Yintoni i-ELISA? Masifunde ngolu vavanyo lwelabhoratri ngokulula!

Usenokuba ukhe waliva igama elithi 'ELISA' kugqirha okanye kwingxelo yelebhu , akunjalo? Okanye mhlawumbi ligama elitsha. Ngoko ke, yintoni i-ELISA, ijonge ntoni, kwaye isebenza njani? Makhe sithethe ngayo namhlanje, ngokungathi uthetha nomhlobo. Emva koko ungayiqonda ngcono le nto.

Yintoni i-ELISA? Kulula kakhulu!

Ngamafutshane, i-ELISA yindlela ekhethekileyo esetyenziswa kwiilabhoratri. Isebenza njengomcuphi. Ikhangela izinto ezithile emizimbeni yethu, ezinje ngee -antibodies, ii-antigens , iiproteni, kunye neehomoni , kwaye ilinganisa ukuba zingakanani kuzo.

Khawucinge nje, olu vavanyo lwenziwa ngokuthatha isampuli yegazi lakho, iplasma, umchamo, amathe, okanye ulwelo lwe-cerebrospinal (CSF). Amagama athi 'ELISA' amele 'uvavanyo lwe-enzyme-linked immunosorbent'. Ngamanye amaxesha lubizwa ngokuba luvavanyo lwe-EIA.

Abaphandi babiza le ELISA njengomgangatho wegolide wovavanyo lwe-immunoassays . Oko kukuthi, yindlela ethembekileyo nechanekileyo. Uvavanyo olusebenzisa le ndlela ye-ELISA lunokunceda ekuchongeni iimeko ezahlukeneyo , ukusuka kwiintsholongwane kunye nosulelo lwentsholongwane (umz., isifo seLyme, i-HIV) ukuya kwizifo ezinxulumene namahomoni ezifana nesifo se-thyroid .

Ubusazi na ukuba novavanyo lokukhulelwa ekhaya lusekelwe kule ndlela ye-ELISA? Bakhangela ubukho behomoni ebizwa ngokuba yi -human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) , eyaziwa ngokuba yi-'pregnancy hormone'.

Ngoko ke, zithini ezi immunoassays?

Kulungile, makhe sijonge ukuba zeziphi ii-immunoassays. Ezi ziimvavanyo ezixhomekeke kunxibelelwano phakathi kwee-antigens kunye nee-antibodies phantsi kweemeko zelebhu (oko kukuthi, kwilebhu, kungekhona ngaphakathi emzimbeni wakho).

Ukuze uqonde oku, kubalulekile ukuqonda kuqala indlela ii-antibodies kunye nee-antigens ezisebenza ngayo emzimbeni wakho. Ii-antibodies zizinto ezenza inkqubo yakho yokuzikhusela . Zibopha kwizinto ezingalunganga emzimbeni wakho kwaye zincede ukuba zisuswe. Zifana nemikhosi yokhuselo yelizwe lethu. Ii-antibodiesI-antigen yiyo nayiphi na uhlobo lophawu olunokubonwa zii-antibodies. Ezi antigens zihlala ziiproteni okanye iiswekile ezifumaneka kumphezulu weeseli okanye kwiintsholongwane.

Ii-Antigens zinokufumaneka phezu kwezinto ezahlukeneyo , kuquka:

• Intsholongwane
• Iintsholongwane
• Ii-allergens - umzekelo, ii-allergens ekutyeni, ii-allergens emoyeni
• Iintsholongwane
• Iiproteni
• Iiseli zomhlaza
• Iiseli eziqhelekileyo emzimbeni wakho

Ngoko ke, kwiimvavanyo ze-immunoasses, izazinzulu kwilebhu zisebenzisa ii-antigens okanye ii-antibodies ezinazo ukuvavanya ubukho be -antigen okanye i-antibody ethile kwisampuli yolwelo (umz., isampuli yegazi ) ethathwe kuwe. Uyifumene?

Uvavanyo olwahlukeneyo olusebenzisa indlela ye-ELISA lunokufumanisa ubukho bee -antigens ezithile kunye nee-antibodies.

Yintoni esetyenziselwa indlela ye-ELISA?

Iimvavanyo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zonyango zenziwa kusetyenziswa indlela ye-ELISA. Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ingxelo yakho yelabhoratri ayizukukhankanya 'uvavanyo lwe-ELISA'. Isizathu kukuba i-ELISA yindlela nje esetyenziswa kwilabhoratri, kwaye kukho iimvavanyo ezingenakubalwa ezinokwenziwa kusetyenziswa loo ndlela. Njengendlela esetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni ukutya, ungalungisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokutya usebenzisa loo ndlela.

