Kuthekani ukuba utyhefwe? Masifunde nge-'Organophosphate Poisoning'!

Sonke sisebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane. Kubonakala ngathi asinakuphila ngaphandle kwazo kwimisebenzi yasekhaya okanye kwezolimo. Kodwa ngaba wakha wacinga ngohlobo lwemeko enobungozi enokwenzeka ukuba ezinye zeekhemikhali ezikukutya zingena emizimbeni yethu? Enye imeko eyingozi enjalo ibizwa ngokuba yi-'Organophosphate Poisoning'. Nangona le yingongoma enzulu, masithethe ngayo ngokulula nangendlela eqondakalayo.

Zithini ezi 'organophosphates'? Zifumaneka phi?

Ngamafutshane, 'ii-Organophosphates' liqela leekhemikhali ezidityanisiweyo. Sihlala sizifumana kwezi:

• Kwimithi yokubulala izinambuzane: Kumayeza asetyenziswa ukulawula izinambuzane efama nasemakhaya.
• Kwizinto zokugxotha izinambuzane: Kwizinto ezigxotha izinambuzane ezifana neengcongconi neempukane.
• Kwimithi yokubulala ukhula: Kwiikhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukubulala ukhula.
• Ezinye iikhemikhali zokulwa nemithambo-luvo: Ezi ziikhemikhali eziyingozi ezonakalisa inkqubo yemithambo-luvo kwaye zisetyenziswa kwiimeko zemfazwe.

Ukuba ezi 'organophosphates' zingena emizimbeni yethu, zonakalisa inkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo kwaye ziphazamise indlela esebenza ngayo amalungu ethu. Nokuba le tyhefu yenzeka ngexesha elifutshane okanye elide, inokubangela iimeko ezinzima ezifana nokusilela kokuphefumla kwanokufa.

Ziziphi iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ze-organophosphates ezinokubangela ityhefu?

Nazi ezinye zeentlobo eziqhelekileyo ze-organophosphates ezidla ngokubangela ityhefu:

• I-Chlorpyrifos - Usenokuba ukhe weva nge-'Dursban'.
• I-Diazinon
• I-Fenthion
• IMalathion
• I-Parathion

Kwimfazwe yeekhemikhali, i-organophosphate ebizwa ngokuba yi-'Sarin' yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu.

Ixhaphake kangakanani ityhefu ye-organophosphate?

Ezi tyhefu zixelwa kwihlabathi liphela, ingakumbi kumazwe ezolimo. Kodwa ngoku ekubeni abantu besazi ngakumbi ngeengozi zezi khemikhali kunangaphambili, inani letyhefu liye lehla kancinci. Nangona kunjalo, le iseyingxaki enkulu yezempilo.

Ngaba ii-organophosphates zisasetyenziswa?

Ewe, ezinye ii-organophosphates zisasetyenziswa kwezolimo njengezibulali-zinambuzane kwizityalo zokutya. Ngoko ke, kufuneka ulumke kakhulu xa usebenzisa ezi.

Zithini iimpawu ze-'Organophosphate Poisoning'?

Iimpawu zale tyhefu zinokuchaphazela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni wakho. Khumbula, ezi mpawu zinokuvela ngequbuliso okanye zibonakale kancinci kancinci.

• Inkqubo yentliziyo:
• Ukunyuka okanye ukwehla kwesantya sentliziyo.
• Ukunyuka okanye ukwehla koxinzelelo lwegazi.
• Ukubetha kwentliziyo okungaqhelekanga.
• Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ephakathi:
• Intloko ebuhlungu.
• Ukungazoli.
• Ukuxhuzula.
• Ukulahlekelwa yingqondo.
• Imeko ye-Coma.
• Amehlo:
• Iinyembezi ziyaphuma.
• Ububomvu bamehlo.
• Abafundi abaxineneyo.
• Inkqubo yesisu:
• Isisu esibuhlungu.
• Isicaphucaphu nokuhlanza.
• Urhudo.
• Inkqubo ye-genitourinary:
• Ukuchama rhoqo okanye ukuncipha kokuchama.
• Inkqubo yemisipha:
• Ubuthathaka bemisipha.
• Ukuqaqamba kwemisipha.
• Ukuxhuzula kwemisipha okungalawulekiyo (i-fasciculations).
• Inkqubo yokuphefumla:
• Impumlo egobhozayo, njengomkhuhlane.
• Ukuphefumla.
• Ukuqhawukelwa ngumphefumlo.
• Ukuxinana kwesifuba.
• Ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza okanye kancinci kunesiqhelo (hyperpnea okanye bradypnea).
• Ukukhupha umhluzi omninzi kwimiphunga (i-bronchorrhea).
• Ulusu:
• Ukubila okugqithisileyo.

