Ngaba uyazi nge-HIV kunye ne-AIDS? Masithethe ngezi meko ziyingozi (i-HIV kunye ne-AIDS)!

Xa usiva amagama athi HIV and AIDS, mhlawumbi uziva unexhala kancinci, akunjalo? Nangona kukho amabali amaninzi ngezi zinto kuluntu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukuba ziyintoni kanye kanye, zibangelwa njani , kwaye ungazikhusela njani. Ngoko ke namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngazo ngokweenkcukacha, ngendlela onokuyiqonda.

Yintoni i-HIV? (Yintoni i-HIV?)

Ngamafutshane, i-HIV imele i-Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Xa le ntsholongwane ingena emizimbeni yethu, ihlasela amajoni ethu omzimba. Ngokukodwa, eyona njongo iphambili yale ntsholongwane ziiseli ze-CD4, uhlobo lweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezikhusela imizimba yethu kwizifo. Njengoko intsholongwane ye-HIV itshabalalisa ezi seli, amandla emizimba yethu okumelana nezifo ayancipha kancinci kancinci.

Le ntsholongwane ye-HIV isebenza ngendlela enobuqhetseba. Ifaka imiyalelo yayo kwi-DNA yeeseli zethu. Sibiza iintsholongwane ezisebenza ngasemva ngolu hlobo ngokuthi yi-retrovirus .

Ngoko ke yintoni i-AIDS? (Yintoni i-AIDS?)

I-AIDS imele i -Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome . Eli linqanaba lokugqibela nelona linzima losulelo lwe-HIV. Umntu one-AIDS uthetha ukuba amasosha omzimba wakhe abuthathaka kakhulu yi-HIV, kwaye inani leeseli ze-CD4 liye lehla kakhulu. Oku kubenza babe sesichengeni sezifo ezahlukeneyo (izifo ezinobungozi) kunye nomhlaza umntu osempilweni ongenakuwufumana lula.

Ngokwesiqhelo, ukuba usulelo lwe-HIV alunyangwa, lunokuqhubela phambili lube yi-AIDS kwiminyaka emalunga ne-10.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-HIV ne-AIDS?

Abantu abaninzi bayabhidanisa ezi zinto zimbini. I-HIV yintsholongwane. Yintsholongwane ebuthathaka amasosha omzimba ethu. I-AIDS yimeko enzima ebangelwa kusulelo lwe-HIV. Yingqokelela yezifo ezenzeka xa amasosha omzimba ebuthathaka kakhulu.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba umntu ongenalo igciwane le-HIV akanakuba ne-AIDS.

Ngonyango oluphucukileyo lwanamhlanje, ayinguye wonke umntu osuleleke yi-HIV oza kuba ne-AIDS. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba anganyangwa, abantu abaninzi abasuleleke yi-HIV basengozini yokufumana i-AIDS.

Yintoni eyenziwa yintsholongwane kaGawulayo emntwini?

Xa intsholongwane ye-HIV ingena emzimbeni wethu, iya ngqo ukuya kufumana iiseli ze-CD4 (iiseli ze-Helper T) kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela. Emva koko iyatshabalalisa ezi seli. Oku kunciphisa inani leeseli ezimhlophe zegazi emzimbeni wethu. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela yomzimba, edla ngokukwazi ukuchacha ngokulula nokuba siyagula, iba buthathaka. Nokuba sisifo esincinci sinokuba yingozi.

Xa uqala ukufumana i-HIV, unokufumana iimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane okanye umkhuhlane. Emva koko, intsholongwane ingalala emzimbeni wakho iminyaka emininzi ngaphandle kweempawu. Ngeli xesha, itshabalalisa iiseli zakho ze-CD4 ngokufihlakeleyo.Xa inani leeseli ze-CD4 lihla kakhulu, okanye xa uqala ukuba nezifo ezingafunyanwa ngabantu abaphilileyo, kunokuthiwa usulelo lwe-HIV luye lwanda lwaba yi-AIDS.

Xa unesifo sikaGawulayo, ngequbuliso ungaqala ukwehla emzimbeni, uzive udiniwe kakhulu, ube nezilonda emlonyeni okanye kwizitho zangasese, ube nomkhuhlane, ubile ebusuku, kwaye ube nombala wesikhumba. Kwakhona, abantu abane-AIDS banokuba nezinye izifo kunye nomhlaza, ngoko ke iimpawu ezinxulumene nezo zinokubonakala.

Masifunde kancinci malunga nokuba yintoni i-retrovirus.

Iiseli zomzimba wethu zisebenza ngokwesicwangciso (iseti yemiyalelo) esibizwa ngokuba yi-DNA. Le DNA idala umyalezo obizwa ngokuba yi-RNA, kwaye ngokwaloo myalezo, iiproteni ezifunekayo emzimbeni wethu zenziwa.

