Singathetha ngezizathu zokufa kweentsana?

Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngesihloko esinobuzaza, kodwa esibaluleke kakhulu. Oko kukuthi, ukulahlekelwa ziintsana ezincinci, oko kukuthi, kunyaka wokuqala wokuzalwa, okusishiyayo. Oku koko oogqirha nabaphandi bakubiza ngokuba yi-'(Infant Mortality)'. Xa usiva eli gama, usenokucinga ngezibalo, kodwa eneneni, emva koku kukho usizi olunganyamezelekiyo, ukuphoxeka kusapho.

Yintoni i-Infant Mortality? Ngaba siyayiqonda kakuhle?

Ngamafutshane, igama elithi 'Infant Mortality' libhekisa ekufeni komntwana kwiinyanga ezili-12 zokuzalwa, oko kukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba afikelele kunyaka omnye ubudala. Kukho elinye igama elibizwa ngokuba yi-'(Neonatal mortality)'. Libhekisa ekufeni komntwana kwiintsuku ezingama-28 zokuqala zokuzalwa. Nangona la magama esetyenziselwa izibalo nophando, kubomi bokwenyani oku kubuhlungu kakhulu. Kufana nokuba isiqwenga sakho silahlekile, kwaye awukwazi ukucinga ukuba ungaqhubeka njani phambili.

Kodwa kutheni sithetha ngale nto? Kuba, izinto ezinje azifanele zenzeke. Wonke umntwana unelungelo lokuqala ubomi esempilweni aze abhiyozele kungekuphela nje imihla yakhe yokuqala neyesibini yokuzalwa, kodwa nezinye ezininzi. Kodwa, zingaphi izinto ezichaphazela impilo yeentsana neentsapho zazo?

Izinto ezichaphazela impilo yethu ngokwentlalo, ezichaphazela impilo yethu, zihlala zinxulumene noku. Khawucinge nje, ukuba awufumani neziseko ezifana nesondlo kunye nokhathalelo lokukhulelwa ngexesha lokukhulelwa, kuba nzima ukulindela umntwana osempilweni. Abaphandi kunye noogqirha bahlala bezama ukususa ezo zithintelo kwaye benze imeko-bume apho wonke umntu anokuba nokukhulelwa okunempilo aze azale abantwana abasempilweni.

Zithini izizathu zokuba abantwana abancinci bahlukane nathi?

Ngokwezibalo ezikhoyo kwihlabathi liphela ngoku, ingakumbi kumazwe afana neMelika, kukho izizathu ezininzi eziphambili zokufa kweentsana:

• Iingxaki zokuzalwa (okanye iziphene zokuzalwa): Ezi ziingxaki ezahlukeneyo zomzimba okanye zemfuza ezenzeka ngexesha umntwana esakhula esibelekweni. Ezinye zincinci, ngelixa ezinye zinokuba yingozi ebomini.
• Ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwexesha kunye nobunzima obuphantsi: Iintsana ezizelwe ngaphambi komhla wokuzalwa, oko kukuthi, ngaphambi kweeveki ezingama-37, zinokuba neengxaki ezahlukeneyo kuba amalungu azo omzimba akakakhuli ngokupheleleyo. Kwakhona, iintsana ezinobunzima obungaphantsi kwama-2500 grams ekuzalweni zisengozini enkulu.
• Isifo Sokufa Kweentsana Ngesiquphe (SIDS): Esi sisifo esibuhlungu kakhulu. Kuxa umntwana osempilweni esifa ngequbuliso, ngesiqhelo elele, ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacileyo.
• Iingozi ezingalindelekanga: Ezi ziquka iingozi zeemoto, ukuwa, ukurhaxwa, kunye nokufuthaniseka. Ekubeni iintsana zisengozini enkulu, kubalulekile ukuzinyamekela kakuhle.
• Iingxaki zokukhulelwa: Iimeko ezenzeka kumama ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ezifana noxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu, isifo seswekile, kunye nosulelo, nazo zinokuchaphazela umntwana.

