Mhlawumbi uyazi ukuba imizimba yethu inenkqubo yokuzikhusela emangalisayo, njengomkhosi, yokulwa nezifo. Oku sikubiza ngokuba yinkqubo yokuzikhusela. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamajoni kulo mkhosi. Amanye ahlola, amanye enza izixhobo, kwaye amanye aya ngqo edabini. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngeqela elikhethekileyo kakhulu, elahlukileyo kancinci, nelinobuchule kakhulu lama-commando kulo mkhosi. Lawo 'ngamaseli okubulala endalo' okanye njengoko sonke siwazi, ii-Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) . Eli gama livakala lisoyikisa kancinci, akunjalo? Kodwa aba ngabahlobo bethu abasenyongweni emizimbeni yethu.
Ngoobani la maNatural Killer Cells (ii-NK cells)?
Ngamafutshane, iiNatural Killer Cells (ii-NK cells) luhlobo lweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi emzimbeni wethu. Ngokuchanekileyo, ziyinxalenye yeqela leeseli ezibizwa ngokuba zii-lymphocytes, eziluhlobo olukhulu lweeseli kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Usenokuba ukhe weva ngee-B-cells kunye nee-T-cells. Yiloo nto ii-NK cells zithetha ngayo.
Kodwa kukho isizathu sokuba zibizwe ngokuba ngababulali "bendalo". Ezinye iiseli zokulwa kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela, njengee-T-cells ezinetyhefu, kufuneka ziqhelane notshaba (njengentsholongwane okanye intsholongwane) ukuze zilutshabalalise. Oko kuthetha ukuba kufuneka zibe noqeqesho oluthile kunye nenkumbulo ngaloo tshaba.
Kodwa izithethi zethu, `iiseli ze-NK`, azidingi qeqesho okanye ukuqatshelwa kwangaphambili. Zinokutshabalalisa nayiphi na iseli enokuba yingozi kubo kwangoko nje ukuba ziyibone, ngaphandle kwamava angaphambili. Zifana nenja ekrelekrele eqaphela isela ngokwemvelo ize ilitsibele xa isela lingena endlwini.
Kwenzeka ntoni kanye kanye kwezi seli ze-NK?
Umsebenzi ophambili wee-`NK` cells kukutshabalalisa iiseli ebezisempilweni ngaphambili kodwa ngoku ziyingozi emizimbeni yethu. Oku kuquka ikakhulu:
- Iiseli ezineentsholongwane: Xa intsholongwane ingena emzimbeni, ingena kwiiseli zethu eziphilileyo ize izilawule. Iiseli ze-`NK` zinokuzibona ezi mveliso zentsholongwane zize zizitshabalalise ngaphambi kokuba intsholongwane isasazeke ngakumbi.
- Iiseli zomhlaza: Iiseli ze-NK zinamandla amangalisayo okubona nokutshabalalisa ezinye iiseli zomhlaza ezikhula emizimbeni yethu kwasekuqaleni. Ke ngoko, ezi seli zidlala indima enkulu ekuthinteleni ukusasazeka komhlaza.
Ezi seli ze-'NK' ziyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela yomzimba. Le nkqubo yokuzikhusela yomzimba yindlela yokuqala yokuzikhusela yomzimba wethu. Cinga ngemizimba yethu njengenqaba. Iindonga zaloo nqaba (ulusu lwethu) kunye nemijelo (iinwebu ze-mucous) zezona zinto zokuqala ezithintela iintsholongwane ukuba zingangeni. Kodwa ukuba utshaba ngandlela thile ludlula kwezo zithintelo luze lungene, iqela lokuqala lomkhosi eliya edabini yile nkqubo yokuzikhusela yomzimba. Amajoni alungileyo kwelo qela ziiseli ze-'NK'.
Nangona umsebenzi wazo ophambili kukubulala, iiseli ze-NK zinomsebenzi obalulekileyo. Loo nto kukunxibelelana. Zikhupha iiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-cytokines. Ezi zifana nemiyalezo. Le miyalezo ixelela ezinye iiseli kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukuba, "Kukho utshaba apha, yiza uze kunceda."
Kulungile, zisebenza njani ke ezi seli ze-NK?
Le yinkqubo enomdla kakhulu. Iiseli ze-`NK` zihlala zijikeleza imizimba yethu. Njengoko zisenza njalo, "ziskena" yonke iseli ezidibana nayo, zibuza, "Ngaba le yiseli yethu ephilileyo okanye yiseli eyingozi?" Isigqibo sokuba iseli ye-`NK` iya kuyitshabalalisa okanye ayiyi kuyitshabalalisa iseli sixhomekeke kwimiqondiso eyifumanayo okanye engayifumananga kwiseli eyiskenayo (masiyibize ngokuba yiseli ekujoliswe kuyo).