Nangona kunjalo, ii-retroviruses zisebenza ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Imiyalelo yazo ibhalwe kwi-RNA. Xa intsholongwane ingena kwiiseli zethu, iguqula i-RNA yayo ukuze ifane ne-DNA kwiiseli zethu. Emva koko, inqumla i-DNA kwiiseli zethu ize ifake imiyalelo yayo kuyo. Emva koko, iiseli zethu zisebenza ngokwemiyalelo yentsholongwane. I-HIV yenye yezo retrovirus.

Ngubani ochaphazeleka kakhulu yi-HIV?

Inkolelo ethandwayo yokuba "ngabantu abathile kuphela abafumana i-HIV" ayichanekanga kwaphela. Nabani na ochaphazeleka yintsholongwane unokufumana i-HIV. Isondo esingakhuselekanga kunye nokwabelana ngeenaliti zokujova iziyobisi zezona ndlela ziphambili zokusasazeka kwe-HIV.

Nangona kunjalo, ngokwezibalo, amanye amaqela abantu achaphazeleka kakhulu yi-HIV. Ezi ziquka:

• Ubungqingili, Ubungqingili, i-MSM.
• Amanye amaqela eentlanga, umzekelo abamnyama namaHispanic (oku akubalulekanga kangako eSri Lanka, kodwa le yimeko yehlabathi).
• Abantu abanikezela ngeenkonzo zesondo ngokutshintshiselana ngemali okanye ezinye izinto basengozini enkulu yokufumana i-HIV.

Aba bantu abangobantu bodwa abachaphazeleka yi-HIV. Nangona kunjalo, la maqela ajongene nemiqobo emininzi ekuthinteleni i-HIV, ukuvavanywa, kunye nokufikelela kunyango olufanelekileyo. Ukucalucalulwa kwabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, ubuhlwempu, kunye nokubekwa ibala okujikeleze i-HIV kuthintela abaninzi ekufumaneni iinkonzo zempilo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu.

Ixhaphake kangakanani i-HIV?

Inani labantu abatsha abasulelekileyo yi-HIV emhlabeni ngoku lehlile kancinci. Kodwa inani elikhulu labantu lisaphila ne-HIV. Okubalulekileyo kukuba, inani elikhulu labantu abasulelekileyo yi-HIV abazi nokuba banayo. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba uvavanyelwe i-HIV rhoqo.

Zithini iimpawu ze-HIV?

Ungosulelwa yi-HIV nokuba awunazo iimpawu. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba uvavanyelwe i-HIV nokuba awuziva ugula.

Ngamanye amaxesha, xa uqala ukosulelwa yi-HIV, unokufumana iimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane okanye umkhuhlane. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi- "Acute Retroviral Syndrome" (ARS) . Ezi mpawu ziquka:

• Ifiva
• Ndiyagodola.
• Ukudinwa
• Umqala obuhkungu
• Intlungu yemisipha
• Ukubila ebusuku
• Ukuqhambuka kwesikhumba
• Ii-lymph nodes ezivuvukileyo
• Izilonda zomlomo

Ezi mpawu zihlala ziphela kwiveki okanye ezimbini, okanye kwanenyanga.

Zithini izigaba ze-HIV?

Kukho amanqanaba amathathu aphambili okosuleleka yi-HIV:

Inqanaba loku-1: Usulelo lwe-HIV olukhawulezileyo

Abanye abantu banokufumana iimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane okanye umkhuhlane kwinyanga okanye ezimbini emva kokuba bosulelwe yi-HIV. Ezi mpawu zihlala ziphela kwiveki okanye inyanga. Ngeli xesha , intsholongwane iyanda ngokukhawuleza emzimbeni, ngoko ke kukho umngcipheko omkhulu wokosulela abanye.

Inqanaba lesi-2: Usulelo lwe-HIV olungapheliyo/Ukulinda kweKlinikhi

Emva kwesigaba esikhawulezileyo, ungaphila ne-HIV iminyaka emininzi ngaphandle kokuziva ugula. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-"chronic phase" okanye "clinical latency." Into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule kukuba nokuba awuziva ugula, usenokudlulisela i-HIV kwabanye. Ukuba awufumani unyango, esi sigaba sinokuhlala iminyaka eli-10 nangaphezulu. Kodwa kwabanye abantu, esi sigaba sinokuphela ngokukhawuleza. Abantu abafumana unyango banokuhlala kweli nqanaba amashumi eminyaka.

Inqanaba lesi-3: I-AIDS

I-AIDS yeyona nqanaba libi kakhulu losulelo lwe-HIV. Kweli nqanaba, intsholongwane ye-HIV iyenze buthathaka kakhulu inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela, nto leyo ekwenza ube sesichengeni sosulelo olungenanjongo .

Izifo ezithatha ithuba zizifo ezidla ngokulawulwa lula ngumntu onesistim somzimba esisempilweni. Nangona kunjalo, xa isistim somzimba sibuthathaka ngenxa ye-HIV, ezi zifo zinokubangela umonakalo omkhulu emzimbeni.

