Ngaba nawe ukhathazekile ngeSifo sePhepha (TB)? Yiza, masithethe ngoVavanyo lwePhepha!

Isifo sephepha, okanye i-TB njengoko sonke sisazi, sisifo abantu abaninzi abaye beva ngaso, kwaye siyoyikisa kancinci. Ngoko ke, olu vavanyo lwe-TB luvavanyo olwenziwayo ukufumanisa ukuba unaso na esi sifo okanye awunaso. Ngokuchanekileyo, lujonga ukuba ingaba intsholongwane ebangela isifo sephepha, oko kukuthi, intsholongwane `(Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex)`, ingene emzimbeni wakho. Makhe sithethe ngale nto ngokweenkcukacha ezithe vetshe, kulungile?

Ziziphi iintlobo zovavanyo lwe-TB ezikhoyo?

Ngoku khangela, kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zovavanyo lwe-TB. Mhlawumbi nawe ukhe weva ngezi.

1. Uvavanyo lolusu: Olu lukwabizwa ngokuba yi-"Mantoux test" okanye "tuberculin skin test (TST)". Olu lolona vavanyo lusetyenziswa kakhulu, ingakumbi kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ubudala.

2. Uvavanyo lweGazi: Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-"Interferon-Gamma Release Assay - IGRA". Olu vavanyo lwegazi lusetyenziswa kakhulu, ingakumbi kubasebenzi bezempilo, abantu abaneenkqubo zokuzikhusela zomzimba ezibuthathaka (oko kukuthi abo imizimba yabo ingenako ukulwa nezifo), okanye abo iinkqubo zabo zokuzikhusela zomzimba zibuthathaka ngamayeza athile.

Kodwa kukho into ebaluleke kakhulu ekufuneka uyikhumbule apha. Naluphi na kwezi vavanyo zimbini lukuxelela kuphela ukuba wakha waba nentsholongwane ye-TB emzimbeni wakho. Oko kukuthi, ezi vavanyo azinakuxelela ngokuthe ngqo ukuba intsholongwane ayisebenzi (ifihliwe) emzimbeni wakho okanye iyasebenza (iyasebenza) kwaye ibangela isifo. Ukuze wazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba une-TB esebenzayo, kuya kufuneka wenze ezinye iimvavanyo ezifana ne-X-ray yesifuba kunye novavanyo lwe-sputum.

Ngubani ekufuneka enze olu vavanyo lweTB?

Ngoku usenokuba ucinga, "Ngaba nam kufuneka ndenze oku?" Oogqirha badla ngokucebisa uvavanyo lwe-TB kwiimeko ezilandelayo:

• Ukuba uneempawu zesifo seTB esisebenzayo (umz. ukukhwehlela okungapheliyo, iintlungu zesifuba, umkhuhlane oza ngokuhlwa, ukwehla kobunzima, ukudinwa).
• Ukuba usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana isifo sephepha , oku kuthetha ukuba:
• Ukuba ungumsebenzi wezempilo (umntu ohlala ethetha nezigulana, njengogqirha okanye umongikazi).
• Ukuba uhlala okanye usebenza kwindawo apho isifo sephepha sixhaphake khona, njengeendawo zokulala, izindlu zabantu abadala, okanye iintolongo.
• Ukuba kutshanje usondelelene kakhulu nesigulana esineTB esisebenzayo .
• Ukuba unenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ebuthathaka, mhlawumbi ngenxa yesinye isifo okanye amayeza owasebenzisayo.
• Ukuba usandul’ ukuya kwilizwe apho isifo sephepha sixhaphakileyo khona (umz., kwamanye amazwe aseAsia, kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika), ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka umxelele ugqirha wakho ukuba ukhe waya kwilizwe elinjalo.
• Ngamanye amaxesha, xa uqala umsebenzi omtsha (ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana namaziko okugcina abantwana kunye nezibhedlele), kufuneka ukuba wenze olu vavanyo lweTB.

