Masifunde ngezifo ezichazwa yi-AIDS.

Uyakhumbula, ngamanye amaxesha xa sigula ngequbuliso, sizibuza, "Sivela phi esi sifo?" Ingakumbi xa amandla omzimba okuzikhusela esezantsi, izifo zizama ukungena emzimbeni ngokulula. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngezifo ezikhethekileyo ezininzi ezinokuvela xa sosulelwe yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yi-'HIV' (i-Human Immunodeficiency Virus) kwaye imeko iba mandundu kancinci, oko kukuthi, xa abanye besithi ifikelela kwinqanaba le-AIDS. Oku kubizwa ngoogqirha ngokuba yi-'AIDS-Defining Illnesses (ADIs)'. Ezi zifana nezibane ezibomvu, ezibonisa ukuba inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela yomzimba iye yaba buthathaka kakhulu ngenxa yosulelo lwe-'HIV' emizimbeni yethu.

Zithini ezi zifo zichaza i-AIDS (ii-ADI)?

Ngamafutshane, ezi 'ADI' zizifo zomhlaza kunye nezifo eziwela kudidi lwe 'Opportunistic Infections' ezinokwenzeka xa usulelo lwe 'HIV' lusiba nzima, oko kukuthi, xa inkqubo yomzimba yethu yokuzikhusela iba buthathaka kakhulu.

Uyazi ukuba zithini "iintsholongwane ezingoomathuba"? Khawuthelekelele ushiya zonke iingcango neefestile zendlu yakho zivuliwe kwaye akukho khuseleko. Emva koko nabani na angangena ngokulula. Kunjalo ke, xa inkqubo yomzimba wethu yokuzikhusela ibuthathaka yi-'HIV', neentsholongwane ezincinci kakhulu ezingenakubangela ukugula kumntu ophilileyo zifumana lula 'ithuba' lokungena emzimbeni zibangele izifo ezinkulu. Yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba 'ziintsholongwane ezingoomathuba'. Ezi ntsholongwane zihlala zifumaneka kwindawo esikuyo, kodwa inkqubo yomzimba yomntu ophilileyo iyalwa nazo kwaye izilawule.

Oogqirha basebenzisa inani leeseli ze-CD4 kunye nezi ADI ukulinganisa ubukhali bosulelo lwe-HIV, oko kukuthi, ukuba lusasazeke kangakanani kwaye lunzima kangakanani. Ezi seli ze-CD4 ziyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela, njengamapolisa akhethekileyo emizimbeni yethu. Intsholongwane ye-HIV itshabalalisa ezi seli ze-CD4. Ngoko ke, ukuba wosulelwe yi-HIV kwaye unezi ADI, oogqirha babiza eli nqanaba lesithathu losulelo lwe-HIV, eliyi-AIDS.

Ngamanye amaxesha, kuphela xa umntu efumana i-'ADI' apho afunyaniswa ukuba une-'HIV'. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ayinguye wonke umntu one-'ADI' one-'HIV'. Nangona ezinye ii-'ADI' zixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abane-'HIV' okanye abo baneenkqubo zomzimba ezibuthathaka, ii-'ADI' ezininzi zinokubakho nakubantu abaphilileyo abangenaso nasiphi na isifo esingabonakaliyo. Ke ngoko, eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwazi ngokuqinisekileyo kukufumana uvavanyo lwezonyango.

Ziziphi iintlobo zezifo ezichaza i-AIDS (ii-ADI)?

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezi 'ADI'. Ziquka ikakhulu izifo ezosulelayo (ifungi, iibhaktiriya, iiparasites, usulelo lweentsholongwane), ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza, kunye nezinye iimeko ezinxulumene nenkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Masibone ukuba ziyintoni na.

Usulelo lweMikhuhlane

Xa inkqubo yakho yokuzikhusela yomzimba ibuthathaka, usulelo lwefungus lunokusasazeka ngokulula emzimbeni wakho. Ezinye zezi ziquka:

• I-Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): Olu luhlobo losulelo oluyingozi kakhulu emiphungeni.
• I-Candidiasis ye-bronchi, i-esophagus, i-trachea, okanye imiphunga
• I-Coccidioidomycosis - esasazekileyo/engaphandle kwemiphunga
• I-cryptosporidiosis yamathumbu engapheliyo ehlala ixesha elingaphezu kwenyanga
• I-Cryptococcosis - i-extrapulmonary
• I-Histoplasmosis - isasazekile/ingaphandle kwemiphunga

Khawucinge nje, xa inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba inamandla, ezi fungi azinakwenza nto ingako. Kodwa xa inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela yomzimba ibuthathaka yi-HIV, ziqala ukubangela iingxaki.

