Sonke silivile igama elithi "mRNA" kakhulu xa kuziwa kubhubhane we-COVID-19, akunjalo? Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, abantu abaninzi banemibuzo malunga noku, kwaye banoloyiko oluncinci. "Ingaba oku kuyinto entsha?", "Kuza kwenza ntoni oku emizimbeni yethu?" Usenokuba uzibuze. Ke namhlanje, masithethe ngokulula nangokuzolileyo malunga nokuba yintoni le mRNA vaccine kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu.
Masiqale sibone, yintoni i-mRNA?
Igama elipheleleyo le-mRNA yi-messenger Ribonucleic Acid. Nangona eli gama liyinkimbinkimbi kancinci, umsebenzi ulula kakhulu. Cinga nge-DNA emizimbeni yethu njengencwadi enkulu yeresiphi yokupheka. Le ncwadi iqulethe imiyalelo yokwenza zonke iiproteni ezifunwa ngumzimba wethu. Kodwa awunakuyithatha yonke le ncwadi inkulu uye ekhitshini (oko kukuthi, kwiiribosomes ezikwiiseli zethu ezenza iiproteni).
Kulapho ke 'umthunywa' obizwa ngokuba yi-mRNA ungena khona. Into ayenzayo kukuba abhale ephepheni iresiphi yeproteni ekufuneka yenziwe kuloo ncwadi inkulu ye-DNA, aze ayise loo myalezo ekhitshini. Ngamafutshane, i-mRNA ifana nomyalezo omfutshane okopisha imiyalelo kwi-DNA aze ayithumele kwindawo apho iproteni yenziwa khona. Le yinkqubo eyenzeka ngokwendalo emizimbeni yethu ngamaxesha onke.
Ngoko ke kwenzeka ntoni nge-mRNA vaccine?
Njengazo zonke izitofu zokugonya, isitofu se-mRNA siqeqesha amajoni omzimba wethu ukuba alwe nesifo. Kodwa indlela esenza ngayo yahlukile kancinci.
Umzekelo, thabatha i-mRNA vaccine ye-COVID-19. Le vaccine ikwenza kuphela kwiiseli zethu imiyalelo (umyalezo we-mRNA) efunekayo ukwenza i-'Spike Protein', eyinxalenye yentsholongwane ye-SARS-CoV-2 ebangela i-COVID-19.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, olu gonyo alunazo zonke iintsholongwane, okanye naziphi na iindawo eziphilayo okanye ezifileyo zentsholongwane . Lune-'iresiphi' yokwenza inxalenye enye yentsholongwane.
Xa iiseli zethu zifumana olu lwalathiso, zenza inxalenye yale 'proteni yameva.' Xa inkqubo yethu yomzimba ibona le proteni intsha, ithi, "Owu... lo ngumhlaseli ongengowasemzimbeni wethu." Emva koko, ilungiselela ukwenza izixhobo, ezifana nee-antibodies, zokulwa nayo.
Ngenxa yokuba siqeqeshwa ngolu hlobo kwangaphambili, ukuba intsholongwane ye-COVID-19 yokwenyani ingena emzimbeni kamva, amajoni ethu omzimba aya kuyibona kwangoko nje ukuba ayibone, ayihlasele ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo, aze asikhusele ekuguleni kakhulu.
Umyalezo we-mRNA ovela kwisitofu sokugonya uyaqhekeka, uyaqhekeka, uze unyamalale kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emzimbeni. Njengencwadi yeresiphi esiyithathayo siyiyise ekhitshini size siyitshabalalise xa sigqibile. Ayikaze idibane ne-DNA yethu okanye itshintshe iijini zethu.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwezitofu ze-mRNA kunye nezitofu zemveli?
Umahluko omkhulu yindlela intsholongwane ebonakala ngayo kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Jonga itheyibhile engezantsi ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya.
| Iigonyo ze-mRNA | Izitofu Zemveli |
|---|---|
| Umzimba unikwa imiyalelo (i-mRNA) efunekayo ukuze kwenziwe inxalenye yentsholongwane. | Iintsholongwane ("ezibuleweyo") ezingasebenziyo , iintsholongwane ezibuthathaka , okanye iziqwenga zeproteni zentsholongwane ngokwayo zinikwa umzimba. |
| Isitofu sokugonya asinayo nayiphi na inxalenye yentsholongwane. | Isitofu sokugonya siqulethe uhlobo oluthile lwenxalenye yentsholongwane. |
| Imizekelo: Iigonyo ze-COVID-19 ze-Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty®), iModerna (Spikevax®). | Imizekelo: Ugonyo lwe-Novavax® COVID-19 (ugonyo lwe-protein subunit), ugonyo lwe-measles (intsholongwane encitshisiweyo). |
Kwenzeka ntoni xa ugonywa?