Izizathu ezichaphazela ngokukodwa iintsana ezisandul' ukuzalwa

Izizathu eziphambili ezichaphazela iintsana ezisandul’ ukuzalwa, oko kukuthi, iintsana kwiintsuku ezingama-28 zokuqala, ziquka:

• I-bacterial sepsis: Olu luhlobo losulelo oluyingozi kakhulu.
• Isifo soxinzelelo lokuphefumla: Le meko inokwenzeka, ingakumbi kwiintsana ezingekazalwa, kuba imiphunga yazo ayikakhuli ngokupheleleyo.
• Isifo sentliziyo esizalwa naso: Iingxaki ngesakhiwo okanye umsebenzi wentliziyo ezibakho ekuzalweni .
• Ukopha: Ukopha kakhulu engqondweni okanye kwenye indawo.

Yintoni eyabangela ukufa kweentsana kwixesha elidlulileyo? Injani imeko ngoku?

Xa kuthelekiswa nezizathu zangoku, ngaphambili, oko kukuthi, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1800, imbangela enkulu yokufa kweentsana yayizizifo ezosulelayo . Khawucinge nje, bangaphi abantu abancinci ababenokulahlekelwa zizifo ezifana norhudo, ukukhwehlela, imasisi, inyumoniya, kunye nesifo sephepha ngelo xesha?

Nangona kunjalo, ngokuhamba kwexesha, le meko yatshintsha kakhulu. Amanyathelo empilo yoluntu afana namanzi acocekileyo, ukucoca ubisi (indlela yokubulala iintsholongwane ebisini), kunye nokugonywa kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhusela iintsana kwezi zifo zosulelayo.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1900, izifo ezosulelayo zazibangela ukufa kweentsana ezingaphezu kwama-60%. Kodwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, elo nani lalisele lehle laya kwi-2%. Hayi indlela elo phuculo likhulu ngayo, akunjalo?

Yintoni le IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)? Yintoni esinokuyifunda kuyo?

Usenokuba ukhe weva igama elithi `IMR`. `IMR` imele `Izinga lokuFa kweentsana`. Ngamafutshane, eli linani leentsana ezifa zingekafiki kunyaka omnye kwi-1,000 nganye ezizalwa ziphila. Alibandakanyi ukuzalwa zifile okanye ukuphuphuma kwesisu.

Abaphandi basebenzisa eli xabiso le-'IMR' ukufunda indlela ukufa kweentsana okwenzeka ngayo phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abantu (umz., ngaphakathi kwilizwe, kummandla, kuhlanga, kwinqanaba lengeniso). Oku kubavumela ukuba baqonde izinto ezininzi:

• Chonga ukuba ngabaphi abantu kunye neendawo ezifuna izixhobo ezingaphezulu kunye nenkxaso yokukhulelwa okunempilo kunye nokuzala.
• Oku akupheleli nje ekunikeni ulwazi ngokufa kweentsana, kodwa nakwimpilo iyonke yoluntu okanye iqela labantu. Kuba uninzi lwezinto ezichaphazela ukufa kweentsana (ezifana nokufikelela kwiinkonzo zempilo kunye nezixhobo) zichaphazela wonke umntu kwelo qela.
• Sisebenzisa olu lwazi, singenza imigaqo-nkqubo size senze utshintsho olufunekayo ekukhulelweni okunempilo kunye neentsana ezisempilweni.

Ukuqonda okuncinci imeko ehlabathini nakwingingqi yethu

Kwanakwilizwe eliphuhlileyo njenge-United States, i-'IMR' ngo-2022 yayiyi-5.6 kwi-1,000 yokuzalwa okuphilayo. Kwakhona, phakathi kwamanye amaqela eentlanga kwelo lizwe (umz. ama-Afrika aseMelika), eli zinga liphindwe kabini kunomyinge welizwe. Oku kubonisa ukuba kukho umahluko omkhulu kangakanani na ngaphakathi kwelizwe.

Eli xabiso le-`IMR` lahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo ehlabathini. Umzekelo:

• Amanye amazwe ane-'IMR' ephezulu ngala: iSierra Leone, iCentral African Republic, iNigeria, iSomalia. Amanye ala mazwe anokufa kweentsana ezingaphezu kwama-70 kwi-1000 ezizelweyo.
• Amanye amazwe ane-'IMR' ephantsi ngala: iJapan, iSingapore, iNorway, iSlovenia. La mazwe anezinga eliphantsi kakhulu lokufa kweentsana ezimbini kwi-1000 ezizelweyo.

Oku kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba amathuba okuba umntwana abhiyozele usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lokuqala anokwahluka kangakanani ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo azalelwe kuyo kunye nezixhobo anazo (ingakumbi iinkonzo zempilo). ESri Lanka, siphambili kunamazwe amaninzi asaphuhlayo kule nkalo. Unyango lwethu lwasimahla, ingakumbi inkqubo yeklinikhi yoomama nabantwana, lunamandla amakhulu kule nto. Kodwa kuninzi ekufuneka sikwenze ukuphucula le meko ngakumbi.

