Yintoni i-gene? Masithethe ngayo ngokulula!

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba ufumene phi imo yakho ekhethekileyo, uncumo lwakho, umbala weenwele zakho, mhlawumbi nendlela othetha ngayo? Ngamanye amaxesha siye sive, "Mama, ufana notata wakho!" okanye "Unamehlo kamama wakho!" Oku kungenxa yezi zinto zincinci, kodwa zinamandla kakhulu esiza kuthetha ngazo namhlanje, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-genes . Ezi zizinto ezisenza sibe ngabantu esiba ngabo, inkangeleko yethu, kwanobuntu bethu.

Yintoni kanye kanye i-gene?

Ngamafutshane, ii-genes yingxowa encinci yolwazi olufumana kubazali bakho. Le ngxowa yolwazi iqulethe lonke ulwazi oluchaza 'iimpawu' zakho, nokuba iinwele zakho zithe tye okanye zigobile, nokuba umde okanye umfutshane, ukuba amehlo akho anombala onjani, kunye nendlela oncuma ngayo. Ezi mpawu zidluliselwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana ngezi genes.

Khawucinge nje, ukuba umama notata wakho bobabini banamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nawe unokuba namehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kwakhona, ukuba umama wakho unamabala, nawe ungalizuza elo phawu. Asingobantu kuphela abanala majini, izilwanyana, imithi, zonke ezi zinto ziphilayo zinejini. Kuthiwa iseli enye kuphela emzimbeni wethu inokuqulatha iijini eziphakathi kwama-25,000 nama-35,000. Ayimangalisi loo nto?

Uyazi ukuba ziphi ezi jini zincinci?

Ezi jini zincinci kakhulu kangangokuba asinakuzibona. Zingaphakathi kweeyunithi ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba ziiseli ezenza imizimba yethu. Umzimba wakho wenziwe ziibhiliyoni zezi seli. Ezi seli zincinci kakhulu kangangokuba ngokuqinisekileyo udinga imakroskopu ukuze uzibone.

Ngaphakathi kwezi seli, kukho izakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-chromosomes ezibonakala ngathi ziibhola zentambo, okanye njengoko abanye besitsho, ii-macaroni. Ezi genes zigcinwa ngaphakathi kwezo chromosomes. Kunokubakho amakhulu, kwanamawaka, ee-genes kwi-chromosome enye. Ezi chromosomes kunye nee-genes zenziwe yikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yi-DNA . Intsingiselo epheleleyo ye-DNA yi- Deoxyribonucleic acid . Ligama elide kancinci, akunjalo? Kodwa kulula xa sele uqhelene nalo.

Indlu encinci yamandla ngaphakathi kwiseli: i-nucleus

Phakathi kweeseli ezininzi, kukho inxalenye encinci efana neqanda ebizwa ngokuba yinucleus . Le yingqondo yeseli. Yinucleus exelela zonke ezinye iindawo zeseli into ekufuneka zenze. Ngoko ke, inucleus yazi njani kangaka? Isizathu kukuba zonke iichromosomes zethu kunye nejini zingaphakathi kweli nucleus. Kukho ulwazi oluninzi kunokuba unokucinga kweli nucleus lincinci - mhlawumbi olungaphezulu kunesichazi-magama esikhulu owakha walubona!

Ibali lee-chromosomes zethu

Iseli nganye yomntu inee-chromosomes ezingama-46. Kodwa ezi ziza ngababini. Oko kukuthi, izibini ezingama-23 zee-chromosomes . Khumbula, sifumana isiqingatha esinye sezi zibini, oko kukuthi, i-chromosome 23, kumama wethu, kwaye esinye isiqingatha, i-chromosome 23, kutata wethu.

