Ngaba umntwana wakho unengxaki yokuhlala kwindawo enye? Masifunde nge-ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)!

Ngaba umntwana wakho omncinci uhlala ekwindawo enye? Uyasokola, ubaleka, utsiba... Ngaba udiniwe kukunganikeli ngqalelo kwinto ethethwayo? Ezi zisenokuba ziimpawu zento enzulu kunokuba sicinga. Leyo yimeko ebizwa ngokuba yi -ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) . I-ADHD ayikokuswela nje ingqalelo, yingxaki enzima ngakumbi, enxulumene nengqondo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, banengxaki yokunikel’ ingqalelo kwizinto ezithile, ukuhlala kwindawo enye, nokulawula iingcinga zabo ngaxeshanye. Kodwa, into emangalisayo kukuba, xa besenza into abayithandayo, banokude ‘bagxile kakhulu’ kuyo!

Iimpawu ze-ADHD zihlala ziqala phakathi kweminyaka emi-3 ne-6 ubudala. Ngamanye amaxesha, zinokubakho nakubantu abadala. Abanye abantu bade baqonde le meko emva kokuba bekhulile. Nangona kungekho nyango lupheleleyo lwe-ADHD, ungakhathazeki, ezi mpawu zinokulawulwa kakuhle ngezinto ezifana namayeza kunye nonyango lokuziphatha.

Izigidi zabantwana kwihlabathi liphela zine-ADHD. Le meko ixhaphakile nakwilizwe lethu. Ukuba umntwana wakho ufunyaniswe ene-ADHD, ukwazi iinyani ezichanekileyo ngayo, kunye nokuthetha nabanye abazali babantwana abane-ADHD, kuya kuba luncedo kakhulu kuwe nakumntwana wakho ukubaxhasa. Musa ukukhohliswa ziintsomi.

Ngaba kukho iintlobo ze-ADHD? Zithini ezo?

Ewe, oogqirha bathetha ngeentlobo ezine eziphambili xa bexilonga i-ADHD ebantwaneni nakubantu abadala:

• I-ADHD engakhathaliyo: Olu hlobo lubonakala ngobunzima bokunikel’ ingqalelo, ukugqiba imisebenzi, kunye nokugcina izinto zihlelekile. Kolu hlobo, iimpawu zokungakhululeki kunye nokungazoli azixhaphakanga kangako, ukuba ziyenzeka kwaphela. Aba bantu badla ngokubonwa “njengabaphuphi” eklasini okanye ekhaya.

• I-ADHD engasebenzi kakuhle: Aba bantu banengxaki yokuhlala phantsi okanye ukuthula. Banamandla amaninzi kwaye bathetha kakhulu. Bayangena xa abanye bethetha, kwaye benza izinto ngaphandle kokucinga. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu basenokungabi nangxaki yokungakhathali ngokucacileyo.

• Indlela edibeneyo yokubonisa: Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwe-ADHD. Le yinto abantu abaninzi abayicingayo xa besiva igama elithi ADHD. Lidibanisa iimpawu zokungakhathali ezikhankanyiweyo ngaphambili kunye neempawu zokungakhathali/zokungakhathali.

• Indlela engachazwanga: Olu hlobo lwe-ADHD lunzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba luphazamise ubomi bemihla ngemihla, kodwa aluhambelani kakuhle nemigangatho esemthethweni yeentlobo zangaphambili. Oogqirha ke bayibiza ngokuba yi-'ADHD engachazwanga'.

Kwakhona, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ezi mpawu zichaphazela kangakanani ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla, oogqirha bazibeka njengezincinci , eziphakathi, nezinzima .

Ziziphi iimpawu ze-ADHD?

Iimpawu ze-ADHD ziwela kwiindidi ezimbini eziphambili:

1.Iimpawu zokungakhathali: Ezi mpawu zichaphazela amandla akho okugxila kumsebenzi othile nokuwugqiba ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni. Usenokulibazisa imisebenzi efuna ingqalelo yakho. Usenokubonakala ngathi uphazamisekile nangona umntu ethetha, kwaye unokuphulukana nezinto rhoqo.