Iintsholongwane zebhaktheriya

Iintsholongwane zinokubangela iintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo. Ezinye izifo zentsholongwane ezithathwa njenge-'ADIs' zezi:

• Isifo sephepha (iMycobacterium tuberculosis) kubantu abaneminyaka eyi-6 nangaphezulu: Esi sisifo abantu abaninzi abasivileyo, kwaye sinokuchaphazela imiphunga kunye nezinye izitho zomzimba.
• Ezinye izifo zeMycobacterium ezisasazeke ngaphandle kwemiphunga: Imizekelo iquka iMycobacterium kansasii kunye neMycobacterium avium complex (MAC).
• Usulelo oluphindaphindayo lweebhaktheriya kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-6 ubudala.
• I-Salmonella septicemia ephindaphindayo engeyiyo i-typhoid: Kule meko, usulelo lweSalmonella lungena egazini luze lusasazeke emzimbeni wonke.

Iintsholongwane zeParasitic

Iintsholongwane nazo zinokubangela 'ii-ADI'. Imizekelo:

• I-Toxoplasmosis engqondweni: Nangona kunjalo, oku akusebenzi kwiintsana ezingaphantsi kwenyanga enye ubudala.
• I-cystoisosporiasis yamathumbu engapheliyo ehlala ixesha elingaphezu kwenyanga

Iintsholongwane zosulelo

I-HIV nayo yintsholongwane. Kwakhona, xa inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibuthathaka, kulula ukuba ezinye iintsholongwane zihlasele.

• I-Herpes simplex bronchitis, i-pneumonitis, okanye i-esophagitis: Oku akusebenzi nakwiintsana ezingaphantsi kwenyanga enye ubudala.
• Izilonda zeHerpes simplex ezihlala ixesha elingaphezu kwenyanga
• Isifo seCytomegalovirus: Kwizitho ezingezizo isibindi, ipleen, okanye ii-lymph nodes (umz., i-cytomegalovirus retinitis - echaphazela amehlo). Oku akusebenzi nakwiintsana ezingaphantsi kwenyanga enye ubudala.
• I-Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): Le yimeko engaqhelekanga kodwa imbi kakhulu echaphazela ingqondo.

Umhlaza

Xa ii-T cells zethu (ii-CD4 cells nazo ziluhlobo lwee-T cells) zincipha, umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza obangelwa ziintsholongwane okanye umhlaza ochaphazela inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ngokwawo uyanda. Iintlobo zomhlaza ezithathwa njenge-ADIs kubantu abane-HIV:

• I-Kaposi sarcoma: Umhlaza onokwenzeka kwiindawo ezifana nolusu, ii-lymph nodes, kunye nomlomo.
• I-Burkitt lymphoma
• Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ohlaselayo
• I-immunoblastic lymphoma
• I-lymphoma yokuqala yengqondo

Ezinye Iimeko

Ukongeza koku, ezinye iimeko ezininzi zikwabizwa ngokuba yi-'ADIs':

• I-pneumonia ephindaphindayo: Kubantu abadala kunye nabantwana abangaphezu kweminyaka emi-6 ubudala. I-pneumonia lusulelo lwemiphunga olubangelwa ziintsholongwane, iibhaktheriya, okanye iifungi.
• I-HIV encephalopathy: Kule nto, intsholongwane ye-HIV ichaphazela ukusebenza kwengqondo.
• Isifo sokuphulukana ne-HIV: Oku kubangela ukuba umzimba ube buthathaka kwaye ube buthathaka.

Zeziphi izifo ezichazwa yi-AIDS (ii-ADI) eziqhelekileyo?

Ayizizo zonke ezi zinto ezenzeka kuye wonke umntu. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zezona `ADIs` zixhaphakileyo zezi:

• I-Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
• I-Kaposi sarcoma
• Isifo sokuphulukana ne-HIV
• I-candidiasis yesisu
• Usulelo lweMycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
• Isifo sephepha

Zithini iimpawu zezi zifo?

Iimpawu ze-'ADI' ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwisifo. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezifo zineempawu ezininzi ezifanayo:

• Ifiva
• Intloko ebuhlungu
• Intlungu yomzimba, intlungu yemisipha
• Umqala obuhkungu
• Ubunzima bokuphefumla
• Ukuqhambuka kwesikhumba
• Urhudo
• Ukudideka okanye olunye utshintsho lwengqondo

Ukuba unenye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi mpawu, ingakumbi ukuba uyazi ukuba une-HIV, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubona ugqirha ngokukhawuleza.

Kutheni ezi zifo zichaza i-AIDS (ADIs) zenzeka?