Ndifanele ndilwenze kangaphi uvavanyo lwe-TB?

Oku kwahlukile kumntu ngamnye. Kuxhomekeke ekubeni ungakanani umngcipheko onawo wokufumana isifo sephepha.

• Ukuba usemngciphekweni omkhulu (njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla), ugqirha wakho mhlawumbi angacebisa ukuba wenze olu vavanyo ubuncinane kanye ngonyaka.
• Ukuba umngcipheko wakho uphantsi , unokufuna ukwenza oku kube kanye emva kweminyaka embalwa.

Nangona kunjalo, icebiso elihle ngale nto livela kugqirha wosapho lwakho, ngoko ke kulungile ukumbuza .

Zisebenza njani ezi mvavanyo zeTB? Kulula kakhulu!

Olu vavanyo lolusu, okanye uvavanyo lwegazi, lujonga nje indlela amasosha omzimba wakho asabela ngayo kwiindawo ezithile (esizibiza ngokuba "zii-antigens" - "ii-antigens" yiyo nantoni na umzimba wethu ongayiqondiyo kwaye ngenxa yoko uzama ukuyilwa) kwiintsholongwane ezibangela isifo sofuba (''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''). Kufana nokuzikhusela komzimba wethu xa utshaba lusondela.

Indlela olusebenza ngayo uvavanyo lwesikhumba lwe-TB

Nantsi into eyenzekayo:

Ugqirha okanye umongikazi oqeqeshiweyo uza kufaka isixa esincinci kakhulu sesisombululo seprotheyini esikhethekileyo (esibizwa ngokuba yiPPD - iprotheyini ehlanjululweyo) esenziwe ngebhaktheriya iMycobacterium tuberculosis, phantsi kwesikhumba esingaphambili kwengalo yakho.

Akukho nto yokoyika apha! Le `(PPD)` ayisiyontsholongwane ephilayo. Ke ngoko, ayizukubangela ukuba ufumane i-TB.

Ngoko ke, ukuba wakha wachaphazeleka yintsholongwane yeTB ngaphambili, ulusu lwakho luya kusabela kule ``(PPD)''. Kwiintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu, indawo apho iyeza lifakwe khona iya kuba bomvu, iqine kancinci, kwaye kuya kuvela iqhuma elincinci.

Indlela olusebenza ngayo uvavanyo lwegazi lwe-TB

Nantsi into eyenzekayo:

Isampuli yegazi ithathwa kuwe ize ithunyelwe kwilebhu. Kwilebhu, ezinye zeeseli ezimhlophe zegazi egazini lakho (ezi zezo zilwa nesifo emizimbeni yethu) zixutywe ne-`(antigens)` ekhankanyiweyo apha kwi-`Mycobacterium tuberculosis`.

Ukuba ukhe wosulelwa yiTB ngaphambili, iiseli zakho ezimhlophe zegazi zikhupha iproteni ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).

Abasebenzi belebhu balinganisa le mpendulo besebenzisa indlela ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-"immunoassay." Emva koko iziphumo zixelwa njenge-"negative" (oko kuthetha ukuba akukho ntsholongwane), "positive" (oko kuthetha ukuba kunokubakho usulelo), okanye "i-inteterminate" (oko kuthetha ukuba iziphumo azicacanga kwaye aziqinisekanga).

Yintoni onokuyilindela ngexesha lovavanyo?

Indlela ezenziwa ngayo ezi mvavanyo zimbini yahlukile kancinci. Masibone ukuba kuhamba njani.

Indlela yokwenza uvavanyo lwesikhumba lwe-TB

Kuya kufuneka ubone ugqirha okanye umongikazi kabini, mhlawumbi kathathu, kolu vavanyo lolusu.

