Sonke siyayoyika kancinci igama elithi "umhlaza," akunjalo? Kodwa ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba le nto ikhula njani, kwaye ingaba kukho into emizimbeni yethu enokuba yimbangela? Enyanisweni, utshintsho kwezinye zezakhi zofuzo ezilawula iiseli emizimbeni yethu luyimbangela enkulu yomhlaza. Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngohlobo lwezakhi zofuzo olunokubangela umhlaza. Ezi sizibiza ngokuba zii-oncogenes.
Ngamafutshane, zithini ezi oncogenes?
I-oncogene yijini enokubangela umhlaza. Kodwa ayisiyojini embi ehlala ikhona emizimbeni yethu. Enyanisweni yinguqulelo eguqukileyo yejini eqhelekileyo , esempilweni elawula ukukhula kweeseli emizimbeni yethu.
Cinga ngale ndlela. Sineseti elungileyo, ehlelekileyo yezakhi zofuzo ezilawula izinto ezifana nokukhula kweeseli kunye nokwahlukana emizimbeni yethu. Sizibiza ngokuba zii-proto-oncogenes . Kufana ne-accelerator emotweni. Inyathelwa xa ifuneka kwaye ikhululwe xa ingafuneki. Yile nto ilawula ukukhula kweeseli ukuya kwinqanaba elifunekayo.
Kodwa, ngesizathu esithile, ukuba le proto-oncogene ilungileyo iyatshintsha, okanye iyatshintsha, iba yi-oncogene . Kwenzeka ntoni ngoku? Kufana ne-accelerator yaloo moto inamathele phantsi. Oko kukuthi, le oncogene iqhubeka nokuthumela imiqondiso kwiiseli ukuba "zahlule, zikhule." Ayiyeki. Ngoko ke, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezi seli zingaqhelekanga ezahlulahlula ngokungalawulekiyo ziyaqokelelana kwaye zenze iithumba .
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba oogqirha baqonde indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi oncogenes, kuba emva koko banokujolisa kwezi oncogenes baze bafumane amayeza amatsha okunyanga umhlaza.
Ii-oncogenes ezinxulumene neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza
Okwangoku, ii-oncogenes ezingaphezu kwe-100 zichongiwe njengezibandakanyeka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza. Umzekelo, malunga nomhlaza omnye kwabahlanu unxulunyaniswa nee-oncogenes ezahlukeneyo kusapho lwe-Ras gene.
Ezinye ii-oncogenes zinxulunyaniswa kakhulu neentlobo ezithile zomhlaza. Jonga le theyibhile ingezantsi ukuze ufumane umbono ongcono ngale nto.
| Igama le-oncogene (i-Oncogene) | Iintlobo zomhlaza ezidla ngokunxulunyaniswa nazo |
|---|---|
| I-BCR/ABL1 | I-Chronic Myeloid Leukemia kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. |
| I-CMYC | I-Burkitt lymphoma. |
| I-EGFR kunye ne-EML4AK | Uhlobo lomhlaza olubizwa ngokuba yi-adenocarcinoma of the lung. |
| I-HER2 | Umhlaza webele. |
| I-KRAS | Umhlaza wepancreatic, umhlaza wamathumbu amakhulu, kunye nomhlaza wemiphunga. |
| I-NMYC | I-Neuroblastoma kunye nezinye iintlobo zomhlaza wemiphunga. |
Kutheni le nto ezi gene zilungileyo zisiba zimbi?
Isizathu esichanekileyo sokuba le proto-oncogene iguquke ibe yi-oncogene asaziwa ngokwenene, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba uninzi lwezinto esizaziyo ezibangela umhlaza zidlala indima koku.
- Ukuvezwa kakhulu lilanga.
- Ukuchatshazelwa zizinto ezibangela umhlaza (umz., icuba, i-asbestos).
- Ezinye izifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane.
Into ebalulekileyo kukuba ezi oncogenes azisoloko ziyinto esiyizuza njengelifa kubazali bethu . Ezi ziinguqu ezintsha zemfuza ezenzeka ngexesha lobomi bomntu.
Olu tshintsho lunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili:
- Utshintsho lweNqanaba: Ngaphambi kokuba iiseli zethu zahlulwe, zikopa i-DNA yazo. Ngexesha lokukopa, utshintsho oluncinci kwi-DNA, njengokongeza okanye ukucima unobumba, lunokwenzeka. Le mpazamo incinci inokuguqula i-proto-oncogene ibe yi-oncogene.