Xa zijongwa ngemakroskopu, ezi chromosomes zibonakala zinobude obahlukeneyo kwaye zinemiqolo eyahlukeneyo. Xa zihlelwe ngokulandelelana kobukhulu kunye nepateni, iipere zokuqala ezingama-22 zibizwa ngokuba zii-autosomes . Isibini sokugqibela ziichromosomes zesini , eziziichromosomes ze-X kunye ne-Y. Ezi chromosomes zesini zimisela ukuba uyintombazana okanye uyinkwenkwe. Amantombazana aneechromosomes ezimbini ze-X (XX), kwaye amakhwenkwe ane-chromosome enye ye-X kunye ne-chromosome enye ye-Y (XY).

Kodwa ayizizo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezinee-chromosome ezingama-46 kwiiseli zazo. Umzekelo, iseli yempukane yeziqhamo inee-chromosome ezine kuphela!

Zisebenza njani ii-genes?

I-gene nganye inomsebenzi othile ekufuneka iwenze. I-DNA kwi-gene, njengeresiphi, inemiyalelo ethile. Le miyalelo isetyenziselwa ukwenza iiproteni ngaphakathi kweeseli. Iiproteni zezona zinto zakha yonke into emizimbeni yethu. Amathambo ethu, amazinyo, iinwele, iindlebe, izihlunu kunye negazi zonke zenziwe ngeeproteni. Ezi proteni zinceda imizimba yethu ikhule kwaye ihlale isempilweni. Izazinzulu ngoku zikholelwa ukuba i-gene enye inokwenza malunga neentlobo ezili-10 ezahlukeneyo zeeproteni! Oko kungaphezulu kweeproteni ezingama-300,000!

Indlela i-genes ezimisela ngayo iimpawu zethu

Njengee-chromosomes, ii-genes ziza ngababini. Bobabini abazali bakho banekopi ezimbini ze-gene nganye. Kodwa ufumana ikopi enye kuphela ye-gene nganye. Ii-genes zakho zenziwe nge-gene enye evela kumama wakho nenye evela kutata wakho. Ii-genes ozifumana ngale ndlela zimisela iimpawu zakho ezininzi, njengombala weenwele zakho kunye nebala lolusu.

Khawucinge ukuba umama kaSandani unejini yeenwele ezimdaka kunye nejini yeenwele ezibomvu. Wanika uSandani ijini yeenwele ezibomvu. Ukuba utata kaSandani unejini ezimbini zeenwele ezibomvu, uSandani naye anokufumana ijini yeenwele ezibomvu kuye. Emva koko uSandani ufumana ijini yeenwele ezibomvu kubazali bobabini, kwaye iinwele zakhe ziya kuba bomvu. Uyaqonda?

Njengomnye umzekelo, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinja. Zonke zinezakhi zofuzo ezenza izinja, kungekhona iikati, iintlanzi, okanye abantu. Kodwa izakhi zofuzo ezenza izinja zimisela iimpawu zazo. Yiyo loo nto ezinye izinja zincinci, ezinye zinkulu. Ezinye zineenwele ezinde, ezinye zineenwele ezimfutshane. IiDalmatian zinezakhi zofuzo zeenwele ezimhlophe kunye namabala amnyama. Ii-toy poodles zinezakhi zofuzo zeenwele ezigobileyo. Ndicinga ukuba uyayiqonda le nto ngoku.

Kuthekani ukuba kukho iingxaki nge-genes?

Izazinzulu ziyaqhubeka nokufunda ezi gene. Zifuna ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iiproteni ezenziwa yijini nganye, kwaye kwenzeka ntoni kwezo protein. Zifuna nokwazi ukuba zeziphi izifo ezibangelwa zijini ezingasebenzi kakuhle. Sibiza iijini ezitshintshileyo ngandlela thile ngokuthi zii-mutations . Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ezi gene mutations zinoxanduva lwezifo zemiphunga, umhlaza, kunye nezinye izifo ezininzi. Ezinye izifo kunye neengxaki zempilo zenzeka xa iijini zingekho okanye xa kukho iindawo ezongezelelweyo zejini okanye ii-chromosomes.

