Yintoni "Ukungaboni Ngqo"? Makhe sithethe ngale nto ngokulula!

Mhlawumbi ukhe waliva ibinzana elithi "Uyimfama Ngokomthetho." Kodwa mhlawumbi uyazibuza, "Ingaba oko kuthetha ukuba awukwazi ukubona konke konke? Okanye kuthetha enye into?" Le yinto efuna ukucaciswa. Kuba ayilogama lezonyango elisetyenziswa ngoogqirha rhoqo. Ngoko ke, masithethe ngalo ngokweenkcukacha, akunjalo?

Kuthetha ukuthini kanye kanye ukuthi "Umntu Ongaboniyo Ngokwemithetho"?

Ngamafutshane, igama elithi "Legally Blind" ligama elisemthethweni nelilawulayo elithetha ukukhubazeka okunzulu kokubona. Asilogama lezonyango elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza isifo. Kunoko, lisetyenziswa zizikhungo ezifana neearhente zikarhulumente ukumisela ukuba ngubani ofanelekileyo kwiipolisi ezahlukeneyo kunye neenzuzo ezinxulumene nokulahlekelwa kukubona. Oko kukuthi, ukuba ubuchule bokubona bomntu, okanye ubuchule bokubona, bulingana okanye bungaphantsi kwala manqanaba, loo mntu uthathwa "njengongaboniyo ngokusemthethweni."

Cinga ngale ndlela, abanye abantu abakwazi ukubona ngokucacileyo nokuba baneeglasi. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, urhulumente unokulinganisa ukuba umbono wabo umbi kangakanani aze abanike uncedo. Le nto "imfama ngokomthetho" injalo.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kobumfama obupheleleyo kunye "nobumfama obusemthethweni"?

Xa sithi "imfama," uninzi lwabantu lucinga ngemeko apho bangaboni nto, yonke into imnyama bhuqe. Oogqirha bayibiza le nto ngokuthi "Akukho Kubona Ukukhanya" (NLP) . Oko kuthetha ukuba abakwazi ukubona nokukhanya okuncinci. Nangona kunjalo, ayingabo bonke abantu abangaboniyo abawela kolu luhlu. Enyanisweni, yi-15% kuphela yabantu abanesifo samehlo abaziimfama ngokupheleleyo. Amanye ama -85% anombono othile. Oko kuthetha ukuba ngamanye amaxesha banokufunda umbhalo omkhulu, baqonde izinto ezinkulu, okanye bahlukanise ukukhanya ebumnyameni.

"Ukuba yimfama ngokomthetho" kuthetha ukuba umntu unembono ethile, kodwa akwanelanga ukufumana uncedo emthethweni.

Ifunyanwa njani "ngokungaboni ngokusemthethweni"? (Umzekelo waseMelika)

Indlela echongwa ngayo le "nto ingabonakaliyo ngokomthetho" inokwahluka kancinci ngokwamazwe ngamazwe. Makhe sijonge indlela eyenziwa ngayo eMelika, umzekelo. Apho, i-Social Security Administration (SSA) yiarhente karhulumente ebeka imimiselo. Basebenzisa inkcazo eyaziswa yi-American Medical Association ngo-1934.

Ngokwaloo nkcazelo, ukuze umntu abe "yimfama ngokusemthethweni," ubuncinane enye yezi zinto zilandelayo kufuneka ibe yinyani:

• Nokuba unxiba iiglasi okanye iilensi zoqhagamshelwano, umbono wakho kwiliso lakho elingcono kufuneka ube yi-20/200 okanye ngaphezulu. Oku kubhekisa kumbono osembindini wendawo obona kuyo. Ukuba elinye lamehlo akho lingcono kunelinye, umlinganiselo uthathwa kwiliso elingcono.
• Umbono wakho awufanele ube banzi ngaphezu kwama-degrees angama-20.Oko kuthetha ukuba umgama onokuwubona kufuneka ube mxinwa kakhulu. Kwakhona, ukuba intsimi yokubona yelinye iliso ibanzi kunelinye, umlinganiselo uthathwa kwelo liso lingcono.

Kubalulekile: Le yinkcazo evela eMelika. Kunokubakho iinkcazo okanye iindlela ezahlukeneyo eSri Lanka okanye kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa ingcamango esisiseko ifana kakhulu - oko kukuthi, inqanaba elikhulu lokuphazamiseka kokubona.

Yintoni umbono we-20/200? Masiwuqonde ngokulula

Xa sijongwa amehlo, oogqirha basinika amanani amabini, umzekelo 20/20, 20/40, 20/200. Kuthetha ukuthini oku?