2. Iimpawu zokungakhathali/zokungakhathali: Ezi mpawu zichaphazela ukukwazi ukuhlala phantsi, ukuhlala kwindawo enye ngokukhululeka, kwaye zinokuba nobunzima bokulinda ithuba okanye ukucinga ngaphambi kokuba uthethe.

Kukho iimpawu ezimalunga nesithoba kwindidi nganye kwezi. Zichazwe ngezantsi. Kodwa into ebalulekileyo kukuba ezi ziindlela zokuziphatha eziqhelekileyo ezibonakaliswa ngabantwana abaninzi ngamanye amaxesha. Ayingomntwana wonke owenza ezi zinto ngamanye amaxesha one-ADHD. Oogqirha basebenzisa iindlela ezichanekileyo zokuchonga i-ADHD.

Iimpawu ezinxulumene nengqalelo (ebantwaneni):

Jonga ukuba umntwana wakho uyazenza na izinto ezifana nezi:

• Ayinakwenza imisebenzi efuna ingqalelo eninzi (umz., umsebenzi wesikolo, umsebenzi wesikolo).
• Akayihoyi ngokwaneleyo iinkcukacha, okanye ubonakala esenza iimpazamo ezingakhathaliyo .
• Ndisoloko ndizilibala izinto ekufuneka ndizenze.
• Kulula ukuphazanyiswa zizinto ezenzekayo ezikungqongileyo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ziingcinga zakho.
• Ubunzima bokugcina izinto zihlelekile (umz., indlela amathoyizi acwangciswa ngayo egumbini, indlela izinto ezicwangciswa ngayo kwibhegi yesikolo, indlela amanyathelo eprojekthi acwangciswa ngayo).
• Ubunzima bokunikel’ ingqalelo kwinto oyenzayo (umz., ukumamela intetho, ukufunda isicatshulwa eside).
• Ulahlekelwa zizinto azidingayo (umz., izinto zesikolo, iipensele, iiglasi).
• Nokuba umntu uthetha ngqo, kubonakala ngathi ingqondo yakhe ikwenye indawo, okanye ukwihlabathi lamaphupha .
• Nokuba umsebenzi uqala lula, awugqitywanga kuba ingqondo iphazanyiswa yenye into (oku kunokuchaphazela ukwenza imisebenzi yasekhaya nokuyigqiba).

Iimpawu ezinxulumene nomsebenzi wokuzingisa/wokushukuma (ebantwaneni):

Jonga ezi mpawu kwakhona:

• Wenza iintshukumo ezincinci ngezandla okanye ngemilenze, uyagungqa (ingakumbi xa esitya, esenza umsebenzi wasekhaya, okanye ehleli esitulweni).
• Hlala phantsi uze uvuke xa kufuneka njalo.
• Kunzima kakhulu ukudlala ngokuthula okanye ukwenza nantoni na enye.
• Kunzima ukulinda de kufike ithuba lakho.
• Uphazamisana noko abanye abantu bakwenzayo (umz., ukutsiba abanye abantwana ngelixa bedlala, ukuthatha ithoyizi yomntu ngaphandle kwemvume).
• Ukutsiba, ukunyuka, ukubaleka , okanye ukuziva ungaphumli xa ufuna ukuhlala kwindawo enye.
• Ihlala ibonakala ngathi "isendleleni" okanye "ifana nenjini."
• Bathetha ngaphambi kokuba bathethe, okanye bagqibezele izivakalisi zabanye abantu.
• Ukuthetha ngaphezu kokuba bekulindelwe.

Zithini izizathu ze-ADHD?

I-ADHD yimfuza . Oku kuthetha ukuba umntwana wakho uzalwa enotshintsho lwemfuza olubangela utshintsho oluthile ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo. Oku sikubiza ngokuba 'yi-neurodivergence.' Ngamafutshane, ubuchopho bakhe budibene ngendlela eyahlukileyo kancinci. Rhoqo, olu tshintsho lwemfuza olubangela i-ADHD luhamba kwiintsapho. Abantwana abane-ADHD banokuba nabazali okanye abantakwabo abanale ngxaki.