Umngcipheko wokufumana iintlobo ezithile zomhlaza uyanda nakubantu abane-AIDS. Ezi cancer kunye nosulelo olungenanjongo zizonke zaziwa ngokuba "zizifo ezichaza i-AIDS."

Ukuze umntu afunyaniswe ene-AIDS, kufuneka abe une-HIV kwaye ubuncinane abe nenye yezi meko zilandelayo:

• Ukuba neeseli ze-CD4 ezingaphantsi kwama-200 nge-cubic millimeter yegazi (iiseli ezingama-200/mm3).
• Ukuba nesinye okanye ngaphezulu "sesifo esichaza i-AIDS".

Zeziphi izifo ezichazwa yi-AIDS?

Ezi ziquka izifo ezithatha amathuba, ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza (ezidla ngokubangelwa ziintsholongwane), kunye nezinye izifo zenkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Eminye imizekelo yile:

• I-Burkitt lymphoma
• I-Candidiasis ye-bronchi, i-esophagus, i-trachea okanye imiphunga
• I-isosporiasis yamathumbu engapheliyo (i-cystoisosporiasis) ehlala ixesha elingaphezu kwenyanga
• I-Coccidioidomycosis, esasazekileyo/engaphandle kwemiphunga
• I-cryptosporidiosis yamathumbu engapheliyo ehlala ixesha elingaphezu kwenyanga
• Isifo se-Cytomegalovirus (ngaphandle kwesibindi, i-spleen, okanye ii-lymph nodes), esenzeka kubantu abadala kunenyanga enye.
• I-Cytomegalovirus retinitis (enokulahlekelwa umbono)
• I-Encephalopathy ebangelwa yi-HIV
• I-cryptococcosis engaphandle kwemiphunga
• Izilonda zeHerpes simplex (ezihlala ixesha elingaphezu kwenyanga)
• I-Herpes simplex bronchitis, i-pneumonitis okanye i-esophagitis (eyenzeka kubantu abadala kunenyanga enye)
• I-Histoplasmosis, esasazekileyo/engaphandle kwemiphunga
• Isifo sokuwa kwe-HIV (isifo sokuwa kwe-HIV - ukwehla kakhulu kobunzima)
• Umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko ohlaselayo
• I-Immunoblastic Lymphoma
• I-Kaposi sarcoma
• Usulelo lweebhaktheriya ezininzi okanye eziphindaphindayo
• I-Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), esasazekileyo/engaphandle kwemiphunga
• I-Mycobacterium kansasii, esasazekileyo/engaphandle kwemiphunga
• I-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) nakweyiphi na indawo
• Ezinye iintlobo ze-mycobacteria okanye iintlobo ezingaziwayo, ezisasazekileyo/ezingaphandle kwemiphunga
• I-Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)
• I-lymphoma yokuqala yengqondo
• I-leukoencephalopathy eqhubekekayo ye-multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
• I-pneumonia ephindaphindayo
• I-Salmonella septicemia ephindaphindayo (engeyiyo i-typhoid)
• I-Toxoplasmosis yobuchopho (yenzeka kubantu abadala kunenyanga enye)

Zithini iimpawu ze-AIDS?

Iimpawu ze-AIDS zinokubangelwa lusulelo lwe-HIV ngokwalo, kunye nezinye izifo ezisebenzisa amandla omzimba wakho abuthathaka. Ezinye zezi ziquka:

• Ukunciphisa umzimba ngokukhawuleza
• Umkhuhlane oqhelekileyo okanye ukubila kakhulu ebusuku
• Ukuziva udiniwe kakhulu ngaphandle kwesizathu
• Ukudumba kwamakhwapha, i-groin, okanye indawo yentamo
• Urhudo oluhlala iiveki
• Izilonda emlonyeni, empundu, okanye kwiindawo zesini
• Ukukrala kwemiphunga
• Amabala abomvu, amdaka, apinki, okanye amfusa eluswini, ngaphakathi emlonyeni, empumlweni, okanye kwiinkophe
• Ukulahlekelwa yinkumbulo, ukudakumba, kunye nezinye iingxaki ze-neurological

Yintoni ebangela i-HIV/AIDS?

I-HIV ibangelwa yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yi-Human Immunodeficiency Virus . Le ntsholongwane ihlasela ii-CD4 cells (ii-T-cells ezincedisayo) zenkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba.Ziyawahlasela zize ziwatshabalalise, nto leyo ewenza buthathaka amajoni omzimba.

I-AIDS yenzeka xa i-HIV inciphisa kakhulu inani leeseli zomzimba, iyenza buthathaka inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ide ingakwazi ukulwa nezinye izifo.

Isasazeka njani i-HIV?

I-HIV inokudluliselwa ngegazi, isidoda, ulwelo lwesini, ubisi lwebele, kunye nokukhupha ulwelo oluphuma empundu komntu one-HIV. Nabani na onesini okanye othanda ukulala naye unokosulelwa yi-HIV aze ayidlulisele kwabanye.