Ngokubanzi, umbono we-20/20 uthathwa njengombono ophilileyo noqhelekileyo.

Ngoku masibone ukuba ithetha ukuthini i-20/200:

• Inombolo yokuqala (20) kukuba ujonge into ekude kangakanani (ezinyaweni).
• Inombolo yesibini (200) kukuba umntu obonayo ngendlela eqhelekileyo unokubona into efanayo ngokucacileyo kude kangakanani.

Ngamafutshane, umntu obona nge-20/200 kuya kufuneka asondele malunga neenyawo ezingama-20 ukuze abone into umntu obona nge-20/20 eqhelekileyo anokuyibona ngokucacileyo xa ekumgama weenyawo ezingama-200. Ngaphandle koko, loo nto kuya kufuneka ibe nkulu ngokuphindwe kalishumi ukuze ibonakale ngokucacileyo kuloo mgama.

Khawucinge nje, ukuba uhamba esitalatweni kwaye umntu oqhelekileyo angafunda inombolo yebhasi ukude ngamafithi angama-200, wena, onombono ongama-20/200, kufuneka ulinde ude ube malunga nefithi ezingama-20 ukusuka ebhasini ukuze uyifunde. Uyaqonda?

• Ukuba inani lesibini lincinci (umz. 20/15), oko kuthetha ukuba umbono wakho ungcono kunomndilili.
• Ukuba inani lesibini likhulu (umz. 20/200), oko kuthetha ukuba umbono wakho ubuthathaka kunomndilili.

Amanye amazwe ehlabathini ayibona njani le meko?

Nangona umda "wokungaboni ngokusemthethweni" eMelika ingu-20/200, amanye amazwe asebenzisa amanye amagama okanye achaze amanqanaba anzima ngakumbi okuphazamiseka kokubona.

Umzekelo, i-United Kingdom (UK) isebenzisa inkqubo ye-metric. Apho, umbono we-6/60 (olingana no-20/200) uthathwa "njengongaboni kakuhle (obona kancinci)" . Banomlinganiselo we- 6/150 (olingana no-20/500 ngeenyawo) kwaye bayibiza ngokuba "ngongaboni kakuhle kakhulu (ongaboniyo) .

Kwakhona, amazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela axhomekeke kwi -World Health Organisation (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD) ukuze afumane iinkcazo zomthetho. Uhlelo lwamva nje lwe-11 lwe-ICD luchaza ukukhubazeka kokubona, oluneentlobo ezintathu "zobumfama."

I-ICD ihlela ukukhubazeka kokubona kunye nobumfama ngokwezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo:

• Ukuphazamiseka okuncinci kokubona: Ukubona kwiliso elilungileyo, ngeeglasi, kungaphantsi kwe-6/12 kodwa kufana okanye kungcono kune-6/18.
• Ukuphazamiseka kokubona okuphakathi:Kwiliso elilungileyo, ukubona ngeeglasi kungaphantsi kwe-6/18 kodwa kufana okanye kungcono kune-6/60.
• Ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kokubona: Ukubona kwiliso elilungileyo, ngeeglasi, kungaphantsi kwe-6/60 kodwa kufana okanye kungcono kune-3/60 (okanye akukho kukhanya). (Oku kudla ngokufana "nobumfama obusemthethweni").
• Ubumfama: Ukubona kwiliso elilungileyo, ngeeglasi, kungaphantsi kwe-3/60, okanye ibala lokujonga lingaphantsi kwe-10 degrees. (Kukho nezinye iindidi ezingaphantsi kweli liso).

Kuxhaphake kangakanani "ukungaboni ngokusemthethweni"?

"Ukuba ngaboni ngokusemthethweni" asinto ixhaphakileyo. Kodwa iingcali zilindele ukuba inani labantu abanale meko linyuke ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka ezayo. Uphononongo luka-2016 luqikelele ukuba abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi eMelika bayahlangabezana nomlinganiselo wombono we-20/200. Olu phononongo lukwaqikelele ukuba eli nani liya kuphindaphindeka kabini ngo-2050.

Oku kusenokubangelwa zizifo zamehlo ezenzeka ngokwaluphala (umz., i-cataracts, i-glaucoma, i-age-related macular degeneration) kunye nomonakalo omkhulu emehlweni ngenxa yezifo ezifana nesifo seswekile.