Abaphandi basafumanisa indlela i-ADHD echaphazela ngayo ingqondo. Esikwaziyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kukuba xa umntwana wakho ene-ADHD, i-front lobe yengqondo yakhe iyachaphazeleka, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kuye ukusebenzisa 'ingqalelo eqondisiweyo' . 'Ingqwalasela eqondisiweyo' kukukwazi ukugxila kwinto esingenamdla kuyo. Cinga ngayo, izinto ezinje ngokumamela utitshala esikolweni okanye ukwenza umsebenzi wesikolo.

Sisebenzisa le 'ngqwalasela ejolise ngqo' ukucwangcisa, ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi, nokusombulula iingxaki. Oku kubizwa ngokuba 'yimisebenzi yolawulo' . Xa kukho ezinye izinto ezisingqongileyo ezisinomdla, kufuna amandla amaninzi ukusebenzisa 'ingqwalasela ejolise ngqo'.

Ukuba umntwana wakho une-ADHD, kufuneka amandla angaphezu komntu oqhelekileyo ukugxila kwizinto ekufuneka azenze ngokwenene. Oku kuthetha ukuba emva kokubuya esikolweni ediniwe, umntwana wakho usenokungafuni ukwenza imisebenzi ebonakala ilula, njengokuxhoma ijakethi yakhe okanye ukupakisha ibhegi yakhe, kuba akanalo ugxininiso aludingayo lokwenza loo misebenzi 'isisiseko'.

Kwelinye icala, umntwana wakho ungcono ekusebenziseni 'ingqalelo ezenzekelayo' kunabantwana abanengqondo eqhelekileyo ('i-neurotypical'). Le yingqwalasela esiyisebenzisayo ukugxila kwinto esinomdla kuyo. Oku kusinika into ebizwa ngokuba yi -'hyperfocus' , ukukwazi ukwenza into enye iiyure ngexesha. Umntwana wakho angasebenzisa le 'hyperfocus' ukuze abe nobuchule kakhulu kwinto ayithandayo okanye umdlalo, okanye afezekise iinjongo ezithile.

Ziziphi izinto ezibangela umngcipheko we-ADHD?

Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba abanye abantu banezakhi zofuzo ezibabeka esichengeni sokuba ne-ADHD. Oko kukuthi, ezo zakhi zofuzo zenza kube lula ukuba umntu abe ne-ADHD. Kodwa ke, ezinye izinto ezingqongileyo ziyabandakanyeka kwaye zibangele ukuba i-ADHD ikhule.

Izinto ezibangela umngcipheko kwindalo ziquka:

• Ukuvezwa kwiityhefu ezithile ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Umzekelo, ukuvezwa kwiityhefu ezifana necuba, ukusetyenziswa kotywala, okanye i-lead ngexesha lokukhulelwa.
• Ubunzima obuphantsi bokuzalwa (okukhona ubunzima buphantsi, kokukhona umngcipheko uphezulu).
• Ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwexesha.

Ziziphi iingxaki ezinokubakho ze-ADHD?

I-ADHD inokuchaphazela indlela umntwana wakho acinga ngayo ngaye kunye nendlela asebenzisana ngayo nehlabathi elimngqongileyo. Ukuba ayinyangwa kakuhle,, umntwana wakho unokufumana izinto ezifana nezi:

• Ukuba nokuzithemba okuphantsi .
• Amanqaku aphantsi esikolweni kunye nokungakwazi ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo kwisakhono sabo.
• Ukuba nobunzima kwiimeko zentlalo (ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokugculelwa ngoontanga okanye ukungafuni ukuchitha ixesha nabo).
• Umngcipheko okhulayo wokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa iziyobisi xa umntu ekhulile.
• Iingozi kunye nokwenzakala rhoqo.
• Ubunzima bokufumana nokugcina umsebenzi xa sele umdala.