Intsholongwane ingangena emzimbeni wakho ngomlomo, kwi-rectum, kwi-penis, kwi-vagina, okanye kulusu oluphukileyo. Ngaphandle kokuba kukho inxeba okanye isilonda eluswini, intsholongwane ayinakungena kulusu oluphilileyo. Ukuba ukhulelwe kwaye une-HIV, intsholongwane ingadluliselwa nakumntwana wakho.

Ukuba nesondo esingakhuselekanga kunye nokusebenzisa iinaliti ezahlukeneyo ukuze ufake iziyobisi zezona ndlela ziphambili zokusasazeka kwe-HIV. Nokuba awuziva ugula, usenokudlulisela i-HIV kwabanye.

Ngaba i-HIV inokudluliselwa ngokuqabulana?

Ekubeni i-HIV ingadluliselwa ngamathe, akuvamile ukuba idluliselwe i-HIV ngokuqabulana. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba omabini amaqabane anezilonda emlonyeni okanye iintsini eziphuma igazi, kukho ithuba elincinci kakhulu lokudluliselwa kwe-HIV ngexesha lokuqabulana okunzulu, njengoko ezinye iziselo zomzimba zinokutshintshiselwana.

Kwakhona, i-HIV ayinakudluliselwa ngezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ngokuchukumisa okanye ukumanga umntu one-HIV/AIDS.
• Ukusuka kwizindlu zangasese zikawonke-wonke okanye kumadama okudada.
• Ukwabelana ngeekomityi, izitya, okanye iifowuni nomntu one-HIV/AIDS.
• Ukusuka kwizinambuzane ezilumayo ezifana neengcongconi.
• Ngokunikela ngegazi (izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ekunikeleni ngegazi eSri Lanka zikhuselekile kakhulu).

Ndingazazi njani ukuba ndine-HIV?

Awunakwazi ukubona ukuba umntu une-HIV ngokumjonga. Kwakhona, unokosulelwa yi-HIV kodwa ungabi nazimpawu. Eyona ndlela yokwazi ukuba une-HIV kukwenza uvavanyo lwe-HIV.

Ngenxa yokuba umntu omnye kwabasixhenxe abane-HIV engazi ukuba banayo, kucetyiswa ukuba wonke umntu ophakathi kweminyaka eli-13 nengama-64 ubudala avavanyelwe i-HIV ubuncinane kube kanye njengenxalenye yokuhlolwa kwempilo rhoqo. Olu vavanyo luqhutywa ngokuzithandela kwaye luyimfihlo.

Ifunyaniswa njani i-HIV? (Ukuxilongwa)

I-HIV ifunyaniswa ngokuvavanya igazi okanye amathe akho. Ungayifumana le vavanyo ekhaya (ngezixhobo zokuvavanya ekhaya), kwiofisi kagqirha, okanye kwiziko lovavanyo elikummandla okuwo.

Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwakho zithi "Negative" , akukho mfuneko yolunye uvavanyo kwezi meko:

• Ukuba awuzange udibane ne-HIV nangayiphi na indlela kwiinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kovavanyo.
• Ukuba awukabonakali kwintsholongwane ngexesha "lexesha lovavanyo" lwegazi (ixesha elithathayo ukuba intsholongwane ifunyanwe). (Ukuba awuqinisekanga ngexesha lovavanyo oluthathileyo, buza ugqirha wakho.)

Ukuba ukhe wachaphazeleka zingakapheli iinyanga ezintathu emva kokwenza uvavanyo, kungangcono ukuba uphinde uvavanywe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iziphumo "azikho".

Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwakho zibuya zisithi "Zilungile," ilebhu iya kwenza ezinye iimvavanyo ukuqinisekisa iziphumo.

Ziziphi iintlobo zovavanyo zokufumanisa i-HIV?

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zovavanyo lwe-HIV:

1. Uvavanyo lwe-Antigen/Antibody:

• Uvavanyo lwe-antigen lukhangela uphawu olubizwa ngokuba yi-p24 kumphezulu wentsholongwane ye-HIV. Uvavanyo lwe-antibody lukhangela iikhemikhali ezenziwa yimizimba yethu ngokuchasene nezo mpawu. Olu vavanyo lujonga zombini.
• Ugqirha uthatha isampuli encinci yegazi emthanjeni osengalweni yakho. Ithunyelwa kwilebhu kwaye ivavanywe i-p24 kunye nee-antibodies kuyo. Olu vavanyo lunokufumanisa i-HIV phakathi kweentsuku ezili-18 ukuya kwezingama-45 emva kokudibana ne-HIV.
• Uvavanyo lwe-antigen/antibody olukhawulezileyo lunokwenziwa ngesampulu yegazi ethathwe ngeminwe. Olu vavanyo lunokufumanisa i-HIV ubuncinane kwiintsuku ezili-18 emva kokudibana nayo. Kungathatha ukuya kuthi ga kwiintsuku ezingama-90 ukufumana iziphumo ezichanekileyo. ("I-Rapid" ibhekisa kwixesha elithathayo ukufumana iziphumo, hayi ixesha elithathayo ukufumana intsholongwane).