Kubalulekile: Ukuba wena okanye umntu omaziyo ufumana enye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi mpawu emva kokudibana ne-organophosphates, kubalulekile ukufuna ingcebiso kagqirha ngoko nangoko.

Ezi 'organophosphates' zingena njani emzimbeni? Ngubani osengozini enkulu?

Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili ezi khemikhali ezingena ngazo emizimbeni yethu:

1. Ukungena ngomlomo okanye empumlweni: Ngokusela okanye ukuphefumla ukutya okanye ulwelo oluqulethe ezi zinto.

2. Ukufunxwa lusu: Ezinye ii-organophosphates zinokufunxwa emzimbeni nokuba zidibana nolusu.

Masibone nokuba ngubani osengozini enkulu yokufumana le tyhefu:

• Abantu abasebenza rhoqo ngezibulali-zinambuzane kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane: Abalimi, abasebenzi basemasimini, kunye nabasebenzi bokulawula izinambuzane basengozini enkulu kuba bahlala bechatshazelwa zezi khemikhali.
• Kwabo bahlala kwiindawo apho kuqhubeka khona imfazwe okanye imisebenzi yobugrogrisi: Ukuba kusetyenziswa izinto ezifana 'ne-nerve agents' ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla.
• Kwabo bazityayo ezi zinto ngenjongo yokuzenzakalisa: Le yimeko ebuhlungu kakhulu.

Ukuba uziva ngathi uzenzakalisa okanye ucinga ngokuzibulala, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthetha nomntu omthembayo, okanye ufune ingcebiso yobungcali ngempilo yengqondo. Awuwedwa, kwaye ungoyiki ukucela uncedo.

Kwenzeka ntoni xa ii-organophosphates zingena emzimbeni? Ngamafutshane...

Kulungile, ngoku makhe sibone ukuba kwenzeka ntoni xa ezi 'organophosphates' zingena emzimbeni. Eli libali lesayensi kancinci, kodwa ndiza kukuxelela ngokulula.

Ukuze inkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo isebenze kakuhle, kukho isithunywa sekhemikhali esibizwa ngokuba yi-'acetylcholine' (i-neurotransmitter). Yile nto ilawula izinto ezininzi, ezinje ngokushukuma kwemisipha. Xa le 'acetylcholine' (i-acetylcholine) igqibile umsebenzi wayo, i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuba yi-'cholinesterase' iyafika ize iyiqhekeze. Oku kuvumela inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ukuba ibuyele kwisimo sayo esiqhelekileyo kwaye kuthintela izihlunu kunye nemithambo-luvo ukuba ingashukunyiswa kakhulu.

Khawuthelekelele, uvula isibane ngokuvula iswitshi. Le enzyme 'ye-cholinesterase' isebenza njengokucima iswitshi xa ugqibile.

Ngoku, xa ii-organophosphates zingena emzimbeni, ziyeka ukusebenza kwe-enzyme ye-cholinesterase. Kwenzeka ntoni ke ngoko? Endaweni yokuqhekeza i-acetylcholine, iqokelelana kwi-synapses apho iiseli zemithambo-luvo zidibana khona. Kufana nokucima kombane. Emva koko inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ivuseleleka kakhulu, umzimba wonke ulahlekelwa lulawulo, kwaye ezo mpawu ziyingozi endizikhankanyileyo ngaphambili ziyavela. Uyaqonda?

