Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngeeseli ezikhethekileyo (ii-photoreceptors) ezikunceda ubone ihlabathi ngamehlo akho!

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba sibona njani izinto ezintle kweli hlabathi, imibala, iinkcukacha ezintle? Amehlo ethu anjengeekhamera ezimbini ezimangalisayo. Ngaphakathi kwezi "khamera" kukho iiseli ezincinci ezikhethekileyo. Sizibiza ezo seli ngokuthi `(Photoreceptors)`. Ngamafutshane, ezi zezona `zibamba' ukukhanya zize zithumele imiyalezo engqondweni yethu, zisithi, "Nantsi into endiyibonayo." Ngoko ke, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngezi `(Photoreceptors)` zimangalisayo ngokweenkcukacha ezithe vetshe, kodwa ngokulula kakhulu.

Zithini ezi (iiPhotoreceptors)?

Ngamafutshane, "ii-Photoreceptors" zakho luhlobo olukhethekileyo lweseli evakalelwa kukukhanya efumaneka kumaleko omncinci wezicubu ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"Retina" ngasemva kwamehlo akho. Igama lazo livela kwinto yokuba zithetha "ii-light-receivers." Umsebenzi ophambili wezi seli kukuthatha ukukhanya okungena elisweni lakho kwaye ukuguqule kube yisignali ye-electrochemical enokuqonda ingqondo yakho. Kulapho ufumana khona into oyibiza ngokuba "kukubona."

Ubusazi na ukuba yonke inkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo isebenza ngeeseli ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-neurons ? Ezi neurons zisebenzisa imiqondiso yombane neyekhemikhali ukuthumela ulwazi oluvela kuzo zonke iindawo zomzimba wethu ukuya engqondweni, kwaye lubuye kwakhona luvela engqondweni. Olunye uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-neuron yi-photoreceptors kwi-retina yethu. Ngenxa yendlela i-retina yethu ekhula ngayo ngexesha lophuhliso lombungu, ezi photoreceptors ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo ephakathi - inkqubo efanayo equka ingqondo kunye nomqolo. Ayimangalisi loo nto?

Kwenzeka ntoni kwiintonga kunye neekhowuni?

Ezi photoreceptors zimbini ziingongoma ezimbini zenkqubo esetyenziswa ngamehlo akho ukubona ukukhanya nokukuguqula kube yinto enokuqondwa yingqondo yakho. Xa sicinga ngamehlo ethu, sihlala siwacinga njengeekhamera. Enyanisweni, iikhamera zedijithali zanamhlanje zenziwe ngokweliso lomntu.

Khawucinge ngekhamera entsha yedijithali. Ngaphakathi kukho isenzi esikhethekileyo. Esi senzi sisebenza njenge-retina emehlweni ethu. Sibona ukukhanya size sikuguqule sibe yikhowudi yedijithali. Emva koko, itshiphu encinci yekhompyutha ngaphakathi kwekhamera icwangcisa loo khowudi ukuze yenze umfanekiso omhle okanye ividiyo esiyibonayo.

Le yinkqubo efanayo nokwenzeka xa i-retina yakho kunye nengqondo yakho zisebenza kunye ukukubonisa ihlabathi elikujikelezileyo. Izinto ezifunyanwa yi-retina yakho ziguqulwa zibe ziimpawu zemithambo-luvo ezifihliweyo, ezithunyelwa engqondweni yakho nge -optic nerve . Ingqondo "iyazifunda" kwaye itolike ezo zimpawu, "idale" oko ukubonayo. Iiseli ezikhethekileyo kwi-retina yakho eziqala le nkqubo yonke zibizwa ngokuba zii-photoreceptors. Ngoku, ngaba oko kucacile?

Ziziphi iintlobo zee-photoreceptors?

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ze-"Photoreceptors" emehlweni omntu. Zibizwa ngokwemilo yazo. Nazi:

1. Iiseli zentonga `(Iintonga)`

2. Iiseli zekhowuni `(Iikowuni)`

Ngoku makhe sijonge nganye kwezi ntlobo ngokwahlukeneyo.

Masifunde ngeeseli zentonga.

Ezi photoreceptors zinde kwaye zimile okwesilinda, njengeentonga ezincinci. Yiyo loo nto zibizwa ngokuba "zii-rod cells." Zinovelwano kakhulu nokuba kukukhanya okuncinci kangakanani. Khawucinge nje, malunga ne-95% yee-photoreceptors emehlweni akho (oko kukuthi, zizigidi ezili-100 ukuya kwezili-125!) zii-rod cells.

• Ezi zilungile ekukuncedeni ubone kwiimeko ezikhanyisiweyo, njengaxa uhamba ngaphandle ebusuku.
• Nangona kunjalo, ezi azibonisi iinkcukacha ezicacileyo.
• Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ii-rod cells azikwazi ukwahlula imibala. Zibona kuphela umnyama, umhlophe, kunye nongwevu.