Ndingasifumana njani isatifikethi sale "bubumfama obusemthethweni"? (Inkqubo eqhelekileyo)

Inkqubo yokufumana isatifikethi sale meko inokwahluka ngokwamazwe ngamazwe. E-United States, i-Social Security Administration (SSA) yeyona arhente iphambili ebeka iziqinisekiso zoku.

Ngokubanzi, nazi ezinye izinto onokuzifumana zibalulekile xa kufikwa ekufumaneni isatifikethi esifana nesi:

• Iiarhente zingacela iirekhodi zakho zonyango: Nangona usenokufuna ukubonelela ngobungqina bokungqina ukuba "uyimfama ngokusemthethweni," iiarhente zingakunceda uqokelele obo bungqina ukuba kuyimfuneko. Zingacela iirekhodi kugqirha wakho wamehlo okanye kwabanye ababoneleli bezempilo. Kodwa zifuna imvume yakho ukuze zenze njalo.
• Ugqirha wakho ngoyena mthombo uphambili wolwazi: kodwa ukuba awunayo, okanye ukuba ugqirha wakho akakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zovavanyo ngesizathu esithile, iarhente inokulungiselela uvavanyo lokubonisana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba uyahlangabezana na neekhrayitheriya "zobumfama obusemthethweni."
• Usenokufaneleka ukufumana isatifikethi nokuba ukulahleka kokubona kwakho akuhlali: Nokuba ukukhubazeka kokubona kwakho kungokwexeshana okanye kungayi kuphinda kuguqulwe, kusenokungabi ngumqobo ekufumaneni ezo zibonelelo. Kuxhomekeke kwimithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo yelizwe elichaphazelekayo.

ESri Lanka, ungafumana ulwazi malunga nokufumana uncedo kunye neenkonzo kwiimeko ezinjalo kumaziko afana neSebe leeNkonzo zoLuntu . Kwakhona, ugqirha wakho wamehlo uya kukwazi ukunika isikhokelo kule nto.

Zeziphi izibonelelo ezikhoyo ukuba "uyimfama ngokusemthethweni"?

Wakuba uqinisekisiwe ukuba "uyimfama ngokusemthethweni," unokufaneleka ukufumana izibonelelo kunye neenkonzo ezahlukeneyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Makhe sijonge ezinye izibonelelo zikarhulumente ezikhoyo eMelika njengomzekelo:

• Iintlawulo zenyanga ze- Inshorensi yoKhubazeko lweNtlalo (i-SSDI) .
• Iintlawulo zeNyanga zeNgeniso yoKhuseleko oloNgezelelweyo (i-SSI) (ezi zinokwahluka ukusuka kwilizwe ukuya kwelinye).
• Umshuwalense ngeMedicare (nokuba awukadluli kwiminyaka engama-65).

Le yimizekelo nje evela eMelika. Kunokubakho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoncedo ezifumanekayo eSri Lanka okanye kwamanye amazwe. Ezi zinokubandakanya uncedo lwemali, uncedo lwemfundo, indawo ekhethekileyo yokufumana amathuba emisebenzi, uncedo lokuhamba, kunye nezixhobo zoncedo (umz., iintonga ezimhlophe, isoftware ekhethekileyo).

Ukuba ungathanda ukwazi okungakumbi ngale nto, ungabuza ugqirha wakho wamehlo, ababoneleli ngeenkonzo zempilo, okanye iiarhente zikarhulumente ezifanelekileyo (umz., iSebe leeNkonzo zoLuntu).

Okubaluleke kakhulu: Umyalezo ekufuneka uwuthathele ingqalelo

Okokugqibela, nantsi into. "Ukuba yimfama ngokomthetho" ayilogama elichaza wena. Yimeko esemthethweni ekunceda ufumane izibonelelo kunye neenkonzo ezinxulumene nokungaboni. Iiarhente zikarhulumente zisebenzisa eli gama ukuchaza ukuba zeziphi iikhrayitheriya ezithile ekufuneka uzihlangabezane nazo ukuze ufanelekele izibonelelo kunye neenkonzo ezithile.

Ukuba wena okanye umntu omaziyo unengxaki yokubona, ungoyiki. Bona ingcali yamehlo ukuze ikunike iingcebiso. Banokukuxelela ngqo imeko yakho, loluphi unyango olufumanekayo, kunye nendlela yokufaka isicelo sezibonelelo ezinjalo ukuba kuyimfuneko. Khumbula, akukaze kube kudala ukucela uncedo.

Ubumfama obusemthethweni , ukukhubazeka kokubona, ukukhubazeka kokubona, impilo yamehlo, umbono opheleleyo, izibonelelo zokhuseleko loluntu, intsimi yokubona