Zeziphi iingxaki ezinokwenzeka ukuba azinyangwa?

Ukuba ubuthi be-organophosphate abunyangwa ngokukhawuleza, iimpawu zinokuba nzima kwaye zibeke ubomi esichengeni. Ukungaphumeleli kokuphefumla yeyona nto iphambili ebangela ukufa ngenxa yale tyhefu.

Ukongeza, ezinye iingxaki zinokwenzeka:

• Ukukhubazeka kwemithambo-luvo yentloko
• Ukulahleka kwenkumbulo
• Izifo zemisipha `(Myopathy)`
• I-peripheral neuropathy
• Ingqondo

Oogqirha bayixilonga njani ngokuchanekileyo 'ityhefu ye-organophosphate'?

Ugqirha udla ngokuxilonga le tyhefu ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zakho, ulwazi malunga neekhemikhali oye wadibana nazo (ukuba usebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane, kufuneka uxelele ugqirha wakho), kwaye ngamanye amaxesha uvavanyo lwegazi. Ngokukodwa, uvavanyo lwegazi ukujonga amanqanaba akho e-acetylcholinesterase.

Ngenxa yokuba iimpawu zetyhefu ye-organophosphate zinokufana nezezinye izifo, ugqirha wakho unokuyalela iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo ukuze ahlole impilo yakho iyonke aze afumanise unobangela weempawu zakho. Umzekelo:

• Ezinye iimvavanyo zegazi
• Uvavanyo lomchamo
• Uvavanyo lokucinga olufana ne-MRI okanye i-CT scans
• I-EEG (uvavanyo olulinganisa umsebenzi wobuchopho)
• Uphononongo lokuqhuba imithambo-luvo (uvavanyo olulinganisa isantya imiyalezo ehamba ngaso kwimithambo-luvo)

Ngenxa yokuba le tyhefu isongela ubomi, oogqirha ngamanye amaxesha basenokuqala unyango ngaphambi kokuba kufumaneke zonke iingxelo zovavanyo.

Inyangwa njani ityhefu ye-organophosphate?

Ekubeni oku kuyingxamiseko, unyango kufuneka luqale ngoko nangoko. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zonyango eziphambili:

1.Ukucoca: Oku kubaluleke kakhulu.

• Ukususa impahla: Zonke iimpahla ezinxitywe ngumntu onetyhefu mazisuswe ngoko nangoko, kuba zisenokuba zingcoliswe ziikhemikhali. Abasebenzi basesibhedlele baza kuzisusa ngokukhuselekileyo ezo mpahla.
• Ukuhlamba ulusu: Hlamba ulusu lwakho kakuhle, ubuncinane kathathu, ngesepha namanzi. Oku kuya kususa naziphi na iikhemikhali kumphezulu wolusu. Emva koko uza kunikwa ilokhwe ecocekileyo yesibhedlele yokunxiba.

2. Unyango ngamayeza:

• I-Atropine: Eli yeza lisebenza ngokunciphisa ukukhuthazwa kakhulu kwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo.
• IPralidoxime: Le yindlela yokuthintela ii-organophosphates. Ivuselela i-enzyme ye-cholinesterase eqhekeza i-acetylcholine.
• Zombini ezi ziyobisi zinikwa nge-'IV', oko kukuthi, ngesisombululo setyuwa esifakwa emthanjeni.

3. Unyango lobunzima bokuphefumla:

• Ukuba iimpawu zinzima kwaye ukuphefumla kunzima, ukufakwa kwetyhubhu, oko kuthetha ukufaka ityhubhu yokuphefumla, kunokufuneka ukuze indlela yomoya ihlale ivulekile.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuchacha emva konyango?

Oku kuxhomekeke kubungakanani kunye nobukhali betyhefu. Abanye abantu banokuziva bebhetele kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, ngelixa abanye banokuthatha iiveki. Ugqirha wakho uya kumisela ixesha elifanelekileyo lemeko yakho.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba uphile ngokupheleleyo kule tyhefu?