Oogqirha bayixilonga njani i-ADHD?

Oogqirha baxilonga i-ADHD ngokusekelwe kubukho okanye ukungabikho kweempawu ezithile. Basebenzisa imigaqo evela kwisikhokelo esamkelweyo kwihlabathi liphela , i-DSM-5-TR .

Ukuze umntwana wakho afumane i-ADHD, kufuneka ahlangabezane nazo zonke ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Umntwana wakho kufuneka abe neempawu ezintandathu ubuncinane kudidi olunye (ukungakhathali okanye ukusebenza ngokugqithisileyo/ukungxama). Okanye, ubuncinane iimpawu ezintandathu kudidi ngalunye (zilishumi elinesibini nangaphezulu zizonke).
• Iimpawu kufuneka ukuba ziqale ngaphambi kokuba zibe neminyaka eli-12 ubudala .
• Iimpawu kufuneka zibekho ubuncinane kwiindawo ezimbini (umz., ekhaya nasesikolweni).
• Iimpawu kufuneka ziphazamise imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yomntwana kunye nobuhlobo bakhe .
• Enye imeko yezonyango ayifanele ibe yimbangela yezi mpawu.

Akukho vavanyo lwelabhoratri (njengovavanyo lwegazi okanye lomchamo) olunokuxilonga i-ADHD. Endaweni yoko, oogqirha benza 'uvavanyo lwe-ADHD' . Oku kuquka ukuthetha nawe, nomntwana wakho, kunye nabanye abantu (njengabahlobo, amalungu osapho, ootitshala) ukuze bafunde ngakumbi ngendlela umntwana wakho aziphatha ngayo.

Ukuxilongwa kwenzeka ngamanyathelo amathathu:

1. Ukuchonga iindlela zokuziphatha ezinxulumene nengqalelo kunye nomsebenzi.

2. Qinisekisa ukuba akukho zizathu zimbi zezi ndlela zokuziphatha (ezifana nokudakumba okanye ixhala ).

3. Jonga ezinye iimeko ezidibanayo.

Abantwana abane-ADHD badla ngokuba nezinye iingxaki zempilo yengqondo. Umzekelo:

• Ixhala
• Uxinzelelo
• Ingxaki yokuchasana nokuchasana

Basenokuba nezinye iingxaki zophuhliso lwemithambo-luvo, ezifana ne -autism okanye ukukhubazeka kokufunda . Ugqirha womntwana wakho unokucebisa uvavanyo olongezelelweyo ukuze kuchongwe okanye kuthintelwe ezi meko.

Yintoni endifanele ndiyazi malunga nonyango lwe-ADHD?

Unyango lwe-ADHD luwela kwiindidi ezimbini eziphambili:Ukungenelela kokuziphatha (okufundisa izakhono ezisebenzayo) kunye namayeza (i-pharmacotherapy) . Isicwangciso sonyango siya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiminyaka yomntu kunye neemfuno zakhe zobuqu.

Ukuba umntwana wakho une-ADHD, ugqirha wakhe unokucebisa enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezi zinto:

• Uqeqesho lwabazali: Iingcali zonyango zikufundisa indlela yokwakha amandla omntwana wakho kwaye zimncede aphucule iindlela zokuziphatha ezimbangela iingxaki. Umzekelo, ufunda ukwenza isiqhelo somntwana wakho, ukukhuthaza iindlela zokuziphatha ezilungileyo, kunye nokuphendula kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezimbi. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu .
• Amaqela ezakhono zentlalo: Umntwana wakho angazuza kumaqela oqeqesho lwezakhono zentlalo. La maqela adibana iyure enye okanye ezimbini ngeveki, ngesiqhelo iiveki ezi-6-12. Umntwana wakho uya kufunda izakhono ezintsha zokunxibelelana noontanga bakhe phantsi kweliso.
• Amayeza (`Pharmacotherapy`): Amayeza e-ADHD aphucula amandla omntwana wakho okusebenzisa 'ingqalelo egxile kwingqondo.' Oku kunokuphucula iimpawu kwaye, okubaluleke ngakumbi, umgangatho wobomi bakhe kunye nobudlelwane. Oogqirha bajonga umntwana wakho ukuze babone indlela amayeza asebenza ngayo kunye nokuba umntwana uneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga na. Banokutshintsha uhlobo kunye nomthamo wamayeza njengoko kufuneka.