2. Uvavanyo lwee-Antibody:

• Olu vavanyo lukhangela ii-antibodies ze-HIV egazini lakho okanye ematheni. Oku kungenziwa ngokuthatha isampuli yegazi kumthambo osengalweni yakho, ukuhlatywa ngomnwe, okanye isampuli yamathe kwi-swab yeentsini zakho.
• Kungathatha phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-23 ukuya kwezingama-90 emva kokudibana novavanyo lwe-antibody ukuze kufunyanwe i-HIV. Uvavanyo lwe-antibody, olwenziwa kwigazi elithathwe emthanjeni, lunokufumanisa i-HIV ngokukhawuleza kunovavanyo olwenziwa kumathe okanye igazi elithathwe kwiminwe.

3. Uvavanyo lweNucleic Acid (ii-NAT):

• Ii-NAT zikhangela intsholongwane ye-HIV egazini lakho. Ugqirha uthatha isampuli encinci yegazi elivela kumthambo osengalweni yakho. Lithunyelwa kwilabhoratri ukuze livavanywe i-HIV.
• I-NAT idla ngokubona i-HIV phakathi kweentsuku ezili-10 ukuya kwezingama-33 emva kokudibana ne-HIV. Nangona kunjalo, olu vavanyo ludla ngokwenziwa kuphela ukuba ukhe wadibana ne-HIV kwindawo enobungozi obukhulu.

Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwakho "zilungile," ugqirha wakho uya kucebisa ezinye iimvavanyo zokuvavanya impilo yakho. Ezi zingabandakanya:

• Inani elipheleleyo legazi (i-CBC)
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-hepatitis yentsholongwane
• I-X-reyi yesifuba
• I-Pap smear (yabasetyhini)
• Inani leeseli ze-CD4 (inani le-CD4)
• Uvavanyo lweSifo sePhepha

Ngaba kukho naluphi na uvavanyo lwe-HIV olunokwenziwa ekhaya? (Uvavanyo lwasekhaya)

Ewe, kukho izixhobo zovavanyo lwe-HIV onokuzenza ekhaya. Ezinye zivavanyo olukhawulezayo. Kuzo, uhlikihla iintsini zakho ngeswab ethambileyo neguquguqukayo. Emva koko, iswab ifakwa kwityhubhu enolwelo olukhethekileyo kwaye iziphumo ziyafundwa. Iziphumo ziyafumaneka kwimizuzu eli-15-20.

Ezinye iimvavanyo ezenziwa ekhaya zisebenzisa isixhobo sokuhlaba umnwe wakho ngenaliti encinci. Ithontsi legazi lifakwa ekhadini, kwaye ikhithi yovavanyo ithunyelwa kwilebhu ukuze kufunyanwe iziphumo.

Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwakho lwasekhaya "zilungile," ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kufuneka ubone ugqirha wakho uze ufumane olunye uvavanyo ukuqinisekisa iziphumo.

Ingaba ikho na indlela yokunyanga i-HIV?

Okwangoku akukho nyango lwe-HIV. Nangona kunjalo, kukho unyango oluninzi olusebenzayo kakhulu olunokulawula kakhulu ukuqhubela phambili kwe-HIV.

Inyangwa njani i-HIV? (Unyango)

I-HIV inyangwa ngamayeza athathwa imihla ngemihla abizwa ngokuba yi -antiretroviral therapy (ART) .

Ukusela indibaniselwano yamayeza ahlukeneyo, endaweni yeyeza elinye kuphela, yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuthintela ukusasazeka kwe-HIV nokutshabalalisa iiseli. Kukwakho neepilisi ezidibeneyo eziqulethe amayeza amaninzi kwipilisi enye. Ugqirha wakho uya kukhetha ngononophelo indibaniselwano efanelekileyo kuwe.

Injongo yonyango lwe-ART kukunciphisa ubungakanani be-HIV egazini (umthwalo wentsholongwane) ukuya kwinqanaba elingabonakaliyo ngovavanyo lwe-HIV nokulawula ubuthathaka benkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ebangelwa yi-HIV.

