Masifunde ngomhlaza we-oropharyngeal. Kubalulekile ukuba uzazi ezi zinto!

Usenokuba nomphimbo obuhlungu, utshintsho kwilizwi lakho, okanye ubunzima bokuginya, akunjalo? Sihlala sizityeshela ezi mpawu zincinci. Sicinga ukuba ngumkhuhlane nje okanye umphimbo obuhlungu. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha ezi mpawu zibonakala ziqhelekile zinokubangelwa yinto enzulu ngakumbi. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngesihloko esifuna ukucingisiswa ngakumbi. Lowo ngumhlaza othi " Umhlaza we-Oropharynegal," umhlaza owenzeka embindini womphimbo, ngasemva komlomo wethu, apho umphimbo uqala khona. Musa ukoyika, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukwazi oku.

Yintoni le mhlaza osembindini womqala (Oropharyngeal Cancer)?

Ngamafutshane, 'Umhlaza we-Oropharyngeal' ngumhlaza oqala xa iiseli eziphakathi emqaleni wakho, ezibizwa ngokuba yi -'Oropharynx' , zikhula ngendlela engaqhelekanga kwaye zibe ngumhlaza. 'Umhlaza we-Oropharynx' uquka umva womlomo wakho, isiseko solwimi lwakho, iitoni, kunye nempumlo ethambileyo phezulu emqaleni wakho. Le ndawo ivelisa amathe, igcina umlomo wakho nomqala wakho umanzi, kwaye ikunceda ukugaya ukutya okutyayo. Oogqirha baneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga lo mhlaza. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha 'unokuphinda' emva konyango. Nangona lo mhlaza ungenakuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo, unganciphisa umngcipheko wakho wokuwufumana ngokunyamekela ezinye izinto. Umzekelo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuzikhusela kwi -'Human Papillomavirus (HPV)' intsholongwane, ukungatshayi, kunye nokulawula ukusetyenziswa kotywala.

Ixhaphake kangakanani le meko?

Enyanisweni, 'Umhlaza we-Oropharyngeal ' luhlobo lomhlaza olungaqhelekanga. Umzekelo, ngokutsho kwe-American Cancer Society, malunga nabantu abangama-53,000 e-United States bafunyanwa benalo mhlaza minyaka le. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba sithatha umhlaza webele, uchaphazela abantu abangaphezu kwama-290,000 minyaka le. Ngoko ke, xa kuthelekiswa noko, oku kuphantsi kancinci. Le meko ikwafunyanwa naseSri Lanka, kodwa ayixhaphakanga kangako xa ithelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zomhlaza.

Ngaba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo `zomhlaza womlomo`?

Ewe, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zale nto.

• Umhlaza weetoni lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lomhlaza.
• Ukongeza, le mihlaza inokwenzeka nakwiintsini, phantsi komlomo, nakwezinye iindawo ze-oropharynx.

Zithini iimpawu ze-'Ophoryngeal Cancer'?

Oku kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba iimpawu zalo mhlaza ngamanye amaxesha zinokufana neempawu zezinye iimeko ezincinci. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukwazi oku.

• Umphimbo obuhlungu ongapheliyo (` Pharyngitis` ) : Umphimbo obuhlungu ongapholiyo.
• Ubunzima okanye intlungu xa uginya (`I-Dysphagia : Imvakalelo yokungakwazi ukuginya ukutya.
• Ubunzima bokuvula umlomo ngokupheleleyo (`Trismus`) okanye ubunzima bokuhambisa ulwimi.
• Ukunciphisa umzimba ngendlela engachazekiyo : Ukuba unciphisa umzimba ngaphandle kokuzama.
• Utshintsho kwilizwi : Ukurhawuzelela okanye utshintsho kwilizwi olungaphucukiyo.
• Intlungu yendlebe : Intlungu yendlebe engapheliyo nengapheliyo (ingakumbi kwicala elinye).
• Iqhuma elingasemva emqaleni okanye emlonyeni : Iqhuma onokuliva okanye ulibone.
• Iqhuma entanyeni : Ukudumba okanye iqhuma entanyeni.
• Ukukhohlela igazi .
• Ibala elimhlophe elulwimini okanye ngaphakathi emlonyeni : Ukuba ibala alipheli emva kwexesha elithile.