Ii-Rod photoreceptors zinoxanduva olukhulu lokujonga ukukhanya okuphantsi kunye nokubona ebusuku. Zikunceda ubone ekukhanyeni okuncinci, okwaziwa ngokwezonyango njenge -scotopic vision .

Ulwazi malunga neeseli zekhowuni

Iiseli zekhowuni zimile okwekhowuni, oko kuthetha ukuba zijikelezwe ezantsi kwaye zikhombe phezulu (ii-photoreceptors).

• Ezi seli zifuna ukukhanya okungakumbi ukuze zisebenze kunee-rod cells, oko kuthetha ukuba zisebenza kakhulu kwiindawo ezikhanyiswe kakuhle.
• Kodwa, xa ezi zivuliwe, unokubona imibala! Ewe, ezi cone cells zezona zikunceda ubone yonke imibala ehlabathini oyibonayo.
• Uninzi lweeseli zekhoni zifumaneka kwindawo ephakathi ye-retina yakho, kwindawo ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-macula . Yingakho indawo ephakathi yombono wakho ikwazi ukubona imibala kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezincinci (umz., ukufunda oonobumba encwadini) ngokucacileyo.

Inkqubo Emangalisayo Yokubona Umbala (Umbono Wemibala)

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeeseli zekhowuni emehlweni ethu. Sifumana ubuchule obumangalisayo obubizwa ngokuba yi-color vision kuba zonke ezi ntlobo zintathu zisebenza kunye. Into emangalisayo kukuba, ezi seli zekhowuni aziboni imibala ngokwenene. Endaweni yoko, zibona kuphela ubude bamaza okukhanya obahlukeneyo. Emva koko zixelela ubuchopho ngaloo maza okukhanya. Ingqondo yakho ihlalutya olo lwazi kwaye ikunike amandla okubona imibala.

Xa ujonge umnyama, into oyibonayo ngokwenene ngumzekelo omhle wokuqonda i-spectrum yokukhanya okubonakalayo. Ukukhanya okubomvu kunobude obude kakhulu, yiyo loo nto kungaphandle — kwaye kukude — kwicala lomnyama. Umbala we-violet unobude obufutshane kakhulu, yiyo loo nto kungaphakathi — kwaye kukufutshane — kwicala lomnyama.

Uninzi lwabantu luneentlobo ezintathu zee-cone photoreceptors. Ukuba nazo zonke iintlobo ezintathu zee-cones kubizwa ngokuba yi-trichromacy . Ezi ntlobo zintathu zezi:

• Ibuthathaka kwiiwavelengths ezimfutshane (ii-S-cones): Ezi zinobuthathaka kakhulu kwibhlowu.
• Ii-M-cones ezibuthathaka kakhulu kubude obuphakathi bomda: Ezi zibuthathaka kakhulu kuluhlaza.
• Ibuthathaka kwiiwavelengths ezinde (ii-L-cones): Ezi zinobuthathaka kakhulu kwibomvu.

Nangona zonke iintlobo ezintathu zeeseli zekhowuni zinovelwano ngakumbi kwimibala ethile, kukho ukufana okuthile kovelwano phakathi kwezi ntlobo zintathu. Ingqondo yakho inokwahlula imibala eyahlukeneyo kunye nemibala yayo eyahlukileyo ngokuthelekisa umahluko kubukhali bemiqondiso evela kuzo zontathu iintlobo zeeseli zekhowuni. Yiyo loo nto iliso lomntu elisempilweni linokuhlula imibala emalunga nesigidi!

I-Tetrachromacy: Iiseli ezine zekhoni!

Le yimeko engaqhelekanga kakhulu. Utshintsho lwemfuza oluchaphazela abafazi kuphela lubangela ukuba abanye abantu babe neentlobo ezine zeeseli zekhoni. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi -tetrachromacy (i-tetra ithetha "ezine" ngesiGrike samandulo).

Le meko ye-`(Tetrachromacy)` inokuba buthathaka okanye ibe namandla. Umntu one-`(Tetrachromacy)` enamandla, oko kuthetha ukuba ingqondo icubungula ulwazi oluvela kwiseli yekhoni yesine ngokufanelekileyo, inokwahlula kwaye ibone imibala emalunga ne-100 yezigidi! Kodwa oku kunqabile kakhulu, ngoko ke kusaphandwa.