Injongo yonyango lwe-ADHD kukuphucula iimpawu njengoko umntwana eqhubeka nobomi bakhe bemihla ngemihla. Kubantwana abancinci (abaneminyaka emi-4 ne-5 ubudala) , oogqirha bacebisa uqeqesho lwabazali ngaphambi kokuba banike amayeza. Kubantwana abadala, abakwishumi elivisayo, kunye nabantu abadala, unyango olungcono ludla ngokuba ludibaniso lokungenelela kokuziphatha kunye namayeza.

Okwangoku akukho bungqina bokuba 'unyango lokuthetha' okanye 'unyango lokudlala' lwendabuko lunceda ngokuthe ngqo kwiimpawu ze-ADHD. Nangona kunjalo, ugqirha womntwana wakho unokucebisa unyango olunjalo kwezinye iimeko ezihambisanayo (ezifana nokuxhalaba).

Ndingamnceda njani umntwana wam ekhaya?

Uqeqesho lokukhulisa abantwana lukufundisa iindlela ezisebenzayo onokuzisebenzisa yonke imihla. Oogqirha banokukunika iingcebiso ezenzelwe iimfuno zomntwana wakho. Ngokubanzi, nazi ezinye izinto onokuzenza ukunceda umntwana wakho. (Ezi azithathi indawo yonyango, kuquka amayeza, acetyiswa ngugqirha wakho.)

• Lungisa izinto umntwana wakho azidingayo yonke imihla. Yonke into mayibe nendawo yayo, kwaye yonke into mayibe kwindawo yayo. Oku kuquka iimpahla, iibhegi, kunye nezinto zesikolo. Uluhlu lwezinto oluza kusetyenziswa lunokunceda ukugcina izinto zihlelekile.
• Yenza ucwangciso lwesiqhelo. Landela inkqubo efanayo yonke imihla ukususela ngexesha lokuvuka kusasa ukuya kwixesha lokulala ebusuku. Le nkqubo kufuneka ibandakanye ixesha lomsebenzi wesikolo nokudlala. Ukuhlala usenza izinto ngendlela efanayo kubaluleke kakhulu kubantwana abane-ADHD.
• Sebenzisa ikhalenda okanye isicwangciso apho umntwana wakho anokuyibona khona.Dala indawo yokubhala phantsi izikhumbuzo ezibalulekileyo, uxanduva, kunye neziganeko. Ezi zixhobo zinokuba luncedo ngakumbi kubantwana abancinci nakubantu abadala abancinci abanengxaki yokulawula ixesha .
• "Mbambe umntwana xa esenza into elungileyo." Ukumbonisa indlela yokuziphatha eyakhayo kufundisa umntwana oko afanele akwenze. Xa abazali begxila kuphela ekuziphatheni okungafanelekanga, ezo ndlela zokuziphatha ziyanda. Ukumohlwaya umntwana kumfundisa kuphela oko angafanele akwenze.
• Uqeqesho olusebenzayo. Yenza inkqubo ehambelanayo yokuvuza ukuziphatha okufanelekileyo. Phendula kwizenzo ezimbi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngokunika "ixesha lokuphumla" okanye ukuthabatha amalungelo.
• Khetha indawo yokwenza umsebenzi wakho wesikolo. Yenza indawo ezolileyo, engenazinto zininzi, nengenazo izinto eziphazamisayo ukuze wenze umsebenzi wakho wesikolo.
• Misela ixesha. Misela ixesha lomsebenzi wesikolo. Ukuba umntwana wakho akawugqibi, thatha ikhefu elifutshane uze ubeke ixesha elitsha lokuwugqiba.
• Mncome umntwana wakho ngomsebenzi awugqibileyo. Endaweni yokubonisa umntwana wakho umsebenzi awugqibileyo, mvuze ngomsebenzi awugqibileyo.