Amayeza asetyenziselwa i-HIV

Uhlobo ngalunye lwamayeza asetyenziswa kwi-ART lusebenza ngendlela eyahlukileyo ukuthintela intsholongwane ye-HIV ekubeni izenzele ezinye iikopi zayo okanye yosulele iiseli zakho. Uhlobo olufanayo lwamayeza e-ART lunokuba namagama eempawu ezahlukeneyo.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamayeza e-ART:

• Ii-Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (ii-NRTI)
• Izithinteli ze-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs)
• Izithinteli zeProtease (PIs)
• Izithinteli ze-fusion
• Izithinteli ze-CCR5 receptor (ii-CCR5 antagonists)
• Izithinteli zokudluliselwa kwe-strand ye-Integrase (ii-INSTI)
• Izithinteli zokuncamathisela
• Izithinteli zokuthintela emva kokuncamathisela
• Izithambisi ze-Pharmacokinetic
• Ukudibanisa amayeza e-HIV

Ndingazinyamekela njani ngelixa ndiphila ne-HIV?

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukusela amayeza akho njengoko kumiselwe, ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye ungaphoswa ziintlanganiso zikagqirha wakho. Oku kubizwa ngokubaKubizwa ngokuba kukuthobela unyango.

Ukuba uphoswa kukuthatha amayeza akho, nokuba kungengozi, intsholongwane ye-HIV inokutshintsha indlela esulela ngayo iiseli (i-mutate). Ukuba oko kuyenzeka, amayeza owathathayo asenokungasebenzi. Ukuba ishedyuli yakho yomsebenzi ikuthintela ekuthatheni amayeza akho ngexesha okanye ukugcina amadinga, thetha nogqirha wakho ngayo loo nto.

Yintoni endimele ndiyilindele ukuba ndine-HIV?

Ukuba ufunyaniswe une-HIV, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyazi kukuba abantu abane-HIV abalandela imiyalelo yonyango ngokuchanekileyo banokuphila ubomi obupheleleyo nobude, njengomntu ongena-HIV.

Uphando lubonise ukuba ukuba inani leeseli zakho ze-CD4 liphezulu kwaye umthwalo wakho wentsholongwane awubonakali kunyaka wokuqala unyango, uya kuba neziphumo ezilungileyo, lo gama nje uqhubeka nokulandela isicwangciso sonyango.

Ungayiphucula indlela ocinga ngayo ngokwenza ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Zihlolele ngokwakho njengenxalenye yokuhlolwa kwempilo rhoqo, okanye ukuba ucinga ukuba ukhe wachaphazeleka.
• Qalisa unyango lwe-ART ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ufunyaniswe une-HIV.
• Sela amayeza akho ngokuchanekileyo yonke imihla.
• Gcina idinga kunye neqela lakho lezonyango.

Nangona i-ART inokunciphisa inani leentsholongwane egazini lakho ukuya kumanqanaba angabonakaliyo, ayinakuyisusa ngokupheleleyo intsholongwane emzimbeni wakho (ingalala ngaphakathi kwiiseli zakho). Ukuba awuzithathi rhoqo amayeza akho, intsholongwane inokuqala ukusasazeka kwakhona kwaye itshintshe, kwaye amayeza akho anokuyeka ukusebenza.

Ukuba ayinyangwa, kungathatha iminyaka eli-10 ukuba i-HIV iqhubekele kwi-AIDS. Ukuba unesifo sikaGawulayo kwaye unganyangwa, ungalindela ukuphila iminyaka emithathu eyongezelelweyo.

Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwabo banikwa unyango, ukuba inani leeseli ze-CD4 liphezulu kwaye umthwalo wentsholongwane awubonakali kunyaka wokuqala unyango, banokuphila ixesha elide njengomntu ongena-HIV. Ukuba inani leeseli ze-CD4 liphantsi kunyaka wokuqala unyango, okanye ukuba umthwalo wentsholongwane awubonakali, kusenokwenzeka ukuba baphile iminyaka eli-10 ukuya kwengama-20 ngaphantsi komntu ongena-HIV.

Ingaba i-HIV iyaphela yodwa?

I-HIV ayizishiyi yodwa. Ngenxa yokuba ingena kwi-DNA yakho, iiseli zakho zicinga ukuba yinxalenye yakho. Nangona usenokungabi nazimpawu kangangeminyaka emva kosulelo lokuqala, kwaye usenokungaziva ugula, intsholongwane ye-HIV inokuqhubeka nokonakalisa inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela.

Ngethuba usela amayeza, kunokubakho amaxesha apho intsholongwane iphantsi kakhulu ukuba ingafunyanwa kuvavanyo lwe-HIV. Ngala maxesha, i-HIV inokuhlala ifihliwe emzimbeni wakho, ingabonakali. Ingavuka kwixesha elizayo ize iqalise ukutshabalalisa iiseli zakho kwakhona.

Kungoko ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqhubeka usela amayeza akho e-HIV, nokuba awuziva ugula okanye awunamanqanaba angabonakaliyo eentsholongwane. Ngaphandle konyango, i-HIV iyenza buthathaka inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela, ekugqibeleni iyenze ingakwazi ukulwa nezinye izifo ezinzulu.

Ndingawunciphisa njani umngcipheko wam wokufumana i-HIV?

Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokunciphisa umngcipheko wakho wokufumana i-HIV kukwazi indlela esasazeka ngayo kwaye uzikhusele kwimisebenzi ethile . Ukuba nesondo esingakhuselekanga kunye nokwabelana ngeenaliti zokujova iziyobisi zezona ndlela ziphambili zokusasazeka kwe-HIV.

Nazi ezinye iindlela onokunciphisa ngazo umngcipheko wakho:

• Sebenzisa iikhondom zelatex (irabha) kuyo nayiphi na indlela yokwabelana ngesondo (ngokwesini, ngokwempundu, okanye ngomlomo). Musa ukusebenzisa iikhondom ezenziwe ngemveliso yezilwanyana (umz., ufele lwegusha).
• Sebenzisa izithambisi ezisekelwe emanzini (iloshini).
• Ungaze wabelane ngeenaliti xa ufaka iziyobisi.
• Vavanywa kwaye unyangwe ezinye izifo ezidluliselwa ngesondo (ii-STI). Ukuba nezinye izifo ezidluliselwa ngesondo kwandisa umngcipheko wakho wokufumana i-HIV.
• Musa ukunxila okanye ukusebenzisa iziyobisi ukuze uziphazamise. Abantu abanxilileyo abakwazi ukuzikhusela.
• Ukuba usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokufumana i-HIV, buza ugqirha wakho ukuba kufuneka uthathe i-PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) .
• Ukuba ucinga ukuba sele ukhe wachaphazeleka yi-HIV, bonana nogqirha wakho ngokukhawuleza ukuze ubone ukuba kufuneka uthathe i-PEP (Post-exposure prophylaxis) .
• Cinga ngokuzivavanya ukuze ubone ukuba ungakwazi na ukudlulisela i-HIV kwabanye.

Ukusebenzisa ikhondom ngokuchanekileyo kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhusela i-HIV. Sebenzisa ikhondom yamadoda xa kukho isenzo sokwabelana ngesondo esibandakanya i-penis yakho.

Ungakhusela isini sakho okanye i-anus yakho nokuba ngama -dental dams okanye ii-internal condoms (ii-female condoms) . Ama-dental dams ziingceba ezisicaba ze-polyurethane okanye i-latex ezinokubekwa phezu kwesini okanye i-anus ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo ngomlomo. I-internal condom ingafakwa kwi-vagina okanye i-anus kwaye isetyenziswe.

Sebenzisa uhlobo olunye kuphela lwekhondom ngexesha. Musa ukusebenzisa zombini ikhondom yamadoda kunye nekhondom yangaphakathi ngaxeshanye.

Ngaba amayeza anokuthintela i-HIV?

Kukho amayeza anokunceda ukuthintela i-HIV, kwabo baye bachaphazeleka kunye nabo basengozini enkulu yokubonakaliswa. La mayeza abizwa ngokuba yi-PrEP (Pre-exposure prophylaxis) kunye ne-PEP (Post-exposure prophylaxis) .

Uthintelo lwangaphambi kokuchaphazeleka (i-PrEP)

I-PrEP yipilisi oyithatha yonke imihla ukuba awunayo i-HIV kodwa usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokosuleleka.

Ngokukodwa, ukuba awunayo i-HIV, ubukhe wabelana ngesondo ngempundu okanye ngesini kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo, kwaye nayiphi na kwezi meko zilandelayo iyinyani, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uthathe i-PrEP:

• Iqabane lakho lesondo line-HIV.
• Awuzange usebenzise ikhondom rhoqo.
• Ube nesifo sosulelo oludluliselwa ngesondo (STI) kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo.

I-PrEP iyacetyiswa ukuba awunayo i-HIV, ufaka amayeza, kwaye ukuba kukho nayiphi na kwezi meko zilandelayo eziyinyani:

• Ufaka iziyobisi nomntu one-HIV ngenaliti.
• Nisebenzisa iinaliti okanye ezinye izixhobo zokujova iziyobisi.

I-PrEP ayithathi indawo yezinye iindlela zokuzikhusela. Nokuba usebenzisa i-PrEP, kufuneka usebenzise iikhondom kwaye uphephe ukwabelana ngeenaliti xa ufaka iziyobisi.

Uthintelo emva kokuchaphazeleka (PEP)

I-PEP isebenzisa amayeza e-HIV ukuzama ukuthintela usulelo lwe-HIV ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ubonakalisiwe. I-PEP yeyabantu abangenayo i-HIV, okanye abangaziyo ukuba banayo na i-HIV kodwa bacinga ukuba basenokuba babonakaliswe ngokwesondo, ukuhlaselwa ngokwesondo, ukwabelana ngeenaliti (okanye ezinye izixhobo), okanye ukubonakaliswa emsebenzini.

Kufuneka uqale i-PEP zingadlulanga iiyure ezingama-72 emva kokuba uchaphazelekile kwaye uyithathe yonke imihla kangangeentsuku ezingama-28. I-PEP yenzelwe iimeko ezingxamisekileyo kuphela, kwaye ayithathi indawo yezinye iindlela zokuzikhusela, njengokusebenzisa iikhondom.

