Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba ungayifumana njani kuphela umbala wamehlo akho, uhlobo lweenwele zakho, ubude bakho, kodwa nezinye izifo? Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngento encinci, kodwa enamandla kakhulu emzimbeni wethu ebangela konke oku. Yiyo leyo i-DNA. Mhlawumbi ulivile eli gama amaxesha amaninzi, kwiimuvi, kumabonwakude, kwiincwadi zesikolo. Kodwa namhlanje siza kuthetha ngokulula nangokunyanisekileyo ngento eliyenzayo ngokwenene.
Yintoni i-DNA ngokulula?
Khawucinge ukuba wakha isakhiwo esikhulu. Udinga isicwangciso, iplani, yaloo nto, akunjalo? Ngendlela efanayo, i-DNA yiseti epheleleyo yemiyalelo, isicwangciso esipheleleyo, esifunekayo "ukukwakha". Lonke ulwazi malunga nendlela amalungu omzimba wakho afanele akhule ngayo, indlela afanele asebenze ngayo, kunye nendlela ofanele ubonakale ngayo lubhalwe kule DNA.
Ngamafutshane, i-DNA ifana nethala leencwadi elikhulu eliqulethe lonke ulwazi ngawe, olubhalwe ngolwimi olunokufundwa ziiseli ezisemzimbeni wethu. Le DNA ingaphakathi kweeseli zazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ufumana i-DNA yakho kubazali bakho. Ufumana isiqingatha kumama wakho kwaye esinye isiqingatha kutata wakho .
Igama elithi DNA limele i- Deoxyribonucleic acid . Eli gama livakala linzima kancinci, akunjalo? Kodwa intsingiselo yalo ilula kakhulu. Luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-asidi olufumaneka "ebuchosheni" beeseli zethu, ngaphakathi kwi-nucleus.
I-DNA yethu yonke - oko kukuthi, iGenome
Iseti epheleleyo ye-DNA emzimbeni wakho ibizwa ngokuba yi-genome . Ifana nethala leencwadi elikhulu endilikhankanyileyo ngaphambili. Eli thala leencwadi lihlelwe ngolu hlobo.
| Inxalenye | Intsingiselo nje |
|---|---|
| Iikhromosomu | Ezi zifana neencwadi ezinkulu kwithala lakho leencwadi ze-DNA. I-DNA yethu yahlulwe yangamacandelo alawulekayo, okanye iincwadi, ngala ma-chromosome. |
| I-Gene | Ezi zifana nezahluko ezingaphakathi kwezo ncwadi.Njengo. Ijini nganye ichaza uphawu oluthile lwakho. Umzekelo, ijini echaza umbala wamehlo akho, ijini echaza ubume beenwele zakho. |
| I-DNA engabhalwanga kwikhowudi | Ezi zizigaba ze-DNA phakathi kwezakhi zofuzo. Nangona zingayichazi ngokuthe ngqo into ethile, zibaluleke kakhulu. Zifana neempawu zokubhala (iziphene, iikoma) encwadini. Zinceda ezo zakhi zofuzo zisebenze kakuhle kwaye zikwanceda nakwezinye iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo kwiiseli. |
Kwenzeka ntoni ngokwenene kwi-DNA?
Umsebenzi ophambili we-DNA kukunika imiyalelo yokwenza iiproteni, ezibalulekileyo emizimbeni yethu. Ezi proteni zenza phantse yonke into emizimbeni yethu - zinegalelo kuyo yonke into ukususela kwindlela amalungu ethu asebenza ngayo ukuya kwindlela esikhangeleka ngayo.
I-DNA isebenzisa ulwimi lwayo olukhethekileyo ukubhala le miyalelo. Olu lwimi lunoonobumba abane kuphela. Bangu-A, C, G kunye no-T. Njengoonobumba bethu besiSinhala, aba nobumba bane badibana omnye nomnye, besenza izigidigidi zemiyalelo eyahlukeneyo. Khawuthelekelele oonobumba 'ல', 'ம', 'ய' bedibene ukwenza igama elithi 'லமா'. Ukuba utshintsha oonobumba, udala elinye igama elifana nelithi 'மலா'. Yiyo loo ndlela aba nobumba u-A, C, G, T badibana ngayo omnye nomnye, besenza imiyalelo eyahlukeneyo efunekayo emzimbeni wakho. Yiyo loo nto i-DNA yomntu wonke yahlukile.
Ezi nobumba zine zimele iziseko ezine zeekhemikhali : iAdenine, iCytosine, iGuanine, kunye neThymine . Iiseli emzimbeni wethu zifunda ezi nobumba kwaye zenze iiproteni ngamanyathelo aliqela.
1. Ukubhalwa kwento ethile: Kufika enye imolekyuli ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-RNA (njengomntu othumelayo i-imeyile) ize ikopishe imiyalelo ekwi-DNA. Emva koko ikhupha loo kopi kwi-nucleus.