Njengoko sele sixoxile, intsholongwane ethi `HIV` itshabalalisa iiseli ze-`T` (ingakumbi iiseli ze-`CD4`) kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba. Ezi seli ze-`T` zezona zisinceda silwe nosulelo. Ngoko ke, xa inani lezi seli ze-`T` lincipha kakhulu, umzimba wethu awukwazi ukulwa nosulelo ngokuqhelekileyo. Emva koko, sinokugula ngenxa yezinto ezingabangeli ukugula kumntu onenkqubo yokuzikhusela yomzimba esempilweni. Kwakhona, esi sisizathu sokuphuhliswa komhlaza onxulumene nenkqubo yokuzikhusela yomzimba okanye umhlaza obangelwa ziintsholongwane.

Unyango lwe-antiretroviral (ART) lusebenza kakhulu ekugcineni amajoni ethu omzimba esempilweni. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha i-ADI inokukhula nangona usebenzisa i-ART. Kukho izizathu ezininzi ezinokubakho:

• Ukuba awukwazi ukusela amayeza akho njengoko kuchaziwe nangexesha elifanelekileyo.
• Ukuba iyeza oliselayo alisebenzi kakuhle.
• Usenokuba ubukhe waba ne-ADI engenazimpawu ngaphambi kokuba uqale i-ART, kwaye inokuphinda ivele xa inkqubo yakho yomzimba ibuyiselwe emva kokuba uqale i-ART (oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yi-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome - IRIS).

Zichongwa njani izifo ezichaza i-AIDS (ii-ADI)?

Ugqirha wakho uza kuxilonga i-ADI ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zakho. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuvavanya igazi okanye olunye ulwelo lomzimba, mhlawumbi nokwenza i-biopsy. Banokwenza novavanyo lwemifanekiso, olufana ne-X-ray okanye i-CT scan, ukujonga utshintsho kwimiphunga yakho okanye kwamanye amalungu omzimba.

Ukuba awuzange ufunyaniswe une-HIV ngaphambili, kwaye une-ADI kuphela, ugqirha wakho unokukuvavanya i-HIV kunye nezinye izizathu ezinokubangela ukuxinana kwamasosha omzimba.

Luhlobo luni lovavanyo oluqhutywayo?

Ezinye iimvavanyo ugqirha anokuzisebenzisa:

• Uvavanyo lwegazi
• Ukuthatha isampuli empumlweni (i-nasal swab)
• I-Biopsy
• Uvavanyo lwe-sputum: Kuthathwa isampulu ye-phlegm emiphungeni ukuze kuhlolwe usulelo.
• Uvavanyo lwesitulo
• I-X-reyi yesifuba
• Iskeni ye-CT
• Ukubhoboza emqolo/ukumpompa komqolo
• Uvavanyo lwe-HIV

Zinyangwa njani ezi zifo?

Iindlela zonyango zixhomekeke kuhlobo lwesifo onaso kunye nemeko yakho ethile. Ukuba awusebenzisi i-ART, ugqirha wakho unokuqalisa i-ART ngokukhawuleza okanye kwiiveki ezimbini ukuya kwezine emva kokuqala unyango lwezifo ezinobungozi.

Ukuba sele ufunyenwe une-HIV kwaye usebenzisa i-ART, ugqirha wakho unokwenza uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo ukuze abone ukuba amayeza akho asebenza kakuhle kangakanani.

Unyango lwe-ADI ezithile lungabandakanya:

• Ii-antibiotics zosulelo lweebhaktheriya
• Amayeza okulwa nefungus
• Amayeza okulwa nezifo ezibangelwa zizifo ezibangelwa zizifo
• Utyando, i-radiation, okanye i-chemotherapy yomhlaza

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ndinesifo esichaza i-AIDS (ADI)?

Ukuba ne-ADI kwandisa umngcipheko wokufa ngenxa yeengxaki ezinxulumene ne-AIDS. Nangona kunjalo, iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani lokufa ngenxa ye-AIDS liye lehla kakhulu ngenxa ye-ART. Nangona kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga nekota yabantu abosulelwe yi-HIV bafa ngenxa yeengxaki ezinxulumene ne-AIDS, xa beqala ukusebenzisa i-ART kwangethuba, abantu abaninzi abane-HIV baphila ubomi obusempilweni ngaphandle kokufumana i-AIDS.

Ngaba izifo ezichaza i-AIDS (ii-ADI) zinokuthintelwa?

Ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo inokwenzeka!

I-ART inokunceda ukugcina ubungakanani bentsholongwane egazini lakho (umthwalo wentsholongwane) uphantsi. Oku kwandisa inani lee-T cells (ii-CD4 cells). Oku kunceda inkqubo yakho yomzimba ukuba ihlale isempilweni kwaye ilwe nosulelo. Ikwanceda ukulwa neentsholongwane ezibangela umhlaza onxulumene ne-HIV.