Singenza ntoni ukuthintela oku kufa kweentsana?

Ngelishwa, ayizizo zonke iintsholongwane ezifayo ezinokuthintelwa. Kukho izizathu ezingenakulawuleka, nokuba kukho ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu kunye noogqirha ababalaseleyo. Kodwa siyazi ukuba unyango olufumanayo ngexesha lokukhulelwa nasemva kokuba umntwana ezelwe lunokwenza umahluko omkhulu.

Ingxaki yehlabathi kukuba ayinguye wonke umntu ofikelela kwiinkonzo zempilo kunye nezixhobo ezifanayo. Abaphandi kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo bahlala bezama ukusombulula le ngxaki. Injongo kukuba wonke umntu abe nokufikelela ngaphandle kweziphazamiso kwizixhobo azidingayo ukukhusela impilo yakhe neyabantwana bakhe.

Kumntu ngamnye, kukho izinto ezininzi onokuzenza ukuqinisekisa ukukhulelwa okunempilo nomntwana osempilweni:

• Ukunyamekela impilo yakho ngaphambi kokuba ukhulelwe: Ukuba uneengxaki zempilo ezingapheliyo (umz. isifo seswekile, uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu), bona ugqirha uze umncede alawuleke ngaphambi kokuba ukhulelwe.
• Ukuya kwiikliniki zangaphambi kokubeleka njengoko kucwangcisiwe: Yiya kuzo zonke iikliniki kanye njengoko ugqirha/umbelethisi wakho ekuxelela. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba impilo yakho kunye neyomntwana wakho ijongwa rhoqo.
• Landela icebiso likagqirha wakho: Landela icebiso likagqirha wakho ngononophelo malunga noko kufuneka ukwenze (umz., ukutya okunesondlo, iivithamini ezimiselweyo) kunye noko ungafanele ukwenze (umz., ukutshaya, utywala) ngexesha lokukhulelwa.
• Ukudala indawo ekhuselekileyo yokulala yomntwana wakho: Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthintela i-SIDS. Musa ukulalisa umntwana wakho ejonge phantsi, mlalise ngomqolo kumatrasi oqinileyo. Musa ukubeka izinto zokudlala okanye iingubo kwindawo yokulala.
• Ukusebenzisa isihlalo semoto ukhuseleko lomntwana wakho xa uhamba ngemoto: Sebenzisa isihlalo semoto esifakwe kakuhle esifanela umntwana wakho kuhambo ngalunye.

Oogqirha bayamxilonga umntwana kwangoko emva kokuba ezelwe esibhedlele. Oku kubavumela ukuba babone ngokukhawuleza naziphi na iingxaki zempilo baze baqalise unyango olufunekayo.

Okokugqibela, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Siyazi ukuba le ayingombandela olula ukuthetha ngawo okanye ukucinga ngawo. Njengoko ufunda oku, usenokuziva usoyika, uxhalabile, okanye uxinezelekile, ingakumbi ukuba ukhe wahlangabezana nento efanayo. Mhlawumbi ufuna izizathu zoku. Okanye, ukuba ungumntu oye wafunda ngakumbi ngale nto, unokuziva ngathi kufuneka wenze into ngayo.

Nokuba ibali lakho lithini, kubalulekile ukwazi oku: Iingcali zezempilo, abaphandi, kunye noorhulumente kwihlabathi liphela basebenza nzima yonke imihla ukunciphisa oku kufa kweentsana nokunika umntwana ngamnye isiqalo esisempilweni ebomini.

Kuba akukho ntsapho kufuneka idlule kwintlungu enganyamezelekiyo yokulahlekelwa ngumntwana. Okukhona sifunda ngale nto, kokukhona sifumanisa izinto ezintsha ngenkqubela phambili yesayensi, kokukhona sinokunceda iintsapho zethu kwaye senze indawo apho wonke umntwana angamkelwa kweli hlabathi ngothando.

Ukufa kweentsana , Ukufa kweentsana, Impilo, Ukhathalelo lokukhulelwa, I-SIDS, Iziphene zokuzalwa, Ubunzima obuphantsi bokuzalwa, Impilo kamama, Impilo yomntwana