Izifo eziqhelekileyo kunye neemeko ezichaphazela ii-photoreceptors

Ngelishwa, kukho iimeko ezininzi ezinokuchaphazela ii-rods kunye nee-cones zakho. Ezinye zazo ziimeko ezixhaphakileyo ezichaphazela ezinye iindawo ze-retina kunye nezicubu ezijikeleze iliso. Kodwa kukho ezinye iimeko ezichaphazela ngokukodwa ii-photoreceptors zakho. Makhe sijonge ezinye zezona ziphambili:

• Ukungaboni mbala: Oku kungaba yinxenye okanye kube kuphelele (umz., i-achromatopsia - ukungakwazi ukubona nayiphi na imibala).
• I-Cone-rod dystrophy: Kule meko, zombini iiseli ze-cone kunye neeseli ze-rod ziyawohloka kancinci kancinci.
• Ukuwohloka kwe-macular: Ukonakala kwe-macula, ingakumbi xa ukhula, kuchaphazela umbono ophakathi.
• Isifo se-Refsum: Ingxaki engaqhelekanga yemfuza.
• I-Retinitis pigmentosa: Isifo semfuza esiqala sichaphazele ii-rod cells size emva koko sichaphazele ii-cone cells.
• I-Solar retinopathy: Ukonakala kwe-retina okubangelwa kukujonga ngqo elangeni, njengakwixesha lokusithwa kwelanga.
• I-Usher syndrome: Imeko yemfuza echaphazela zombini ukubona nokuva.

Ziziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zezifo ezinxulumene ne-photoreceptor?

Xa unemeko echaphazela ii-photoreceptors zakho, uphawu oluphambili kukuba umbono ufiphele okanye ulahlekelwe. Kodwa izinga lokulahlekelwa ngumbono linokwahluka. Kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwee-photoreceptors ezichaphazelekileyo (iintonga, ii-cones, okanye zombini).

Iimpawu zeemeko ezibandakanya iintonga

• Uphawu oluphambili oluqala ukubonakala kwiimeko ezinjalo kukungaboni ebusuku (iNyctalopia), oko kuthetha ukubona okuncinci ekukhanyeni okuncinci.
• Ezinye iimeko, ezifana ne-retinitis pigmentosa, zinokuba mandundu ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye ekugqibeleni zichaphazele ii-cone photoreceptors, zichaphazela zombini umbono wasemini kunye nombono wombala.

Iimpawu zeemeko ezibandakanya iiseli zekhowuni

• Ezi zihlala ziquka ukungaboni imibala (ukungakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwemibala eyahlukeneyo) okanye ukulahleka kombono wombala ngokuhamba kwexesha.
• Zinokuchaphazela nokukwazi kwakho ukubona iinkcukacha ezincinci ngokucacileyo, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekubeni ubone izinto ezifipheleyo okanye ezingabonakali kakuhle.
• Ezinye zezi meko zinokuba mandundu kwaye kamva zibangele iimpawu ezinxulumene neseli yentonga (ezifana nokungaboni ebusuku).

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, iimeko ezininzi ezinxulumene ne-photoreceptor zichaphazela zombini iiseli ze-cone kunye ne-rod ngaxeshanye. Oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kwiimeko apho kukho umonakalo okanye utshintsho kwi-retina tissue. Ukuwohloka kwe-macular ngumzekelo ophambili.

Ndingayijonga njani impilo yeeseli zam zentonga kunye nekhowuni?

Kukho iimvavanyo ezininzi onokuzenza ukuze ufumane ulwazi malunga nempilo yee-photoreceptors zakho.

• Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwamehlo: Oku kufana nokuhlolwa kwempilo yamehlo akho rhoqo ngonyaka. Ingcali yamehlo okanye ingcali yamehlo inokuhlola ngaphakathi nangasemva kweliso lakho (i-retina).
• Uvavanyo lweMydriasis kunye ne-slit lamp : Ezi nkqubo zivumela i-retina ukuba ibonakale ngokucacileyo ngexesha lovavanyo lwamehlo. Oku kunokunceda ekufumaneni iimeko ezingabonakaliyo kwaye ezisenokungabonakalisi zimpawu kwizigaba zokuqala.
• Uvavanyo olukhethekileyo: Ngamanye amaxesha, ugqirha wakho unokucebisa uvavanyo olukhethekileyo ngakumbi. Imizekelo:
• I-Electroretinography (ERG): Le ndlela ilinganisa umsebenzi wombane we-retina yakho, ijonga indlela esabela ngayo ekukhanyeni.
• Ii-Visual evoked potentials (VEP): Olu luvavanyo lobuchopho, kodwa lunokubonisa ukuba ingqondo yakho iyawafumana na amaza avela kwi-retina yakho ngokuchanekileyo.
• Uvavanyo lokufota: Olu vavanyo lunceda ukubona ngokucacileyo iileya ezahlukeneyo ze-retina, kuquka nemithambo yegazi. Lunokubona ukukhula kwemithambo yegazi emitsha (okunokwenzeka kwiimeko ezifana nesifo seswekile) okanye olunye utshintsho lwezicubu olunokonakalisa i-retina.