Utyelelo Lokuqala:

• Ugqirha okanye umongikazi uza kucoca kakuhle ulusu olungaphambili lwengalo yakho (ngaphantsi kwengqiniba, ngaphakathi).
• Emva koko, ulwelo oluthi ``(tuberculin)`` okanye ``(PPD)`` lufakwa phantsi kwesikhumba ngenaliti encinci kakhulu.
• Ngamanye amaxesha ugqirha uzobe isangqa ngepeni apho kwenziwe khona inaliti. Oku kuya kwenza kube lula ukuyifumana indawo xa uyijonga kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.
• Kuza kuvela i-blister encinci apho iyeza lifakwe khona. Liza kuziphelela lodwa emva kweeyure ezimbalwa. Akukho nto inokubangela ixhala ngayo.

Emva koko uza kuxelelwa ukuba ubuye emva kweeyure ezingama-48 ukuya kwezingama-72 (oko kukuthi, kwiintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu). Oku kukubona ukuba ulusu lube njani na xa lufakwe iyeza. Ukuba kukho ukudumba, ukubomvu, okanye ukurhawuzelelwa apho, oku kunokubonisa ukuba une-TB.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuya ngexesha okwesibini! Kuba ukuba awuyi kwiiyure ezingama-72 ngqo, kusenokufuneka uphinde ubhale uvavanyo lonke. Ngoko khumbula ukuya ngexesha.

Enye into kukuba kubantu abaneenkqubo zomzimba ezibuthathaka kakhulu, okanye abo baneengxaki ezithile zesikhumba, kukho ithuba elincinci lokuba iziphumo zolu vavanyo lwesikhumba zisenokungachaneki okanye zingathembekanga.

Indlela yokwenza uvavanyo lwegazi lwe-TB

Le yindlela eqhelekileyo yokunikela ngegazi.

• Njengoko uhleli esitulweni, i-phlebotomist (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-phlebotomist) iya kukhangela umthambo ongalweni yakho okulula ukuwukhupha igazi. Oku kudla ngokwenziwa ngaphezulu nje kwengqiniba, ngaphakathi kwengalo yakho.
• Xa kufunyenwe umthambo, loo ndawo ihlanjwa kakuhle.
• Emva koko, kufakwa inaliti encinci emthanjeni kwaye kutsalwa igazi elincinci. Kule ndawo, uya kuziva ulunywa kancinci, njengokulunywa imbovane.
• Emva kokufaka inaliti, igazi elincinci liqokelelwa kwityhubhu yovavanyo.
• Emva kokuba kuthathwe igazi elifunekayo kuvavanyo, inaliti iyasuswa, indawo icinezelwe ngekotoni okanye i-gauze okwethutyana, kuze kufakwe iplasta. Yiyo leyo!
• Konke oku kudla ngokuthatha ngaphantsi kwemizuzu emi-5.

Emva kokuba isampuli yegazi ithathiwe, ithunyelwa kwilebhu ukuze ivavanywe. Nje ukuba iziphumo zifunyenwe, ugqirha wakho uza kukuchazela zona.

Ingaba uvavanyo lwe-TB lubuhlungu?

Le yinto abantu abaninzi abayoyikayo.

• Ngexesha lovavanyo lolusu kunye novavanyo lwegazi, ungaziva ulusu oluncinci (njengolusu lwembovane) xa inaliti ibetha ulusu. Kodwa luhlala imizuzwana embalwa kuphela.
• Ngexesha lovavanyo lolusu, akukho kutsha okanye ezinye iingxaki ezibangelwa lulwelo olufakwe phantsi kolusu.

Ingaba kukho naziphi na iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezivela kwezi vavanyo zeTB?

Lo ngumbuzo abantu abaninzi abawubuzayo. Ngethamsanqa, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibi kakhulu ezivela kwezi vavanyo zeTB azifumaneki lula.

• Uvavanyo lolusu: Ukongeza ekuveni imvakalelo yokuhlaba kancinci xa kufakwa inaliti, abanye abantu banokufumana utshintsho oluncinci kumbala, ukudumba okuncinci, kunye nokuthamba okuncinci kwindawo yokuhlatywa. Oku kudla ngokuphela kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.
• Uvavanyo lwegazi:Indawo apho igazi litsalwe khona isenokuba buhlungu kancinci kwaye inokuba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kancinci. Oku kuya kubuyela esiqhelweni emva kosuku olunye okanye ezimbini.