Ukuba ndine-HIV, ndingayithintela njani ukuba ingasasazeki kwabanye?

Iindlela ezilungileyo zokuthintela ukosulelwa yi-HIV kwabanye ziyafana kakhulu neendlela zokuzikhusela:

• Xelela amaqabane akho esondo kunye nabo bakujova iziyobisi ukuba une-HIV.
• Landela isicwangciso sakho sonyango kwaye ungaliphosi iyeza lakho. Ukuba umthamo wakho wentsholongwane awubonakali, umngcipheko wakho wokudlulisela i-HIV ngokunxibelelana ngesondo uyancipha kakhulu (U=U: Ayibonakali = Ayisuleleki).
• Thetha neqabane lakho lesondo malunga nokuthatha i-PrEP.
• Nokuba umthamo wakho wentsholongwane awubonakali, nxiba iikhondom ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo kwilungu lobufazi, isondo lempundu, nelomlomo.
• Musa ukwabelana ngeenaliti okanye ezinye izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukujova iziyobisi.
• Nciphisa inani lamaqabane akho esondo.
• Ukuba ukhulelwe kwaye une-HIV, ukulandela isicwangciso sakho sonyango, kuquka amayeza e-ART, kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokudlulisela intsholongwane kumntwana wakho.

Ndingakhulelwa na ukuba ndine-HIV?

Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba i-HIV yenza kube nzima ukukhulelwa, kodwa oko akuyonyani. Ukuba une-HIV kwaye ufuna ukukhulelwa, thetha nogqirha wakho. Nonke ningenza isicwangciso sokugcina wena, iqabane lakho, kunye nabantwana bakho bexesha elizayo niphilile.

Ungayidlulisela i-HIV kwiqabane lakho ngesondo elingakhuselekanga, nakumntwana wakho ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ukubeleka, nokuncancisa. Ukusebenzisa i-ART kunokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokudlulisela i-HIV kumntwana wakho, ingakumbi ukuba umthwalo wakho wentsholongwane awubonakali. Ugqirha wakho unokucebisa ukuba unike umntwana wakho ubisi lwebele endaweni yobisi lwebele.

Ndifanele ndimbone nini ugqirha wam?

Ukuba ucinga ukuba sele ukhe wachaphazeleka yi-HIV, fowunela ugqirha wakho ngoko nangoko. Ukuba une-HIV, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqala unyango ngokukhawuleza .

Ukuba sele uyazi ukuba une-HIV, landela imiyalelo kagqirha wakho malunga nexesha lokuthetha. Kubalulekile ukunyanga naluphi na uhlobo losulelo, ngoko thetha naye ukuba uneempawu ezintsha ezifana nomkhuhlane, ukubila ebusuku, urhudo, okanye nantoni na ekukhathazayo.

Ndingayibuza yiphi imibuzo ugqirha wam?

• Ingaba ndisengozini enkulu yokosulelwa yi-HIV?
• Ndingenza ntoni ukunciphisa umngcipheko wam wokufumana i-HIV?
• Ndingaqinisekisa njani ukuba ndithatha amayeza am ngokuchanekileyo?
• Ndingenza ntoni ukuze ndizikhusele kwezinye izifo?
• Ungayithintela njani intsholongwane kaGawulayo?
• Zithetha ukuthini iziphumo zovavanyo lwam?
• Kuthetha ukuthini ukubalwa kwegazi lam?
• Zeziphi izitofu ekufuneka ndizifumane?

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Iindlela zonyango zingcono kakhulu namhlanje kunokuba zazinjalo ngexesha lobhubhane we-AIDS. Ukuba uxilongiwe kwangethuba, sebenzisa i-ART, kwaye unamathele kuyo, unethuba elihle lokuphila ubomi obude. Namhlanje, abantu abaphila ne-HIV banokusebenza, babe nobomi obusebenzayo bentlalo, bakhulise iintsapho, kwaye babe nobudlelwane obanelisayo. Enyanisweni, ezi zinto zinokuba nefuthe elihle kwimpilo-ntle yakho yengqondo.

Nokuba sele sihambe kangakanani na ngokubhekiselele kunyango, ngelishwa, ibala elibi elijikeleze i-HIV lisekho. Ukongeza kuloyiko nokungaqiniseki okuza nokuxilongwa okutsha, usenokuba nexhala malunga nendlela abantu abakungqongileyo abaya kusabela ngayo. Ukuba unamathandabuzo malunga nokuvavanywa okanye unyango, okanye ukuba awuqinisekanga ngamanyathelo akho alandelayo, thetha nombutho woluntu ogxile kwi-HIV. Khumbula, unelungelo lokuxhaswa, uvelwano, kunye nonyango olusemgangathweni ophezulu.

I - HIV, i-AIDS, inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, i-retrovirus, iiseli ze-CD4, unyango lwe-ART, impilo yesondo