Kubalulekile: Ukuba unenye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi mpawu, ungakhathazeki, ngokuqinisekileyo ngumhlaza. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ezi mpawu ziyaqhubeka kangangeeveki ezingaphezu kwezimbini, ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kufuneka ubone ugqirha ukuze akunike ingcebiso.

Zithini izizathu 'zomhlaza we-Ophoryngeal'?

Kukho izizathu ezininzi eziphambili zokuphuhliswa kwalo mhlaza.

• Ukosuleleka yiHuman Papillomavirus ( HPV ) : Le yeyona nto iphambili efunyenweyo. Intsholongwane yeHPV ichaphazela iijini ezilawula ukukhula kweeseli emlonyeni nasemqaleni wethu. Oku kunokubangela ukuba iiseli zikhule ngokukhawuleza kwaye zibe ngumhlaza, okanye iithumba.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwecuba : Ukutshaya icuba, iicuba, kunye necuba lokuhlafuna kunokonakalisa iiseli ezisemqaleni wakho. Lo monakalo ubangela ukuba iiseli zahlukane ngaphezu kwesiqhelo. Oku kwandisa amathuba okuba neempazamo ze-DNA, ezinokukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweeseli zomhlaza.
• Utywala : Ukusela utywala kungonakalisa iiseli emqaleni wakho kwaye kuchaphazele amandla akho okulungisa i-DNA. Ukusela utywala ngelixa utshaya kwandisa umngcipheko nangakumbi.

Ziziphi izinto ezibangela umngcipheko wokuba `nomhlaza we-oropharyngeal`?

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezibangela umngcipheko wokufumana lo mhlaza:

• Usulelo lwe-HPV , ingakumbi uhlobo lwe-HPV 16.
• Ukuba nembali yokusebenzisa icuba nezinye iimveliso zecuba.
• Ukusela utywala ngokugqithisileyo.
• Ukuba ukhe waba nomhlaza wentloko okanye wentamo ngaphambili.
• Ukuba ukhe wanyangwa ngemisebe entloko okanye entanyeni.

Oogqirha bayifumanisa njani i-Oropharyngeal Cancer?

Xa usiya kugqirha, uza kuqala akubuze ngeempawu zakho, imbali yakho yezonyango (njengokuba ukhe waba nomhlaza ngaphambili, ukuba ukhe wasebenzisa unyango lwemitha), kunye nendlela ophila ngayo (njengokuba utshaya okanye usela utywala). Emva koko, baza kuhlola umlomo wakho, umphimbo, kunye nentamo yakho ngononophelo. Baza kuziva nokuba kukho na amaqhuma entanyeni yakho. Ngamanye amaxesha, banokusebenzisa isibuko, isibane, okanye ityhubhu encinci enekhamera ('i-fiberoptic scope') ukujonga ingaphakathi lomlomo wakho nomqala.

Luhlobo luni lovavanyo olwenziwayo koku?

Oogqirha banokwenza iimvavanyo ezininzi ukuqinisekisa isifo:

• I-Endoscopic Biopsy : Oku kuquka ukufaka ityhubhu ebhityileyo neguquguqukayo (i-endoscope) ngomlomo, kusetyenziswa ikhamera encinci ekupheleni ukuze kuthathwe iqhekeza elincinci lesicwili kwindawo ekrokrisayo. Emva koko isicwili siyahlolwa phantsi kwemakroskopu kwilebhu ukuze kubonwe ukuba kukho iiseli zomhlaza okanye usulelo lwe-HPV.
• `I-Computed Tomography (CT) Scan` : Olu `CT` scan lunokulinganisa ubungakanani bomhlaza kwaye lubone ukuba usasazeke na kwezinye iindawo. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kungenziwa kunye ne-`Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan`.
• I-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan : Le MRI scan inokuvelisa imifanekiso eneenkcukacha zezicubu ezithambileyo zomzimba, ingakumbi iitoni kunye nesiseko solwimi. Oku kunokunceda ekumiseleni ubungakanani bethumba.

Ngaba kukho amanqanaba `omhlaza we-oropharyngeal`?

Ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo. Oogqirha baceba unyango baze banike umbono wesifo esiza kwenzeka ngokusekwe kwinqanaba lomhlaza (Cancer Staging). Kukho izigaba ezine eziphambili zomhlaza we-Oropharyngeal (Inqanaba loku-1 ukuya kwelesi-4). La manqanaba anokwahluka kancinci ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni usulelo lwe-HPV lukhona okanye akunjalo. Ukongeza, ubungakanani bethumba, nokuba lisasazeke kwi-lymph nodes ezikufutshane, okanye kwiindawo ezikude zomzimba, nalo lidlala indima ekumiseleni inqanaba.

Inyangwa njani i-'Oropharyngeal Cancer'?

Oogqirha basebenzisa kakhulu iindlela ezifana notyando, unyango ngemitha, i-chemotherapy, unyango ngamayeza ajoliswe kuwo, okanye unyango lwe-immunotherapy ukunyanga lo mhlaza. Injongo yabo ephambili kukususa iiseli zomhlaza ngendlela echaphazela amandla akho okuthetha nokuginya kancinci kangangoko.

Utyando

Ukuba umhlaza umncinci kwaye awukasasazekanga kwezinye iindawo, ungasuswa ngotyando.

• `Utyando lweRobhothi oluTshintshayo (TORS)`: Le yindlela entsha yotyando, engayi kungenelela kakhulu eyenziwa ngomlomo. Ingasusa umhlaza nzulu emqaleni, kwiindawo ezinzima ukufikelela kuzo. Ngenxa yokuba isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe berobhothi, akukho mfuneko yokwenza umngxuma omkhulu entanyeni okanye ukususa i-uvula. Ikwadla ngokungadingi `i-tracheostomy` (ukufakwa kwetyhubhu yokuphefumla).
• Iingenelo ze-`TORS`:
• Ixesha lokuhlala esibhedlele emva kotyando lifutshane.
• Ungachacha ngokukhawuleza.
• Akukho monakalo mkhulu kwizicwili nakwimisipha engqongileyo enceda ekuginyeni.
• Zimbalwa iingxaki ezihlala ixesha elide zokuthetha nokuginya.
• Iziphumo/iingxaki ze-`TORS`:
• Ukopha okungaqhelekanga (`Ukopha kwegazi`).
• Ukutya okanye ulwelo olungena emiphungeni (`Aspiration`).
• Ukungakwazi ukufumana ioksijini eyaneleyo emiphungeni (Respiratory Compromise).
• Ubunzima bokuginya (i-Dysphagia).
• Ubunzima bokuhlafuna ukutya.
• Ukulahlekelwa lilizwi ngokusisigxina okanye ubunzima bokuthetha.
• Isidingo sokuhlinzwa kwe-tracheostomy ngenxa yobunzima bokuphefumla.
• Utshintsho kwinkangeleko yobuso.

Abanye abantu banokufuna unyango olongezelelweyo emva kotyando lwe-TORS, olufana notyando lokwakha ngokutsha, unyango lokuthetha, okanye unyango lwesondlo, ukulawula iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Unyango ngamakhemikhali

Ugqirha wakho angakunika i-chemotherapy yodwa okanye ngonyango lwe-radiation. Kwimeko apho utyando lungenakwenzeka, umzekelo ukuba umhlaza mkhulu kakhulu ukuba ungasuswa ngotyando, ezi ndlela zimbini zonyango zinokunikwa kunye. Kwakhona:

• Ukuba umhlaza usasazeke ukusuka kwi-oropharynx ukuya kwezinye iindawo zomzimba.
• Cwilisa ithumba ngaphambi kotyando.
• Olu nyango lukwasetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa naziphi na iiseli zomhlaza ezinokuthi zihlale emva kotyando.
• Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ze-chemotherapy kunye ne-radiation therapy: Xa ezi ndlela zimbini zonyango zinikezelwa kunye, amandla akho okuthetha anokuchaphazeleka. Oku kungenxa yokuba unyango lwe-radiation emqaleni lunokonakalisa izicwili eziphilileyo, okwenza kube nzima ukuthetha nokuginya. Oku kunokufuna unyango olukhethekileyo.

Unyango olujoliswe kulo

Ezi ziiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezenziwe kwilebhu (ii-antibodies ze-monoclonal). Ezi zonyango zisebenza ngokuthintela iproteni enceda iiseli zomhlaza zahlukane, zikhule, kwaye zisasazeke.

• Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga: Ezi ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwamayeza. Umzekelo, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga eziqhelekileyo zeyeza elithi `Cetuximab` zingabandakanya:
• Iimpawu zosulelo ezifana nomkhuhlane kunye nokubanda.
• Ukurhawuzelelwa lusu, ukurhawuzelelwa.
• Isiyezi.
• Umlomo owomileyo.
• Ukungagayi kakuhle kwesisu.
• Utshintsho lolusu kunye nezinzipho.

Unyango lwe-immunotherapy

Olu lunyango lokuqala ukuba umhlaza ubuyile okanye usasazekile. I-immunotherapy isebenza ngokunceda inkqubo yakho yomzimba ifumane kwaye itshabalalise iiseli zomhlaza. I-Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®) kunye ne-Nivolumab (Opdivo®) ziziyobisi ezimbini ezinjalo.

• Imiphumela:Uninzi lwexesha, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga azibalulekanga kangako.
• Ukudinwa.
• Ukurhawuzelela okurhawuzelelayo.
• Urhudo.
• Isicaphucaphu nokuhlanza.

Ngaba umhlaza we-Oropharyngeal ungathintelwa?

Nangona ingenakuthintelwa ngokupheleleyo, kukho izinto onokuzenza ukunciphisa umngcipheko wakho:

• Kuphephe ukosulelwa yiHuman Papillomavirus (HPV). Ukuba namaqabane amaninzi okwabelana ngesondo kunye/okanye ukuzibandakanya nesondo lomlomo kwandisa umngcipheko wakho wokufumana i-HPV. Buza ugqirha wakho malunga nogonyo lwe-HPV.
• Musa ukuqala ukutshaya. Ukuba uyatshaya, yeka. Ukuqhubeka nokutshaya kwandisa kakhulu umngcipheko wakho wokuba nomhlaza wesibini womlomo, umphimbo, ingxolo, okanye imiphunga. Cela ugqirha wakho akuncede uyeke.
• Musa ukusela utywala rhoqo okanye ngobuninzi. Utywala buyandisa imiphumo yecuba ebangela umhlaza. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphepha ukuzisebenzisa zombini ezi zinto kunye.
• Yitya ukutya okunempilo nokunesondlo. Zilolonge rhoqo.
• Bona ugqirha wakho kunye nogqirha wamazinyo rhoqo. Banokuhlola umlomo wakho nomqala wakho baze babone naluphi na utshintsho kwangethuba.

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ndinesi sifo?

Ukuba unomhlaza wamazinyo, kuya kufuneka uhlolwe rhoqo ukuze kuhlolwe ukuba awuphinde ubuye na okanye umhlaza omtsha. Ukuba usela utywala okanye uyatshaya, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nokuyeka. Ukutshaya nokusebenzisa utywala kwandisa umngcipheko wokubuya komhlaza okanye ukuba nomhlaza omtsha.

Ngaba `Umhlaza we-Oropharyngeal` unokunyangwa?

Oogqirha banokuyinyanga le mhlaza. Nangona kunjalo, ingabuya nasemva konyango oluphumeleleyo. Ngokutsho kwe-American Cancer Society, malunga nama-70% abantu abanomhlaza we-oropharyngeal basaphila emva kweminyaka emihlanu bexilongiwe. Oogqirha bachonge izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela indlela esi sifo siqhubeka ngayo:

• Njengeminye imihlaza, iziphumo zingcono ukuba umhlaza ufunyenwe kwaye unyangwe ngaphambi kokuba usasazeke.
• Abantu abafumana umhlaza ngenxa yosulelo lwe-HPV baneziphumo ezingcono kunabo bangenayo le ntsholongwane.
• Abantu abangasebenzisi icuba bafumana iziphumo ezingcono kunabo basebenzisa icuba.

Ndingazinyamekela njani?

Eyona ndlela ilungileyo onokuzinyamekela ngayo yile:

• Ziphephe icuba. Ukuba uyatshaya, zama ukuyeka.
• Ziphephe utywala.
• Ukuba une-HPV, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nokufumana isitofu sokugonya ukuze ukhuseleke kwiintsholongwane ezintsha.
• Cela uncedo. Unyango lwakho lunokwenza kube nzima ukuthetha okanye ukutya. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindlela zonyango ezikhethekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokunceda ukulawula ezi ziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.
• Bona ugqirha rhoqo.Jonga impilo yakho iyonke kwaye nokuba umhlaza uphinde wabuya na.

Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha? Ndifanele ndiye nini kwigumbi longxamiseko?

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukubona ugqirha wakho rhoqo emva konyango. Kusenokufuneka uhlolwe rhoqo ubomi bakho bonke. Ngokwesiqhelo, uya kucelwa ukuba uhlolwe rhoqo kwiiveki ezi-6-12 kunyaka wokuqala emva konyango, rhoqo kwiinyanga ezi-3 kunyaka wesibini, qho kwiinyanga ezi-3-4 kunyaka wesithathu, uze emva koko qho kwiinyanga ezi-6 emva koko. Ukuba utyando lokususa iithumba ezinomhlaza, kufuneka uye kwigumbi likaxakeka ngoko nangoko ukuba uneempawu zosulelo . Ezi mpawu ziquka:

• Ifiva.
• Ukuba indawo yotyando ibomvu kwaye ibuhlungu.
• Ukuba kukho ulwelo olufana nobovu oluvela kwindawo yotyando.

Ndingayibuza yiphi imibuzo ugqirha wam?

Ungabuza le mibuzo xa undwendwela ugqirha:

• Uphi kanye kanye umhlaza wam?
• Ingaba umhlaza wam usasazekile? Ukwinqanaba elingakanani? Kuthetha ukuthini oko?
• Zeziphi ezinye iimvavanyo ekufuneka ndizenze?
• Ngoobani oogqirha kwiqela lam lonyango?
• Ingaba umhlaza wam unxulumene neHuman Papillomavirus (HPV)?
• Zeziphi iinguqu ekufuneka ndizenze kwindlela endiphila ngayo?
• Ithini isicwangciso sam sonyango? Zithini zonke iindlela endinokukhetha kuzo?
• Angakanani amathuba okuba isifo sam sinyangeke?
• Zithini iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango?
• Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umhlaza ubuya? Zithini iindlela endinokukhetha kuzo?

Ingaba "umhlaza womlomo" uyafana "nomhlaza womlomo"?

Hayi. Nangona zombini ziluhlobo lomhlaza wentloko nowentamo, zahlukile.

• Umhlaza womlomo ngumhlaza okhula emlonyeni wakho okanye emlonyeni wakho. Unokwenzeka ngaphambili kolwimi lwakho, ngaphakathi ezidleleni zakho, ngaphambili kophahla lomlomo wakho, nasezantsi komlomo wakho.
• Umhlaza we-Oropharyngeal ngumhlaza okhula kwi-oropharynx yakho, equka iitoni, umva wolwimi, incasa ethambileyo, amacala kunye nomva womqala. Ezi zenziwe ngeeseli ezi-squamous ezijikeleze umphezulu womlomo nomqala.

Umhlaza we-Oropharyngeal luhlobo olungaqhelekanga lomhlaza wentloko nentamo. Nangona oogqirha benokuwunyanga, unokubuya emva konyango. Ngokuqhelekileyo, lo mhlaza ubangelwa kukuvezwa kwi-Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Abantu abasebenzisa icuba baze basele utywala nabo basengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa ngumhlaza.

Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya

Kulungile, masikukhumbuze ngamanqaku abalulekileyo koko sithethe ngako.

• Umhlaza we-Oropharyngeal ngumhlaza owenzeka embindini womqala. Usulelo lwe-HPV, ukutshaya, kunye nokusetyenziswa kotywala zezona zinto ziphambili ezibangela umngcipheko.
• Umphimbo obuhlungu ongapheliyo, ubunzima bokuginya, utshintsho kwilizwi, amaqhuma entanyeniLumka ngeempawu ezinje: Ukuba ezi ziqhubeka ixesha elingaphezu kweeveki ezimbini, funa ingcebiso kugqirha.
• Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango. Ukuchonga kwangethuba kubaluleke kakhulu.
• Umngcipheko ungancitshiswa zizinto ezifana nogonyo lwe-HPV, ukuphepha ukutshaya, kunye nokusela utywala ngokugqithisileyo.
• Ukuba unesifo esifana nesi okanye unamathandabuzo, ungoyiki ukubona ugqirha uze uthethe naye. Baza kukunceda.

Khumbula, ukuqonda yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuzikhusela. Kubalulekile ukunyamekela impilo yakho.