2. Uguqulelo: Okulandelayo, izakhiwo ezincinci ezifana nomzi-mveliso ezibizwa ngokuba zii-ribosomes zifunda umyalezo we-RNA kwaye, ngokwemiyalelo ekuwo, zidibanisa ii-amino acids ukuze zenze iproteni.
3. Ukulungiswa kokugqibela: Iproteni elungiselelwe ngaloo ndlela iguqulwa ngakumbi, isongwe ngokufanelekileyo, ize ithunyelwe kwindawo efunekayo emzimbeni.
Ngamafutshane, iDNA yiplani ephambili. I-RNA ngumntu othatha ikopi yeplani ayizise emsebenzini. IiRibosomes ngabasebenzi abalandela loo plani baze benze umsebenzi. Iiproteni yimveliso yokugqibela.
Injani imilo kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-DNA?
Imo ye-DNA intle kakhulu. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-double helix.Oko kuthetha ukuba kufana nezitebhisi ezibini ezijikelezayo ezijijekileyo. Ukuba unokuzicingela ngokulula, zimile okwezitebhisi ezijikelezayo .
I-DNA yenziwe ngeebhloko ezincinci zokwakha ezibizwa ngokuba zii-nucleotides . I-nucleotide nganye inamalungu amathathu.
| Inxalenye ye-nucleotide | Umsebenzi (olula) |
|---|---|
| Isiseko seNitrogen | La ngoonobumba u-A, u-C, u-G, u-T esithethe ngabo. Badibana embindini, njengemigangatho yezinyuko ezijikelezayo. Kukho umthetho okhethekileyo apha. U-A uhlala edibene no-T, kwaye u-C uhlala edibene no-G. |
| Imolekyuli yeswekile (iDeoxyribose Sugar) | Oku kwenziwa ukuze kuqhagamshelwe isiseko (i-tread) kwi-handrail yezitebhisi. |
| Iqela lePhosphate | Yile nto idibanisa iimolekyuli zeswekile ukuze zenze umqolo wezitebhisi ezijikelezayo. |
Iphi iDNA?
Phantse yonke iseli emzimbeni wakho ine-DNA ngaphakathi kwi-nucleus yayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iiseli, njengeeseli ezibomvu zegazi, azina-nucleus kwaye ngenxa yoko azina-DNA. Ukongeza, i-mitochondria, eziyimithombo yamandla kwiiseli zethu, nazo zine-DNA yazo. Into ekhethekileyo ngale DNA ye-mitochondrial kukuba siyifumana kuphela koomama bethu .
Kuza kwenzeka ntoni xa kuthe kwenziwa iimpazamo kwi-DNA?
Ukuba kukho impazamo, umonakalo, okanye impazamo kulwazi olukwi-DNA, inokubangela iingxaki zempilo. Imizimba yethu ineenkqubo zayo zokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho zimpazamo xa kusenziwa iikopi ze-DNA yethu. Kufana nokuhlola unobumba. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha le nkqubo inokungaphumeleli. Emva koko utshintsho kwi-DNA, olubizwa ngokuba yi-mutations, lunokwenzeka.
Ukongeza, ezinye izinto esizenzayo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla zingonakalisa ne-DNA.
- Ukuvezwa lilanga kakhulu
- Ukuphefumla izinto ezinobungozi ezifana nomsi kunye nomsi wemoto
- Ukutshaya
- Ukusela utywala
Izifo ezahlukeneyo zinokubangelwa kukonakala okanye utshintsho kwi-DNA olunje.
- Umhlaza
- Izifo zemiphunga, intliziyo kunye nezinye izitho zomzimba
- Ukuguga ngokukhawuleza kolusu
- Iingxaki zokuchuma
- Ezinye iimeko zokuzalwa
Yingakho kubaluleke kangaka ukuphila ubomi obusempilweni, ukuphepha ukutshaya notywala. Ezi zinto zikwanceda ekukhuseleni i-DNA yethu. Ukuba uneengxaki ngale nto, ungoyiki ukuthetha nogqirha wakho .
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-DNA yiseti epheleleyo yemiyalelo, iplani, efunekayo ukwakha nokusebenzisa umzimba wakho.
- Ufumana isiqingatha se-DNA yakho kumama wakho kwaye esinye isiqingatha usifumene kutata wakho.
- Umsebenzi ophambili we-DNA kukubonelela ngemiyalelo yokwenza iiproteni zibe zibalulekileyo emzimbeni.
- Imilo ye-DNA ifana nezitebhisi ezijikelezayo (ii-double helix).
- Iimpazamo okanye umonakalo kwi-DNA zinokubangela izifo ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngomhlaza.
- Indlela yokuphila esempilweni inceda ekukhuseleni i-DNA yakho ekonakaleni.
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