Kukho ii-receptors ezininzi kumphezulu weseli ye-NK ezinokuvula kwaye zithintele ukutshatyalaliswa kweseli.
Sizibona njani iiseli eziphilileyo size siphephe ukuzonakalisa? (Ukuthintelwa)
Phantse yonke iseli ephilileyo emzimbeni wethu inekhadi lesazisi kumphezulu walo elithi, "Ndiliseli ephilileyo elo lilomzimba." Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi -MHC-1 . Xa iseli ye-NK ijikeleza, xa idibana neseli, ijonga eli khadi lesazisi le-MHC-1.
Ukuba i-ID ichanekile, oko kuthetha ukuba iseli iphilile, i-MHC-1 ibopha kwi-receptor ethintelayo kwiseli ye-NK. Kufana nomlindi ojonga i-ID aze athi, "Kulungile, ungahamba." Ngelo xesha, inkqubo yokubulala iseli ye-NK iyacima nje. Ngoko ke iseli ye-NK iya kujonga iseli elandelayo ngaphandle kokulimaza iseli ephilileyo.
Ugqiba njani ukutshabalalisa iiseli eziyingozi? (Ukuvuselela)
Iseli ethi `NK` ingena emlweni kwiimeko ezifana nezi:
- Xa ikhadi lesazisi (i-MHC-1) lilahlekile: Iiseli ezosulelwe yintsholongwane kunye nezinye iiseli zomhlaza zifihla eli khadi lesazisi elibizwa ngokuba yi-`MHC-1`. Oko kukuphepha inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Kodwa iiseli ze-`NK` zinobuqhetseba kakhulu. Kwakamsinya nje xa zibona iseli engenakhadi lesazisi, zigqiba kwelokuba ziyakrokrela kwaye ziyihlasele.
- Xa ikhadi lesazisi (MHC-1) lincipha: Ngamanye amaxesha i-`MHC-1` yeseli ayilahleki ngokupheleleyo, kodwa inani liyancipha. Oko kukwasisilumkiso kwiiseli ze-`NK`.
- Xa ufumana imiqondiso esebenzayo:Ezinye iiseli ezinentsholongwane kunye neeseli zomhlaza zikhupha ezinye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kumphezulu wazo ezithi "Ndiyingozi." Xa ezi zimpawu zithathwa 'zii-activating receptors' kwiiseli ze-NK, inkqubo yokubulala iqala.
Emva kokugqiba ukutshabalalisa iseli, iseli ye-NK isebenzisa izixhobo ezimbini ezinamandla kakhulu zekhemikhali.
1. I-Perforin: Oku kudala umngxuma ngaphandle kweseli ekujoliswe kuyo.
2. IiGranzymes: Ezi enzymes zibizwa ngokuba yi-'granzymes' zithunyelwa ngomngxuma owenziweyo. Nje ukuba zingene, iseli ekujoliswe kuyo iyatshatyalaliswa ngaphakathi.
Emva kokugqiba lo msebenzi, i-NK cell ithumela imiyalezo (ngee-cytokines) kwabanye ukuze beze kucoca baze babone ukuba akukho ziintshaba zingaphezulu na.
Ziphi ezi seli ze-NK emzimbeni wethu?
Iiseli ze-NK ziqala ukukhula kumongo wethu wethambo. Leyo yinxalenye ethambileyo ngaphakathi kwamathambo ethu amakhulu. Emva kokukhula apho, ezinye iiseli ze-NK zihlala kumongo wethambo. Ezinye zihamba ziye kumalungu ahlukeneyo adibene nenkqubo yethu ye-lymphatic. Umzekelo:
- Ithumba
- Ispleen
- Iitoni
- I-Thymus
Xa ezi sele zivuthiwe zibe ziiseli ze-NK, zikhutshwa zingene egazini. Yiyo loo nto kukho iiseli ezininzi egazini lethu. Ukongeza, ezi seli ze-NK zinokufumaneka nakwizitho ezifana nesibindi nemiphunga. Ngokwesiqhelo, kukho iiseli ze-NK ezingaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezi-2 emzimbeni womntu omdala nangaliphi na ixesha. Nangona kunjalo, ubomi bazo bufutshane kancinci, malunga neeveki ezimbini.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwee-NK cells kunye nee-Cytotoxic T-cells?