Enye indlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenzisa i-ELISA kukufumanisa nokulinganisa ii-antibodies. Umzekelo:

• Ii-antibodies ezilwa nosulelo lwebhaktiriya, intsholongwane, okanye ifungus: Imizekelo yosulelo lwebhaktiriya ibandakanya isifo seLyme, i-brucellosis, kunye ne-syphilis. Imizekelo yosulelo lwebhaktiriya ibandakanya i-HIV kunye ne-hepatitis A, B, kunye ne-C. Umzekelo wosulelo lwefungus yi-yeast infection (candida).
• Ii-Autoantibodies: Ezi zii-antibodies ezisetyenziswa yinkqubo yakho yomzimba ukutshabalalisa iiseli zakho. Izifo ezininzi ze-autoimmune zibangelwa zezi autoantibodies. Umzekelo sisifo seswekile sohlobo 1. Kule meko, ngesizathu esingaziwayo, umzimba wakho uthumela ii-autoantibodies ezitshabalalisa iiseli ezivelisa i-insulin kwi-pancreas yakho.

Ezinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokusebenzisa indlela ye-ELISA zezi:

• Ukuchongwa kunye nokuhlolwa kwamanqanaba e-hormone:Imizekelo ibandakanya i-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), i-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), kunye ne-testosterone.
• Ukubeka esweni ukuqhambuka kwezifo kuluntu: Umzekelo, xa kukho ukuqhambuka kwe-chlamydia okanye i-influenza (siyibiza ngokuba 'yi-flu').
• Ukuvavanya igazi elinikelweyo ukuze kufunyanwe iinxalenye zentsholongwane: umzekelo, i-HIV.
• Ukufumanisa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezingezizo ezonyango: Umzekelo, ukujonga ukuba unayo na i-amphetamines okanye i-cocaine emzimbeni wakho. Ezi ziimvavanyo zokuhlola nje.
• Ukuchonga nokuvavanya amanqanaba eempawu zesifo se-tumor: Ezi zizinto ezisemzimbeni wakho ezibonelela ngolwazi malunga nomhlaza. Umzekelo luvavanyo lwe-prostate-specific antigen (PSA) lomhlaza we-prostate.
• Ukuchonga uthuli kunye nokunganyamezelani nokutya.
• Ukujonga ukuba ugonyelwe izifo ezithile na: umzekelo, i-mumps kunye ne-rubella.

Isebenza njani le ndlela ye-ELISA? Iyamangalisa!

Kulungile, ngoku makhe sijonge indlela olu vavanyo lwe-ELISA olusebenza ngayo. Kukho umahluko omncinci ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni lukhangela ii-antibodies okanye ii-antigens . Masizame ukuqonda oku ngokuthatha umzekelo wokukhangela ii-antibodies. Uninzi lovavanyo lwe-ELISA luzenzekela - oko kukuthi, uninzi lomsebenzi lwenziwa ngoomatshini. Kodwa ukuze siqonde le ndlela, makhe sicinge ngovavanyo esilwenza ngesandla.

Khawuthelekelele uvavanywa i-HIV (i-human immunodeficiency virus) usebenzisa indlela ye-ELISA, kwaye sele unike isampuli yegazi. Okokuqala, isazinzulu selabhoratri yezonyango okanye ingcali ifaka isiqwenga sentsholongwane ye-HIV (oku kusebenza njenge-antigen) kwityhubhu yovavanyo okanye kwipleyiti yeplastiki.

Emva koko, isazinzulu songeza isampuli yegazi lakho kwityhubhu yovavanyo okanye kwipleyiti. Ukuba isampuli yegazi lakho linama-antibodies kwi-HIV, aya kubopha kuloo antigen (kule meko, intsholongwane ye-HIV). Ukuba isampuli yegazi lakho ayinama-antibodies e-HIV, akukho nto iya kwenzeka.

Okulandelayo, isazinzulu songeza enye i-antibody, le antibody yesibini 'iyazazi' ezo antibodies ze-HIV. Oko kukuthi, le antibody yesibini ibopha kuyo nayiphi na i-antibody ye-HIV ebikhe yabopha kwi-antigen. Le antibody yesibini idibene ne-enzyme (into ekhawulezisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali). Kulapho kuvela khona inxalenye 'edityaniswe ne-enzyme' ye-ELISA.