Ngaba i-ADHD kukukhubazeka?

Ewe, kwamanye amazwe, umzekelo, uMthetho wamaMerika oKhubazekileyo (i-ADA) ujonga i-ADHD njengokukhubazeka kokukhula. Le meko inokuchaphazela imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yomntwana wakho, kuquka nokufunda esikolweni. Ke ngoko, umntwana wakho unokufuna inkxaso eyongezelelweyo esikolweni, efana "nemfundo ekhethekileyo" kunye/okanye "nemiyalelo eguquliweyo." Thetha nogqirha womntwana wakho kunye nesikolo malunga noku.

Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha?

Ukuba ucinga ukuba umntwana wakho une-ADHD, thetha nogqirha wezingane . Banokuyixilonga i-ADHD (okanye bayisuse) baze baqinisekise ukuba umntwana wakho ufumana naluphi na unyango olufunekayo. Qiniseka ukuba umsa umntwana wakho kuvavanyo lwezonyango rhoqo ('ukuhlolwa kakuhle') . Oku kwenzelwa ukuba ugqirha wezingane akwazi ukujonga ukukhula kwakhe aze amnike olunye unyango oluyimfuneko.

Ukuba ucinga ukuba unokuba neempawu ze-ADHD (nabantu abadala banokuba ne-ADHD!), thetha nogqirha. Banokukubonisa amanyathelo okufumana isifo xa sele umdala. Banokukujonga nezinye iimeko ezineempawu ezifanayo.

Ihlala ixesha elingakanani i-ADHD?

I-ADHD ayipheli, yimeko ehlala ubomi bonke. Kodwa akufuneki ibe yimeko esongela ubomi. Awunakukwazi 'ukuyisusa', kodwa ngonyango, iimpawu zakho zinokulawulwa ngcono.Ngenxa yonyango olusebenzayo, abanye abantu abasabi nangxaki ngeempawu ze-ADHD njengoko bengena ebudaleni. Kodwa kwabanye, iimpawu zisachaphazela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Oogqirha balungiselela unyango ngokweemfuno zomntu ngamnye.

I-ADHD ayilongxaki yobuchopho okanye isiphene. Ichaphazela wonke umntu ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

Ngoko ke, nokuba unesimo esifanayo, umntwana wakho usenokuba namava ahlukileyo. Iimpawu zakhe zinokuba buthathaka okanye zibe nzima kunezakho. Kwaye iimpawu zakhe (ezifana nezakho) zinokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukuba ucinga ukuba umntwana wakho une-ADHD, okanye ukuba ufunyaniswe enayo, mhlawumbi unemibuzo emininzi. Khumbula, le meko ixhaphakile kakhulu , kwaye oogqirha bahlala befunda okungakumbi ngayo. Oogqirha bomntwana wakho banokuphendula imibuzo yakho baze bakuncede uqonde indlela engcono yokuxhasa umntwana wakho.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule

I-ADHD ayisiyonto yokoyika. Lutshintsho oluncinci kwindlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo. Ngokuchongwa ngokufanelekileyo, unyango, kunye nenkxaso yothando, nomntwana one-ADHD unokuphila ubomi obuphumelelayo nobonwabisayo. Ukuba unenkxalabo ngomntwana wakho, akukaze kube kudala ukufuna ingcebiso yezonyango. Khumbula, awuwedwa , kwaye baninzi abantu abanokukunceda kolu hambo. Qaphela amandla omntwana wakho kwaye umxhase ngothando nangomonde.

I- ADHD, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, impilo yengqondo yomntwana, iingxaki zokuziphatha, ukwahluka kwe-neurological