Zithini iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-TB?

Kulungile, ngoku masibone ukuba iziphumo zezi mvavanyo zithini kwaye zithini.

Isiphumo singaba `negative` (oko kuthetha "hayi") okanye `positive` (oko kuthetha "ewe").

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule yile: Olu vavanyo lubonisa kuphela ukuba wakha wachaphazeleka yintsholongwane yeTB, oko kuthetha ukuba ingene emzimbeni wakho. Azinakwazi ukubona ukuba sisifo esisebenzayo okanye sisifo esifihlakeleyo.

Enye into, ukuba ukhe wagonyelwa i-BCG (ugonyo olukhusela isifo sephepha) usengumntwana, ngamanye amaxesha iziphumo zovavanyo lolusu zingaba zichanekile. Oku kubizwa ngokuba ziziphumo ezichanekile. Ngoko ke ukuba ukhe wagonyelwa i-BCG, xelela ugqirha wakho .

Kuthekani ukuba uvavanyo lwe-TB luthi lunayo i-HIV?

Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwakho lwe-TB zibuya zisithi 'zilungile', oko kuthetha ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba wosulelwe yintsholongwane ebangela isifo sephepha .

Ngeli xesha, ugqirha wakho uza kuyalela ezinye iimvavanyo ukuze afumanise ukuba une-TB ephilayo okanye eleleyo. Ezi vavanyo zongezelelweyo zingabandakanya i-X-ray yesifuba kunye nesampuli ye-sputum. I-sputum apha ayisiyo i-sputum eqhelekileyo evela emqaleni, kodwa yi-sputum etyebileyo evela emiphungeni.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba, nokuba uneTB efihlakeleyo okanye iTB esebenzayo, ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka ufumane unyango lwayo.

Kuthekani ukuba uvavanyo lwe-TB alubonisi ukuba une-HIV?

Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwakho lwe-TB zithi `negative`, oko kuthetha ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba awuzange uvelelwe yintsholongwane ye-TB . Kuvavanyo lolusu, `negative` kuthetha ukuba akukho mpendulo yolusu (ububomvu, ukudumba) apho iyeza lalifakwe khona.

Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha nokuba iziphumo zithi `hayi`, ukuba uneempawu zesifo sephepha (ezifana nokukhwehlela, umkhuhlane), ugqirha wakho unokuphanda ngakumbi.

Ndiza kuyazi nini ingxelo yovavanyo lwe-TB?

• Uvavanyo lolusu luthatha iiyure ezingama-48 ukuya kuma-72 ukugqitywa. Ngoko ke, xa usiya kugqirha okwesibini, ugqirha uya kukwazi ukukuxelela ngoko nangoko ngokujonga impendulo kulusu lwakho nokuba une-TB okanye akunjalo.
• Ingxelo yovavanyo lwegazi idla ngokufumaneka kwiintsuku ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-2. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha ingathatha ixesha elide kuxhomekeke kumthwalo womsebenzi welabhoratri.

Uvavanyo lweTB olubonisa ukuba unayo na (kwi-skin test) lubonakala njani?

Iziphumo ``ezibonisa ukuba lilungile`` kuvavanyo lolusu zithetha ukuba indawo apho iyeza lifakwe khona iqinile, njengeqhubu elibomvu . Ugqirha ulinganisa ubude beqhubu ngeemilimitha.