Nangona zombini ezi ziiseli ezibulalayo kwinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, umsebenzi wazo kunye nomsebenzi wazo zahlukile. Ukuze uqonde lo mahluko ngokucacileyo, jonga itheyibhile engasezantsi.
| Uphawu | Iiseli zeNatural Killer (NK) | Iiseli ze-T ezinetyhefu |
|---|---|---|
| Inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela | Inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela engokwemvelo - iqela lokuqala elisabela ngoko nangoko. | Inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ekwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa -Iqela liqeqeshwe kwiintshaba ezithile. |
| Ukuchonga iintshaba | Akukho mfuneko yamava angaphambili ukuze kutshatyalaliswe utshaba. Nasiphi na iseli esirhanelekayo siya kuhlaselwa. | Umzimba uhlasela kuphela utshaba oluthile oluchongiweyo ngaphambili. |
| Isantya sokuphendula | Ikhawuleza kakhulu. Isebenza kwiintsuku ezi-3 emva kosulelo. | Icotha kakhulu. Kuthatha malunga neveki ukuqaphela utshaba nokwenza ii-T-cells ezikhethekileyo. |
| Uhlobo lohlaselo | Njengomlindi oqhelekileyo. Ukujongana nayo nayiphi na ingozi . | Uhlaselo olujoliswe kulo. Luhlasela utshaba oluqatshelweyo kuphela. |
Zeziphi izifo ezibangelwa ziingxaki zeeseli ze-NK?
Ukungabi neeseli ze-NK ezaneleyo emizimbeni yethu, okanye ukuba neeseli esingenazo ezingasebenzi kakuhle, kuyingozi enkulu kwimpilo yethu, njengoko kunciphisa amandla ethu okulwa nosulelo kunye nomhlaza.
Uphando lufumanise ukuba utshintsho kumsebenzi weeseli ze-NK lunokubangela izifo ezahlukeneyo.
- Izifo ezizikhusela ngokwazo: Kwezi zifo, inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela ihlasela iiseli zethu eziphilileyo. Kukholelwa ukuba ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweeseli ze-'NK' kunokubangela le meko.
- Isifuba somoya: Iiseli ze-NK zinegalelo ekulawuleni okanye ekwandiseni ukudumba kwimigudu yomoya kwisifuba somoya.
- Isifo Sesisu Esivuthayo (IBD): Iiseli ze-NK zibandakanyeka kwimpendulo yomzimba yokudumba kwiintsholongwane ezibangelwa ziibhaktheriya kwindlela yokugaya ukutya.
Ukongeza, kukho iziphene ezibini zemfuza ezizalwa nazo ezichaphazela iiseli ze-NK.
1. Ukunqongophala kweeSeli zoMbulali weNdalo (NKD): Abantu abanale meko baneeSeli zeNK ezimbalwa kakhulu okanye abanazo kwaphela egazini labo.
2. Ukungabikho kweeSeli zoMbulali weNdalo eziSebenzayo (NKD):Nangona kukho iiseli ze-'NK' ezaneleyo apha, umsebenzi wezo seli, oko kukuthi, amandla azo okutshabalalisa iiseli, ubuthathaka kakhulu.
Abantu abanezi meko zombini basengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa zizifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane rhoqo, ingakumbi ezosulelayo. Umzekelo, i-HPV, i-herpes, i-cytomegalovirus (CMV), kunye nentsholongwane ebangela i-chickenpox zinokuba nefuthe elikhulu.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ukuba unamathandabuzo malunga nokuba unezi meko zingaqhelekanga na, ugqirha wakho kufuneka enze isigqibo. Ukuba ufumana usulelo olungaqhelekanga rhoqo, kungcono ukuthetha nogqirha ngalo mba.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Iiseli zeNatural Killer (NK) liqela lee-commando ezikhethekileyo kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba ezilwa neeseli zomhlaza kunye neeseli ezosulelwe yintsholongwane.
- La ngamalungu abalulekileyo kumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela emzimbeni wethu, inkqubo yokuzikhusela yomzimba engokwemvelo.
- Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iiseli zomzimba ezikhusela umzimba, iiseli ze-NK azidingi amava angaphambili ukuze zitshabalalise utshaba, ngoko ke zinokusebenza ngokukhawuleza.
- Ukuba neeseli ze-NK ezisempilweni nezisebenzayo emzimbeni kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuseleni izifo ezinzulu.
- Ukuba umntu ufumana usulelo olungapheliyo nolunzima ngokungaqhelekanga, kubalulekile ukwazisa ugqirha ukuze ugqirha akwazi ukujonga ukusebenza kwenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, ukuba kuyimfuneko.
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