Konke Okufuneka Ukwazi Ngesi sifo - Nirogi Lanka

Usenokuba ukhe wafunda 'ngeSifo' kwiincwadi zembali okanye weva amabali endlela esabangela ngayo umonakalo kwixesha elidlulileyo. Kunzima nokucinga ukuba ubhubhane oboyikeka kangakanani. Nangona kunjalo, uyazi ukuba amatyala esi sifo asabikwa kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi namhlanje? Nangona singasabonakali njengobhubhane osasazekileyo, siseyingxaki enkulu yempilo. Apha eNirogi Lanka , sikholelwa ukuba ukuhlala sinolwazi kubalulekile, ngoko masijonge ngokusondeleyo ukuba yintoni esi sifo kunye nesizathu sokuba sisabalulekile nanamhlanje.

Yintoni iPlague, Ngokwenene?

Ngamafutshane, isifo sobhubhani sisifo esibangelwa yintsholongwane eyaziwa ngokuba yiYersinia pestis . Sichazwa njengesifo sezilwanyana , oko kuthetha ukuba sinokusasazeka phakathi kwezilwanyana nabantu. Ngokwesiqhelo, sidluliselwa kuwe ngokulunywa yintakumba enesifo ebisoloko isitya isilwanyana esosulelekileyo.

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zesifo. Uhlobo olukhula ngalo luxhomekeke kwindlela iYersinia pestis echaphazela ngayo umzimba wakho:

1. Isifo se-Bubonic: Oku kuchaphazela kakhulu ii-lymph nodes zakho.

2. Ubhubhane weSepticemic: Ngolu hlobo, iintsholongwane zingena egazini lakho.

3. Isifo semiphunga: Olu hlobo lujolise kwimiphunga yakho.

Ngaba igama elithi "Plague" lisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje?

Ewe, sisabhekisela kwisifo esibangelwa yiYersinia pestis ngokuthi "isibetho." Nangona kunjalo, eNirogi Lanka, sidla ngokuchaza uhlobo lwesi sifo ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa okucacileyo kunye nonyango, olufana nesifo se-bubonic, septicemic, okanye isifo se-pneumonic.

Ngaba isifo sobhubhani sisekho?

Ewe, isifo sobhubhani asikapheliswa. Sixelwa rhoqo kwiindawo ezithile zaseAfrika , nangona amatyala angaqhelekanga esenzeka minyaka le eAsia, eMzantsi Melika, nase-United States. Ngokuqinisekileyo asisosifo sangaphambili onokusityeshela.

Ukujonga Ngokunzulu Iintlobo Ezintathu Zesibetho

Makhe sihlolisise nganye kwezi ntlobo ngokweenkcukacha.

1. Isifo seBubonic (Uhlobo lweLymphatic)

Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwesifo sobhubhani. Ngethamsanqa, lukwanika ithuba eliphezulu lokuchacha . Ukuba uqala unyango ngamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane ngokukhawuleza, usinda malunga ne-95%.

Ukuba unesifo se-bubonic plague, enye okanye ezingaphezulu zee-lymph nodes zakho ziya kuvuvuka kabuhlungu . Ezi nodes zivuvukileyo zaziwa ngokuba zii-buboes . Ngokwesiqhelo, ezi vuvu zibonakala kufutshane nendawo apho i-flue yakho ikulume khona. Umzekelo, ukuba ulunywe emlenzeni wakho, unokubona ukudumba kwindawo yakho yamathumbu.

2. Isifo Sokusasazeka Kwegazi (Uhlobo Lomfudlana Wegazi)

Xa intsholongwane yeYersinia pestis ingena egazini lakho, uba nesifo se-septic plague. Le yingxamiseko yezonyango, njengoko intsholongwane isasazeka emzimbeni wakho kwaye iqala ukutshabalalisa izicubu. Oku kunokukhokelela kwi -gangrene (ukufa kunye nobumnyama bezicubu) kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwamalungu amaninzi.

Ubhubhani weSepticemia unokwenzeka ngoku:

• Ukulunywa ziintakumba ezineentsholongwane.
• Ukudibana ngqo nolwelo lomzimba (njengegazi) lwesilwanyana esineentsholongwane ngenxeba lesikhumba.
• Ukuqhubela phambili kosulelo olukhoyo, olunganyangwanga (njengobhubhane we-bubonic) olusasazeka egazini ( usulelo lwesibini ).