Ezinye zezi ngxaki zezakhi zofuzo zinokufunyanwa ngabazali ukuya ebantwaneni. Umzekelo, makhe sithathe i-gene enceda imizimba yethu ukuba yenze i-hemoglobin . I-Hemoglobin yiproteni ebaluleke kakhulu enceda iiseli ezibomvu zegazi zithwale ioksijini emzimbeni wonke. Ukuba umntwana ufumana i-gene eyahlukileyo ye-hemoglobin kumzali, loo mntwana unokukwazi ukwenza uhlobo lwe-hemoglobin olungasebenzi kakuhle. Oku kunokubangela imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-anemia . I-anemia kukuncipha kwenani leeseli ezibomvu zegazi ezisempilweni. I-anemia ye-Sickle cell luhlobo lwe-anemia olufunyanwa ngabazali ukuya ebantwaneni ngeezakhi zofuzo ngale ndlela.

I-Cystic fibrosis, okanye i-CF, sesinye isifo esizuzwe njengelifa esizuzwa ngabanye abantwana. Abazali abane-CF gene eguquliweyo banokudlulisela esi sifo kubantwana babo. Abantu abane-CF banengxaki yokuphefumla kuba imizimba yabo ivelisa i-mucus eninzi kakhulu - ulwelo oluqinileyo oluphuma empumlweni yethu xa sigula - kwaye luhlala emiphungeni yabo. Abantu abane-CF kufuneka bathathe unyango ubomi babo bonke ukuze imiphunga yabo ihlale isempilweni kangangoko.

Iindaba zamva nje: Masifunde kancinci malunga nonyango lwezakhi zofuzo.

Unyango lwezakhi zofuzo luhlobo olutsha kakhulu lweyeza – olutsha kangangokuba izazinzulu zisekwinqanaba lophando ukuze zibone ukuba luyasebenza na. Lubandakanya ukusebenzisa ubunjineli bezakhi zofuzo ukunyanga isifo esibangelwa yizakhi zofuzo ezitshintshiweyo ngandlela ithile.Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji. Enye indlela evavanywayo ngoku kukutshintsha ii-genes ezigulayo ngee-genes eziphilileyo. Kuthenjwa ukuba olu phando lonyango lwe-gene (kuquka uphando olusebenzisa abantu) luya kukhokelela kwiindlela ezintsha zokunyanga kwaye mhlawumbi nokuthintela izifo ezininzi kwixesha elizayo.

Ngoko ke, zeziphi izinto esifanele sizikhumbule kweli bali? (Umyalezo Wokubuyela Ekhaya)

Ngoko ke, mhlawumbi uyaqonda ngoku ukuba ii-genes zizinto ezimangalisayo nezibaluleke kakhulu ezisenza sibe ngabantu esiba ngabo, ezichaphazela inkangeleko yethu, ubuntu bethu, kwanempilo yethu . Zifana nesipho esixabisekileyo esisifumana kubazali bethu.

• Iijini yiseti yemiyalelo efumaneka kwiiseli zomzimba wethu emisela iimpawu zethu.
• Ezi zigcinwa kwizakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-chromosomes kwaye zenziwe yi-DNA.
• Sifumana ii-genes zethu kubazali bethu, yiyo loo nto sifana nabo.
• Ngamanye amaxesha utshintsho (utshintsho) kwiijini lunokubangela iingxaki zempilo.
• Ubuchwepheshe obutsha obufana nonyango lwezakhi zofuzo bunokubonelela ngezisombululo kwiingxaki ezinjalo kwixesha elizayo.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ukufunda ngezi jini kuya kukunceda uqonde ngcono imizimba yethu kunye nejini zethu. Ukuba unemibuzo engaphezulu, ungathandabuzi ukubuza ugqirha okanye umntu onolwazi ngale nto.

I- Gene, iiChromosomes, i-DNA, i-Heredity, iMpilo