, ni ibice by'ingenzi cyane mu kureba kwawe. Iyo bitabaho, ubwonko bwawe ntibwabona ibimenyetso bukeneye kugira ngo "bukore" ibyo ubona. Kandi byakozwe mu buryo bw'ubuhanga kugira ngo bikore imirimo yihariye. Nubwo bimwe bigufasha kubona mu mwijima, ibindi bigufasha kwishimira buri bara, buri kintu cyose, mu isi ikukikije.

Usobanukiwe uburyo bikora, ntuzashimishwa n'imikorere yabyo itangaje gusa, ahubwo uzarushaho gushishikazwa no kubungabunga ubuzima bw'amaso yawe. Niba ufite ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose kijyanye n'amaso yawe (Photoreceptors), retina, cyangwa ikindi kibazo icyo ari cyo cyose gifitanye isano n'amaso, ntutindiganye kugisha inama umuganga w'amaso. Muri ubwo buryo, ushobora kubungabunga icyerekezo cyawe igihe kirekire kandi ukabona umusaruro mwiza.

Ikintu cy'ingenzi ugomba kwibuka muri iyi nkuru (Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo)

Rero, ubutumwa nyamukuru ugomba kujyana mu byo twaganiriyeho uyu munsi ni ubu:

Utu tunyabutabire duto turi mu maso yacu - inkoni n'udusimba - ni two "dukora" tw'ingenzi tudufasha kubona iyi si nziza kandi ifite amabara menshi n'utundi duce twiza tuyirimo neza. Kugumana utu tunyabutabire tumeze neza ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo tugumane ubushobozi bwo kubona neza!

Rero, fata neza amaso yawe. Jya usuzuma amaso yawe buri gihe kandi ubeho ubuzima bwiza. Kuko amaso yawe ari umutungo w'agaciro katagereranywa ufite!

Uturemangingo tw'amafoto, Uturemangingo tw'uduti, Uturemangingo tw'inyuma, Ubuzima bw'amaso, Kureba amabara, Retina