3. Isifo sePneumonic (Uhlobo lokuphefumla)

Xa iYersinia pestis ihlasela imiphunga yakho, ibangela isifo semiphunga. Nangona olu luhlobo olungaqhelekanga , lukwayingozi kakhulu .

Isifo se-pneumonic sihlukile kuba, ngokungafaniyo nezinye, sinokusasazeka ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye ngokukhohlela nokuthimla . Ungasosulela nangokudibana ngokusondeleyo nezilwanyana ezinesi sifo okanye njengengxaki yesibini yolunye uhlobo lwesifo. Sibangela i-pneumonia enzima kwaye sinokukhokelela ekungakwazini ukuphefumla . Ukuba awufumani unyango ngoko nangoko, sinokubulala kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa.

Yintoni umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweBubonic kunye nePneumonic Plague?

Zombini ezi ntlobo zibangelwa yintsholongwane efanayo: Yersinia pestis . Umahluko ophambili yindawo yosulelo: Isifo se-Bubonic sichaphazela ii-lymph nodes zakho, ngelixa isifo se-pneumonic sihlasela imiphunga yakho ngokukodwa.

Ngubani osengozini enkulu?

Isifo sobhubhani sixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo ezithile, ngakumbi kumazwe afana neMadagascar kunye neDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Nangona iimeko zinqabile kumazwe aphuhlileyo, zisabonakala minyaka le kwiindawo zasemaphandleni entshona ye-United States nakwiindawo zase-Asia. Usengozini enkulu ukuba usebenzisana ngokusondeleyo nezilwanyana kwiindawo apho isifo sobhubhani sixhaphake khona.

Ixhaphake kangakanani le ntsholongwane?

Nangona kusenokuvakala ngathi yinto yexesha elidlulileyo, esi sifo sisaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku asiqhelekanga kakhulu . Ehlabathini jikelele, phakathi kwe-1,000 kunye ne-2,000 yeziganeko zixelwa minyaka le. Umzekelo, e-United States, zimbalwa kuphela iimeko ezirekhodwayo minyaka le. Akukho mfuneko yokunika isilumkiso esingeyomfuneko, kodwa ukuhlala unolwazi kusoloko kububulumko eNirogi Lanka.

Isifo esibulalayo siwuchaphazela njani umzimba wakho?

Xa intsholongwane iYersinia pestis ingena emzimbeni wakho, inyathelo layo lokuqala kukuzimela kwinkqubo yakho yokuzikhusela . Xa ibaleka ukubhaqwa, iyanda ize isasazeke emzimbeni wakho wonke. Njengoko intsholongwane ingena kwiiseli zakho, ikhupha ityhefu enokubangela ukuba iiseli zife.

Ngale nkqubo, iYersinia pestis inokwenza oku kulandelayo:

• Sulela ii-lymph nodes zakho (i-Bubonic plague), nto leyo ebangela ukudumba okubuhlungu okwaziwa ngokuba yi- buboes .
• Ngena egazini lakho (iSepticemic plague), enokubangela umonakalo kwizitho zakho zangaphakathi.
• Yosulela imiphunga yakho (isifo se-Pneumonic), nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvuvukeni okukhulu nasekuxinezelekeni kokuphefumla.

Yeyiphi eyona ndyikitya yokufa yayiyeyona inzima kwimbali?

Ubhubhane wesifo esibulalayo kakhulu uthathwa njengobhubhane owasasazeka eYurophu, eAsia, naseMntla Afrika phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1300. Ngelo xesha, izigidi zabantu zafa. Into eyayinegalelo elikhulu yayikukungabikho kococeko kunye nokunqongophala kokutya ngelo xesha, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abantu babe sesichengeni kakhulu. Esi sifo sasihamba ngokukhawuleza kwiindlela zorhwebo.

Xa abantu bethetha "ngesifo esibulalayo," phantse basoloko bethetha ngesi siganeko sembali, esaziwa ngokuba yiBlack Death .

Zithini iimpawu zesi sifo?

Ezinye iimpawu ziqhelekile kuzo zonke iintlobo zesi sifo, ngelixa ezinye zixhomekeke ekubeni unesifo se-bubonic, septicemic, okanye i-pneumonic.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo:

• Ifiva
• Ukugodola
• Intloko ebuhlungu kunye nemisipha ebuhlungu
• Ukudinwa
• Isiyezi
• Isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, kunye norhudo

Iimpawu ezithile:

• Ubhubhani: Ii-lymph nodes ezidumbileyo nezibuhlungu (ii-buboes).
• Isifo seSepticemic: Intlungu yesisu, ukopha phantsi kolusu, okanye emlonyeni okanye empumlweni. Kwezinye iimeko, iminwe yakho, iinzwane, okanye amalungu omzimba anokuba mnyama ngenxa yesifo sokubola .
• Isifo semiphunga: Ubunzima bokuphefumla, iintlungu zesifuba, ukukhwehlela, kunye nokukhohlela igazi okanye ulwelo.