Kukho ezinye iindlela ezininzi zokunciphisa umngcipheko wosulelo:

• Amayeza okuthintela:Ugqirha wakho unokukunika izinto ezifana nee-antibiotics okanye amayeza okulwa ne-fungus ukunciphisa umngcipheko wezinye izifo.
• Ukugonywa: Buza ugqirha wakho ukuba zeziphi izitofu ekufuneka uzifumane kwaye ukuba zikhona, kufuneka uziphephe.
• Ukuhlolwa: Ugqirha wakho unokucebisa ukuhlolwa rhoqo komhlaza othile kunye nezifo ezosulelayo.
• Musa ukwabelana ngezixhobo zokujova amayeza: Xa usebenzisa amayeza abhalwe ngugqirha nalawo angabhalwanga ngugqirha, musa ukwabelana ngeenaliti, iisirinji, njl. nabanye.
• Ucoceko olufanelekileyo: Hlamba izandla zakho rhoqo, ingakumbi ngaphambi kokulungisa ukutya, ngaphambi kokutya, nasemva kokusebenzisa indlu yangasese. Musa ukwabelana ngokutya, iziselo, okanye izinto zakho zobuqu nabanye.
• Ukhuseleko lokutya: Kuphephe amaqanda angaphekwanga kakuhle, ubisi olungagayiwanga (kuquka itshizi kunye ne-ayisikhrim), kunye nejusi yeziqhamo engagayiwanga. Hlamba okanye uxobule iziqhamo kunye nemifuno kakuhle phambi kokuba utye.
• Kuphephe ukusebenzisa amanzi anganyangwanga: Kuphephe ukungena kwamanzi emlonyeni xa uhlamba kwiindawo ezifana namachibi namachibi anganyangwanga, kwaye kuphephe ukusela amanzi empompini anganyangwanga. Ukuba uya kwindawo ongaqinisekanga ngayo ngobunyulu bamanzi, sela amanzi asebhotileni kwaye usebenzise amanzi afanayo ekuphekeni.

Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha?

Ukuba une-HIV, qiniseka ukuba ugcina onke amadinga akho nogqirha wakho. Xelela ugqirha wakho ukuba uneempawu ezintsha okanye eziya ziba mandundu, okanye ukuba unengxaki yokusebenzisa i-ART yakho. Fumanisa into onokuyenza ukuthintela usulelo kunye nento onokuyenza ukuba uneempawu zosulelo.

Ufanele uye nini kwiYunithi yoNyango oluNgxamisekileyo (i-ETU) ?

Ukuba ucinga ukuba usenokuba ukhe wachaphazeleka yi-HIV, okanye ukuba unezinye zezi mpawu zinzima, yiya kwigumbi likaxakeka ngokukhawuleza:

• Umkhuhlane ongaphezulu kwama-degrees Celsius angama-40 (ii-degrees Celsius ezingama-103).
• Ubunzima bokuphefumla.
• Ukuhlanza kakhulu okanye urhudo.
• Iintlungu zesifuba.
• Ukudideka okanye ukulahlekelwa zingqondo.
• Ukuba inxeba lishushu, libomvu, lidumbile, libuhlungu, okanye alipholi.

Ndingayibuza yiphi imibuzo ugqirha wam?

Kunganceda ukubuza ugqirha wakho imibuzo efana nale:

• Ndingawasela njani amayeza am ngokuchanekileyo?
• Wenza ntoni ukuba uphoswe yintlanganiso yamayeza?
• Ndingenza ntoni ukuthintela usulelo?
• Zeziphi iimpawu ekufuneka ndizijonge?
• Ndingaya nini kwigumbi likaxakeka?

Okokugqibela, umyalezo oya ekhaya

Izifo ezichaza i-AIDS (ii-ADI) ziimvavanyo ezinceda oogqirha bafumanise ukuba intsholongwane ye-HIV ichaphazele kangakanani umzimba wakho. Xa une-HIV, usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana iingxaki ezinkulu ezivela kulo naluphi na usulelo.

Kodwa,Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthatha unyango lwe-antiretroviral (ART) ngokuchanekileyo nangokungaguquguqukiyo kunokugcina amasosha omzimba wakho esempilweni kwaye kunike umzimba wakho amandla okulwa nosulelo. La mayeza ancede ekuthinteleni i-AIDS kwaye enze abantu abane-HIV baphile ixesha elide njengabantu abangenayo i-HIV.

Ngoko ke, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nezinye iindlela zokuzikhusela onokuzithatha ukuthintela izifo ezinzulu. Ungakhathazeki, ungalwa nezi meko ngolwazi olufanelekileyo kunye nonyango.

I - AIDS, i-HIV, ukufunyaniswa kwe-AIDS, usulelo olungenamathuba, amajoni omzimba, iiseli ze-CD4, unyango lwe-ART