- Ukwandiswa kwejini: Ngamanye amaxesha, kuveliswa iikopi ezingaphezu kwesinye zejini kwenye yeekhromosomu zethu. Ngale ndlela, ukuba kuveliswa iikopi ezininzi kakhulu zeproto-oncogene, isiphumo sayo sinokwanda kwaye iiseli zomhlaza zinokukhula.
- Ukulungiswa kwakhona kwechromosome: Oku kunzima ngakumbi. Ngamafutshane, isiqwenga sechromosome enye siyaqhekeka size sitshintshe nesinye sechromosome enye. Sikwabiza le nkqubo ngokuba yi-translocation . Olu tshintsho lunokubangela ukwakheka kwe-oncogene entsha esebenzayo.
Kutheni kubalulekile ukwazi nge-oncogenes kunyango lomhlaza?
Ngokwesiqhelo, umhlaza ubangelwa kukudibana kwezakhi zofuzo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, i-oncogene enye inokuba namandla ngokwaneleyo ukuqala yonke inkqubo yomhlaza.
Nazi iindaba ezimnandi: Kulula kwaye kuyasebenza ngakumbi ukujolisa kwinguqu enkulu yemfuza kunokunyanga iinguqu ezininzi zemfuza ngaxeshanye.
Umzekelo omhle yi-chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Oogqirha bafumanise ukuba le leukemia ibangelwa yi-oncogene enye ebizwa ngokuba yi-BCR-ABL. Le oncogene ivelisa i-enzyme engaqhelekanga ebangela ukuba iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezingaqhelekanga zahlukane ngokungalawulekiyo.
Ngoku kukho uhlobo lweyeza olubizwa ngokuba yi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) . La mayeza athintela ngokuthe ngqo umsebenzi we-enzyme ye-BCR-ABL. Emva koko iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezingaqhelekanga ziyafa. Olu nyango luvumele i-CML ukuba ibuyele kwimeko yesiqhelo. Ngaphambi kokuba eli yeza lifike, ngumntu omnye kwabahlanu kuphela one-CML owayephila iminyaka emi-5. Kodwa namhlanje, ngenxa yonyango olujolise kule oncogene, izigulane ziphila ubomi obude kakhulu nobusempilweni.
Ngoko ke, ngaba i-p53 nayo yi-oncogene?
Inombolo ye-p53 yijini yokuthintela ithumba . Oko kuthetha "ijini ethintela ukukhula kwethumba." Kodwa utshintsho olukuyo lunokubangela nomhlaza.
Masibuyele kumzekelo wemoto.
- Iiproto-oncogenes zifana ne -accelerator yemoto.
- Iijini ezithintela umhlaza zifana neebhuleki emotweni.
I-oncogene ifana ne-accelerator ecinyiweyo. I-tumor suppressor gene ifana neebhuleki ezicinyiweyo. Kuzo zombini iimeko, imoto ebizwa ngokuba yiseli iyaqhubeka nokuhamba ngaphandle kolawulo, oko kukuthi, iyahlukana. Ngoko ke umhlaza ungakhula.
Ezinye izigulana zikufumanisa kukunika amandla ngokweemvakalelo ukufunda ngomhlaza nokuzama ukuqonda okwenzekayo ngaphakathi. Ukuba uvakalelwa ngendlela efanayo, cela ugqirha wakho ukuba akuchazele utshintsho lwemfuza olubangele imeko yakho ngokulula. Oku kuya kukunceda uqonde ngcono inkqubo yonyango.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Ii-Oncogenes luhlobo lwe-gene enokubangela umhlaza ngenxa yotshintsho kwii-genes eziqhelekileyo (ii-proto-oncogenes) ezilawula ukukhula kweeseli emizimbeni yethu.
- Ezi zisebenza njenge-accelerator yemoto ebambekileyo. Oko kukuthi, zithumela imiqondiso kwiiseli ukuze ziqhubeke "zikhula."
- Olu tshintsho lwemfuza alusoloko luzuzwa njengelifa. Lunokubangelwa kukukhanya kwelanga okugqithisileyo, iikhemikhali ezibangela umhlaza, okanye iintsholongwane ezithile ngexesha lobomi.
- Ukuchonga ii-oncogenes ezithile kuye kwanceda ekuphuhliseni unyango olujoliswe kulo olusebenzayo kakhulu.
- Ukuba unemibuzo malunga nomhlaza okanye utshintsho kwimfuza, umntu ofanelekileyo onokuchaza loo mibuzo ngugqirha wakho.
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