Injani intsholongwane yesifo sombefu?

Ukubonakala kosulelo kuxhomekeke ekubeni leliphi ilungu lomzimba wakho elichaphazelekileyo.

Kwisifo seSepticemic plague , unokufumana i-gangrene , apho izicwili ziyafa khona. Oku kunokubangela ukuba iminwe yakho, iinzwane, okanye amalungu omzimba abe mnyama .

Ukuba unesifo se-Bubonic plague , kusenokwenzeka ukuba uya kubona i-lymph nodes (ii-buboes) enye okanye ezingaphezulu ezikhulayo nezibonakalayo, ezivuvukileyo . Nangona ubugcisa bamaxesha aphakathi budla ngokubonisa amaxhoba esi sifo egqunywe zizilonda, oko akuchanekanga—loo mifanekiso kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayimela i-smallpox okanye iqhenqa endaweni yoko.

Yintoni ebangela esi sifo?

Esi sifo sibangelwa yintsholongwane iYersinia pestis . Nangona iimpuku nezinye izilwanyana zinentsholongwane, abantu badla ngokusuleleka ngokulunywa ziintakumba okanye ziintwala . Xa intsholongwane ingena kwi-lymph nodes yakho, egazini, okanye emiphungeni, uyagula.

Isasazeka njani le ntsholongwane?

I-Y. pestis ingasasazeka ukusuka kwizilwanyana ukuya ebantwini okanye ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye. Usenokuba sengozini ukuba udibana nezi:

• Ukulunywa ziimpukane okanye ziintwala: Ukuba iimpukane ezilumayo zikulumile, iimpuku ezinentsholongwane ziyakuluma.
• Ukudibana ngqo nesilwanyana esinesifo: Ukuphatha izicubu okanye ulwelo lomzimba (igazi, inyama) yesilwanyana esinesifo.
• Ukudluliselwa kwabantu: Ukuba umntu unesifo se-Pneumonic plague , unokusasaza iintsholongwane ngokukhohlela okanye ukuthimla.

Qaphela ukuba izilwanyana zinokudlulisela esi sifo nakwezinye izilwanyana.

Zeziphi izilwanyana ezithwele esi sifo?

Nangona uninzi lucinga ukuba ziimpuku kuphela ezithwala esi sifo, izilwanyana ezahlukeneyo zinokusigcina kwaye zisasazeke. Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ohlala kuyo, izinto ezinobungozi zinokwahluka. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ezi zilwanyana zilandelayo zinokuchaphazeleka:

• Iimpuku: Iimpuku, izinja zasezintabeni, iisquirrels, iigerbils, kunye neehagu zaseGuinea.
• Izilwanyana ezincinci ezahlukeneyo.
• Izilwanyana zasekhaya, ezifana nezinja neekati (Ewe, izilwanyana zakho ozithandayo zingakuthwala!).
• Inyamakazi.
• Iikamela.

Ingaba esi sifo sisasazekayo?

Isifo se-Bubonic kunye nesifo se-Septicemic azisasazeki ngqo ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye. Oku kuthetha ukuba awuyi kusifumana esi sifo ngokuchukumisa nje umntu okanye ukuthetha naye ukuba unesifo (nangona kufuneka uqaphele iintakumba!).

Nangona kunjalo, isifo se-Pneumonic siyasulela. Singasasazeka ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye ngokukhohlela, ukuthimla, okanye ngokusondelana nomntu osulelekileyo. Sisasazeka njengomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo, kodwa iziphumo zempilo zibi kakhulu.

Ngaba iPlague yintsholongwane?

Hayi, esi sifo asiyontsholongwane. Sibangelwa yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yiYersinia pestis .

Ifunyanwa njani iPhoso?

Uphawu oluqhelekileyo lwesifo se-bubonic yi- bubo —i-lymph node evuvukileyo nebuhlungu. Ukuba ulunywe yintakumba okanye une-bubo, ugqirha wakho uya kuphanda ngoko nangoko ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba esi sifo.