Kwinyathelo lokugqibela, isazinzulu songeza into ephendula kwi-enzyme.Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba kukho ii-antibodies, into leyo iya kutshintsha umbala. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba uvavanyo lubonise ukuba kukho i-positive, kuya kubakho utshintsho kumbala. Ukuba awunazo ii-antibodies ezichasene ne-antigen ethile (kule meko, intsholongwane ye-HIV), akuyi kubakho tshintsho kumbala. Oko kuboniswa njengesiphumo esibi.

Into ebalulekileyo kukuba ubukhali botshintsho lombala, oko kukuthi, ukuba umbala unamandla kangakanani, buhambelana nobungakanani be-antibody. Ngoko ke indlela ye-ELISA inokufumanisa ukuba i-antibody ikhona na nokuba ingakanani na ekhoyo. Ayimangalisi na loo nto?

Zithini iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-ELISA?

Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-ELISA zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinto evavanywayo kunye nelabhoratri eyenze uvavanyo. Uninzi lweemvavanyo ze-ELISA lunika iziphumo ezilungileyo okanye ezimbi, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha iziphumo zinokuba zezingavumelekanga:

• Isiphumo esihle: Isiphumo esihle sithetha ukuba uvavanyo lufumanise into oluyikhangelayo (umz., i-antibody, i-hormone).
• Isiphumo esibi: Isiphumo esibi sithetha ukuba uvavanyo aluzange lubone nto ikhangelwayo.
• Isiphumo esingasebenziyo: Isiphumo esingasebenziyo sithetha ukuba kukho into engahambanga kakuhle ngovavanyo. Oku kungaba yingxaki ngokuqokelelwa kwesampulu, ukuthuthwa, okanye uvavanyo. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, kuya kufuneka uphinde wenze uvavanyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ugqirha wakho uza kukuchazela intsingiselo yeziphumo zakho.

Ngaba kufuneka ndikhathazeke ukuba iziphumo zam aziqhelekanga?

Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwakho aziqhelekanga akuthethi ukuba unesifo. Ngamanye amaxesha, iimpazamo ekuqokelelweni kweesampuli, ekuthuthweni, okanye ekuqhutyweni kovavanyo zinokubangela iziphumo ezingachanekanga.

Enye ingxaki yendlela ye-ELISA kukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho iziphumo ezingalunganga nezingalunganga.

• Iziphumo ezingezizo ezilungileyo: Oku kubhekisa kwinto yokuba iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba kukho into ekuthethwa ngayo, nangona ingekho ngokwenene.
• Iziphumo ezingezizo ezingezizo: Oku kubhekisa kwiziphumo zovavanyo ezibonisa ngokungachanekanga ukuba into ekuthethwa ngayo ayikho, nangona ikho ngokwenene.

Oogqirha badla ngokwenza iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho isifo. Uvavanyo lwe-ELISA lusetyenziswa kakhulu njengovavanyo lokuhlola.

Ukuba ufumana iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga, ugqirha wakho uza kuthetha nawe ngazo. Kunye, niza kugqiba ngento eniza kuyenza ngokulandelayo.

Khumbula, nokuba unesizathu esingakanani na sokwenza uvavanyo lwe-ELISA, asikuko ukuxilongwa kokugqibela.Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-ELISA ezingaqhelekanga akuthethi ukuba unesifo esinzulu. Ukuba ufumana iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga, ugqirha wakho uya kuqwalasela izinto ezininzi kwaye mhlawumbi uya kuyalela ezinye iimvavanyo. Musa ukoyika ukubuza imibuzo.

Ngoko ke, sithini isigidimi esifanele sisikhumbule kweli bali?

Kulungile, ngoko ke ndiyathemba ukuba ngoku unembono elungileyo malunga ne-ELISA esithethe ngayo. Ngamafutshane:

• I-ELISA yindlela ekhethekileyo yovavanyo lwelabhoratri.
• Oku kusenza sikwazi ukubona izinto ezininzi emzimbeni wethu, ezinje ngee -antibodies, ii-antigens , kunye nee-hormones .
• Le ndlela inceda ekufumaneni iimeko ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngokukhulelwa, usulelo, amanqanaba eehomoni, kunye nee-allergies.
• Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-ELISA zinokuba zilungile, zingalunganga, okanye zingabi semthethweni .
• Okubaluleke kakhulu: Iziphumo ze-ELISA aziloxilongo lokugqibela. Ukuba ufumana iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga, musa ukoyika, thetha nogqirha wakho, kwaye ufumane uvavanyo olongezelelweyo ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Ukuba unemibuzo, ungoyiki ukubuza ugqirha wakho. Nguye umntu ofanelekileyo ukukunceda. Hlala usempilweni!

I- ELISA, uvavanyo lwegazi, ii-antibodies, ii-antigens, ukuxilongwa, uvavanyo lwelebhu