Ingcali yakho yamehlo iya kugqiba ukuba loluphi uvavanyo olufanelekileyo kuwe ize ikuchazele lona.

Ndingazinyamekela njani ii-photoreceptors zam?

"Ii-"(Photoreceptors)" zakho ziyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-retina yakho. Ngoko ke, ukunyamekela i-retina yakho kunye nempilo yamehlo iyonke yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokukhusela umbono wakho. Nazi ezinye zezinto ezibalulekileyo onokuzenza:

• Fumana uhlolo lwamehlo rhoqo: Olu asilovavanyo nje lokujonga ummiselo wakho. Lunokubona iimeko zamehlo ezinzulu kwangethuba ngaphambi kokuba iimpawu ziqale. Nokuba unxiba iiglasi okanye iilensi zokunxibelelana okanye akunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba wonke umntu ahlolwe amehlo ubuncinane rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini (okanye kungekudala ukuba ugqirha wakho uyacebisa).
• Fumana uvavanyo lomzimba rhoqo: Amehlo akho sisibuko esibonisa impilo yomzimba wakho wonke. Izifo ezingapheliyo, ingakumbi uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu kunye nesifo seswekile sohlobo lwesibini, zinokuchaphazela ngqo amehlo akho. Olu vavanyo lomzimba lonyaka lunokufumanisa uninzi lwezi meko ngaphambi kokuba zibangele iimpawu okanye umonakalo emehlweni akho.
• Yiphephe ngokupheleleyo iNicotine: Ukutshaya, ukutshaya i-vaping, kunye nezinye iimveliso zecuba ziyingozi kakhulu kwinkqubo yakho yokujikeleza kwegazi. Imithambo yegazi ebuthathaka ehambisa igazi kwi-retina yakho inokonakala ngakumbi kukusetyenziswa kwenicotine.
• Beka phambili ukutya okufanelekileyo: I-Vitamin A, ngakumbi, sisondlo esibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwee-photoreceptors. Ukutya okunesondlo okunempilo kubalulekile kwimpilo yakho iyonke, kunye nempilo yamehlo akho.
• Gcina ubunzima obusempilweni: Nxibelelana nogqirha wakho wosapho ukuze ufumane indlela yokwenza oku.

Ii-photoreceptors zisabela njani ekukhanyeni?

Ngamafutshane, xa ukukhanya kubetha iintonga zakho kunye neekhowuni, uthotho oluntsonkothileyo lweenkqubo zeekhemikhali kunye nezombane luyasebenza kwezo seli nakwezinye iiseli kwi-retina ezidityaniswe nazo. Kungezi nkqubo apho ii-photoreceptors kunye neeseli ze-retina ziguqula amandla okukhanya abe ziimpawu ze-electrochemical ezinokuqondwa yingqondo yakho.

Iintonga kunye neekhowuni zibalulekile, ziyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yombono wakho. Ngaphandle kwazo, ingqondo yakho ibingayi kufumana imiqondiso eyidingayo "yokudala" oko ukubonayo. Kwaye zenzelwe ngobuchule imisebenzi ethile. Ngelixa ezinye zikunceda ubone ebumnyameni, ezinye zikunceda uqonde yonke imibala, yonke into ecacileyo, kwihlabathi elikungqongileyo.

Ngokuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo, awuyi kuxabisa nje kuphela umsebenzi wazo omangalisayo, kodwa uya kuba nomdla ngakumbi ekugcineni impilo yamehlo akho. Ukuba unemibuzo malunga ne-`(Photoreceptors)` yakho, i-retina, okanye nayiphi na enye ingxaki enxulumene namehlo, ungathandabuzi ukubona ugqirha wamehlo. Ngale ndlela, unokugcina umbono wakho ixesha elide kwaye ufumane okuninzi kuwo.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule kweli nqaku (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ngoko ke, umyalezo ophambili ekufuneka uwuthathe ubuyele ekhaya kuyo yonke into esithethe ngayo namhlanje ngulo:

Ezi photoreceptors zincinci ngaphakathi kwamehlo ethu – iintonga kunye neekhowuni – zezona “zisebenzi” ziphambili ezisinceda sibone eli hlabathi lihle, linemibala kunye neenkcukacha ezintle kulo ngokucacileyo. Ukugcina ezi seli ziphilile kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni amehlo ethu axabisekileyo!

Ngoko ke, khathalela amehlo akho. Fumana uhlolo lwamehlo rhoqo kwaye uphile ubomi obusempilweni. Kuba amehlo akho ayinto exabisekileyo onayo!

Ii- Photoreceptors, ii-Rod cells, ii-cone cells, impilo yamehlo, umbono wombala, i-retina