Ugqirha okanye umongikazi uza kucoca ingalo yakho engaphezulu ngotywala aze akunike inaliti. Emva koko, uza kucelwa ukuba ulinde malunga nemizuzu eli-15. Oku kukujonga ukuba akukho mpendulo ikhawulezileyo kwinaliti. Abanye abantu baziva bebuthathaka ngexesha lenaliti, ngoko ke kungcono ukuhlala phantsi.
Zithini iingenelo kunye neengozi ze-mRNA vaccines?
Iingenelo
Enye yezona nzuzo zinkulu zobuchwepheshe be-mRNA kukukhawuleza . Iigonyo zemveli zifuna ukuba intsholongwane ikhuliswe kwilebhu. Oko kungathatha iinyanga, kwaneminyaka. Kodwa iigonyo ze-mRNA azifuni loo nto, ngoko ke zinokuveliswa ngokukhawuleza, nokuba kuthe kwakho ubhubhane omtsha.
Ukuthetha ngokugonyelwa i-COVID-19, ukugonyelwa,
- Inciphisa umngcipheko wokosulelwa yi-COVID-19.
- Nokuba sele wosulelekile, umngcipheko wokugula kakhulu, ukulaliswa esibhedlele, kunye nokufa uyancipha kakhulu.
- Inciphisa umngcipheko weziphumo zexesha elide (i-COVID ende) emva kokuba usulelwe yi-COVID-19.
Iingozi kunye nemiphumo emibi
Njengalo naluphi na ugonyo, ugonyo lwe-mRNA lunokuba nemiphumo emibi emincinci. Olu luphawu lokuba inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela iqala ukusebenza.
Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga eziqhelekileyo:
- Intlungu okanye ukudumba kwindawo yokutofa
- Ukudinwa
- Intloko ebuhlungu
- Intlungu yemisipha
- Umkhuhlane ophantsi
Ezi mpawu zihlala ziphela ngokupheleleyo kungekapheli usuku okanye ezimbini.
Iimpendulo ezingaqhelekanga kodwa ezinzulu ze-allergy:
Kunqabile kakhulu ukuba umntu abe ne-allergy kwinto ethile ekugonyeni. Iimpawu ziquka:
- Ulusu olurhawuzelelayo okanye ukurhawuzelela
- Ukurhawuzelela
- Ukudumba kobuso, imilebe, ulwimi, okanye umqala (i-Anaphylaxis)
Ukuba ufumana iimpawu ezinzulu ze-allergy ezifana nobunzima bokuphefumla, ukudumba kobuso okanye umphimbo, yiya kwiSebe lezeMpilo eziNgxamisekileyo (ETU) lesibhedlele esikufutshane ngoko nangoko.
Ingaba le teknoloji intsha ngokwenene?
Hayi. Uphando malunga netekhnoloji ye-mRNA beluqhubeka ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970. Kwaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1990 apho uphando malunga nokusebenzisa le teknoloji ukuvelisa amachiza. Kwathatha izazinzulu iminyaka engaphezu kwama-20 ukufumanisa indlela yokufaka le mRNA kwiiseli ngaphandle kokuba inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela iyitshabalalise.
Le teknoloji yayisetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwiyeza (iPatisiran) elinyanga isifo esingaqhelekanga semithambo-luvo kwanangaphambi kokuba ubhubhane we-COVID-19 uqalise. Xa ubhubhane we-COVID-19 wafika, izazinzulu zakwazi ukusebenzisa ulwazi olufunyenwe kuphando lwamashumi eminyaka ukuze zenze amayeza okugonya akhuselekileyo nasebenzayo ngokukhawuleza kunangaphambili.
Kuqhelekile ukuba noloyiko oluncinci nokuthandabuza izinto ezintsha. Kodwa i-mRNA linyathelo elikhulu phambili kwisayensi yezonyango, ephandwe yaza yaphuhliswa kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo. Le molekyuli incinci yesithunywa ingasinceda ukunyanga ezinye izifo ezininzi, ezinje ngomhlaza, kwixesha elizayo.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Iigonyo ze-mRNA azinazo iintsholongwane, nokuba ziphilile okanye zifile. Ziqulathe kuphela imiyalelo efunekayo ukwenza inxalenye enye yentsholongwane.
- Ezi zitofu azitshintshi i-DNA yakho . Umyalezo we-mRNA kwisitofu uyasuswa emzimbeni kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.
- Oku kukuqeqesha amajoni akho omzimba kwangaphambili ukuze alwe nesifo.
- Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zihlala zincinci kwaye ziyaphela kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela iyasebenza.
- Le yiteknoloji ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo ebiphandwa kangangamashumi eminyaka.
- Ukuba unemibuzo okanye unenkxalabo, thetha nogqirha wakho ngayo.
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