Apha, ugqirha uza kuqwalasela ezinye izinto ezikubangela umngcipheko (umz., nokuba ungumsebenzi wezempilo okanye unenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ebuthathaka) ukuze abone iziphumo. Ngokwesiqhelo, uvavanyo luthathwa 'njengelulungileyo' ukuba luphakathi kwezi ndlela zilandelayo:

• Iimilimitha ezi-5 (`mm`) okanye ngaphezulu kwaye unenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ebuthathaka (umz., umntu one-HIV, umntu oye wafakelwa amalungu omzimba, umntu othatha amayeza athile).
• Iimilimitha ezili-10 (`mm`) okanye ngaphantsi kwaye ungumsebenzi wezempilo, okanye umntu osandula ukubuya kwilizwe apho isifo sephepha sixhaphakileyo khona, umntu ofumana amayeza angenwayo, okanye umntwana ongaphantsi kweminyaka emi-4 ubudala.
• Iimilimitha ezili-15 (`mm`) okanye ngaphantsi kwaye awunazo ezinye izinto ezinokubangela ukuba ube nesifo sephepha.

Nokuba ubona ukudumba kunye nokubomvu esandleni sakho emva kweeyure ezingama-48-72 uze uzixelele, "Owu, oku kumele ukuba kulungile/kubi," kusabalulekile kakhulu ukuya kugqirha ukubonise. Ugqirha nguye oza kuyijonga ngokuchanekileyo, ayilinganise, agqibe ukuba yeyiphi isiphumo esichanekileyo, aze ayibhale phantsi.

Ndingathetha nini nogqirha wam ngesifo sephepha?

Kuya kufuneka ulumke kancinci ngezi zinto:

• Ukuba uneempawu zesifo sephepha (umz., ukukhwehlela okuhlala iiveki ezingaphezu kwezimbini, ngamanye amaxesha igazi liphuma kwi-phlegm, iintlungu zesifuba, ubunzima bokuphefumla, umkhuhlane oza ngokuhlwa, ukubila ebusuku, ukwehla kobunzima bomzimba, ukungabi namdla wokutya, ukudinwa kakhulu ),
• Okanye ukuba ucinga ukuba ubusoloko unxibelelene nesigulana esineTB esebenzayo ,

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukubona ugqirha nokufuna ingcebiso ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle kokulibazisa.

Isifo sephepha sisifo esinokubulala ukuba asinyangwa ngokufanelekileyo. Kodwa eyona nto ilungileyo kukuba, ukuba uthatha amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane njengoko kuyalelwe, ixesha elifanelekileyo, uninzi lweemeko zesifo sephepha zinokunyangeka ngokupheleleyo.

Nokuba uneTB esebenzayo okanye iTB efihlakeleyo, zombini kufuneka zinyangwe. Nangona kunjalo, iintlobo zamayeza anikiweyo kunye nobude bamayeza anikiweyo zahlukile kwezi meko zimbini.

Umyalezo Wokugqibela Wokuya Ekhaya

Kulungile, ngokwezinto esisandula ukuthetha ngazo, ezi zezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzikhumbule:

• Uvavanyo lweTB lubaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo yoluntu kwilizwe lethu nakwihlabathi liphela, njengoko kunceda ekufumaneni isifo kwangethuba nokulawula ukusasazeka kwaso.
• Isifo sephepha singabulala kwaye sinokusasazeka lula ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye ngomoya. Ngoko ke, ukuba uneempawu, okanye ukuba ukwiqela elisengozini enkulu, kububulumko ukuba uye kuvavanywa.
• Nje ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo zifike, ugqirha wakho uza kukuxelela into omawuyenze ngokulandelayo kunye nokuba kufuneka ezinye iimvavanyo na.
• Musa ukoyika nantoni na. Buza ugqirha nayiphi na imibuzo okanye amathandabuzo onawo. Oogqirha kunye nabahlengikazi bakhona ukukunceda. Baza kukuchazela yonke into.

Kubalulekile ukuba uhlale usempilweni!

Isifo sephepha, uvavanyo lwe-TB, uvavanyo lwe-TB, uvavanyo lwe-Mantoux, i-TST, i-IGRA, iimpawu ze-TB, unyango lwe-TB, i-PPD, uvavanyo lokukhululwa kwe-Interferon-Gamma