Ewe, kunokwenzeka ukuba uphile ngokupheleleyo emva kokutyhefwa yi-organophosphate. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umngcipheko wokuba iimpawu zingaphinda zibuye okanye ukuba kubekho umonakalo osisigxina kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo.

Umbono wakho wokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo uxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi:

• Ubungakanani bokuchaphazeleka kwi-organophosphates.
• Uhlobo lwe-organophosphate oluvezwe.
• Indlela ii-organophosphates ezingena ngayo emzimbeni (ngokuphefumla, ngesikhumba, okanye ngokuginya).
• Imeko yakho yempilo ngokubanzi ngexesha lokuvezwa.

Umzekelo, ukuba uphefumla ezinye ii-organophosphates, unokufumana iimpawu ngokukhawuleza nangokuqatha kunokuba zifike eluswini lwakho.

Ngokwedatha evela kwi-World Health Organisation, izinga lokufa ngenxa yetyhefu ye-organophosphate lingahluka phakathi kwe-2% kunye ne-25%. Ke ngoko , unyango olukhawulezileyo lunokunciphisa kakhulu umonakalo onokubakho ebomini.

Ngaba i-Organophosphate Poisoning ingathintelwa?

Kwezinye iimeko, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe okanye ukuba awazi ngokusetyenziswa kwee-organophosphates, oku kunokuba nzima ukukuphepha.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba usebenza ngezi ntlobo zeekhemikhali eziyingozi, ungenza oku kulandelayo ukunciphisa umngcipheko wakho:

• Nxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela (PPE): izinto ezifana neeglavu kunye neemaski.
• Khulula nayiphi na impahla edibene neekhemikhali ngaphandle uze utshintshe ngaphambi kokuba ungene endlwini.
• Hlamba umzimba wakho kakuhle emva kokusebenzisa ezi mveliso.
• Hlamba izandla zakho kakuhle phambi kokuba utye okanye usele.

Ufanele uye nini kugqirha? Yintoni omawuyenze xa kukho imeko engxamisekileyo?

Ukuba ucinga ukuba ukhe wachaphazeleka yi-organophosphates, yiya esibhedlele esikufutshane okanye utsalele umnxeba iinkonzo zonyango ezingxamisekileyo ngoko nangoko. Musa ukuchitha ixesha. Musa ukulinda ude uqale ukuva iimpawu.

Khumbula, le yimeko enokuba yingozi ebomini, ngoko ke ukuthatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza kubalulekile.

Imibuzo ebalulekileyo yokubuza ugqirha wakho

Ukuba wena okanye umntu omaziyo unengxaki yoku, ungambuza ugqirha wakho le mibuzo:

• Luhlobo luni lonyango olucetyiswayo kum?
• Ngaba kukho naziphi na iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zonyango?
• Ungayisusa njani ityhefu emzimbeni emva kokudibana nayo? (Ingakumbi ekhaya)
• Ndingazi njani ukuba kukho ii-organophosphates kwindawo yam yokusebenza?
• Ukuba ndisebenza nge-organophosphates emsebenzini, zeziphi iindlela zokhuseleko endinokuzithatha ukuze ndizikhusele kwityhefu?

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule

'I-Organophosphate Poisoning' yingxaki enzulu kakhulu. Abantu abaninzi kwilizwe lethu, ingakumbi abo babandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yezolimo, banokuba semngciphekweni. Ezi khemikhali ziyingozi ebantwini nakwizilwanyana. Ngoko ke, umntu kufuneka alumke kakhulu xa esebenzisa ezi khemikhali.

Ukuba wena okanye umntu omaziyo ubonakalisa iimpawu zetyhefu ye-organophosphate, musa ukoyika. Funa uncedo lwezonyango ngoko nangoko. Unyango lwangethuba lunokuthintela ukulahleka kobomi. Hlala ukhuselekile, hlala unolwazi!

Ii- Organophosphates, ubuthi, izibulali-zinambuzane, izibulali-zinambuzane, iimpawu, uncedo lokuqala, ukhuseleko