Xa uqhagamshelana nogqirha wakho, qiniseka ukuba uyamxelela ukuba:

• Uhlala okanye usandul’ ukutyelela indawo apho kukho ubhubhane.
• Ulunywe yintakumba.
• Uziphathe izilwanyana ezinokuba nezifo.
• Une-lymph nodes enye okanye ezingaphezulu ezibuhlungu nezidumbileyo.

Uvavanyo lokuxilonga

Ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa, ugqirha wakho uya kuthatha igazi, i-sputum, okanye iisampuli zolwelo kwi-lymph node ukuze zithunyelwe kwilebhu, apho baya kuvavanya khona ubukho bebhaktheriya ye-Y. pestis .

Iphathwa njani iPhoso?

Unyango olukhawulezileyo ngee-antibiotics lubalulekile kwisifo esibulalayo.

Ugqirha wakho angakunika unyango ngenaliti ye-intravenous (IV) okanye amayeza omlomo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zakho kunye nomngcipheko, banokuqala amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane ngaphambi kokuba iziphumo zelebhu zifike. Ixesha libalulekile kwezi meko.

Ngawaphi amayeza asetyenziswayo?

Unyango lubandakanya amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane asetyenziswa ngomlomo okanye nge-IV. Ugqirha wakho angakunika enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezi zilandelayo:

• I-Ciprofloxacin
• I-Levofloxacin
• I-Moxifloxacin
• I-Doxycycline
• I-Gentamicin
• I-Streptomycin
• I-Chloramphenicol
• I-Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Ndingazikhusela njani kwiSifo Esibulalayo?

Ungawunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wakho ngokuphepha ukulunywa ziintakumba nangokuqaphela xa uphatha izilwanyana ezinokuba nazo ezisulelekileyo. Nazi ezinye iindlela zokuzikhusela ezibonelelwa yiNirogi Lanka:

• Coca iindawo ezinokubakho zokuzalela izilwanyana zasendle (umz., iimfumba zamahlathi, inkunkuma, ingca ende).
• Musa ukushiya ukutya kwezilwanyana zasekhaya ngaphandle kwaye ungatyisi izilwanyana zasendle, kuba ezi zitsala iimpuku.
• Xa ungaphandle, ingakumbi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni okanye ezinamahlathi, sebenzisa isitshizi sezinambuzane esine-DEET.
• Nxibelelana nogqirha wezilwanyana malunga nokuthintela iintakumba kwizilwanyana zasekhaya, njengoko izinja neekati zinokuthwala iintakumba ezineentsholongwane.
• Nxiba iiglavu ukuba kufuneka uphathe izilwanyana (nokuba ziphilile okanye zifile) ezinokuba nezifo.
• Ukuba uhlala kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba nesifo esibulalayo, musa ukuvumela izilwanyana zakho zasekhaya zizulazule ngaphandle ngokukhululekileyo.
• Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ukhe wachaphazeleka, qhagamshelana nogqirha wakho ngoko nangoko ukuze uxoxe ngokuba kufuneka na amayeza okuthintela umhlaza.

Ngaba ikho indlela yokugonya iPlague?

Amayeza okugonya isifo sobhubhani awafumaneki lula okanye asetyenziswa kakhulu. Oososayensi okwangoku benza uphando ukuze baphuhlise iindlela ezisebenzayo ngakumbi.

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ndifumana iPlague?

Ukuba unesifo esibulalayo, funa uncedo lwezonyango ngokukhawuleza. Nangona amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane esebenza kakhulu, ithuba lakho elihle lokuchacha ngokupheleleyo kukuqala unyango kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuqala kweempawu. Ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima, unokufuna uncedo olufana neoksijini okanye ulwelo lwe-IV.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuchacha?

Ngonyango olukhawulezileyo, kufuneka uqale uzive uphucukile kwiveki enye ukuya kwezimbini. Ii-lymph nodes ezidumbileyo (ii-buboes) ezinxulumene nesifo se-bubonic plague zingathatha iiveki ezininzi ukuba ziphele ngokupheleleyo.

Iingxaki zeSibetho

Iingxaki ezibangelwa yisifo sobhubhani zinokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinokuba yingozi ebomini. Ezi ziquka:

• Ukufa kwezicubu kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamalungu omzimba ngenxa yesifo sokubola .
• Ukudumba kwee-membrane ezikhuselayo ezigubungela ubuchopho ( i-meningitis ).
• Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwamalungu omzimba .
• Ukungaphumeleli kokuphefumla .

Uyinyanga kwaye uyithintela njani iPlague?

Unyango olukhawulezileyo ngee-antibiotics yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokusinda kwisifo sosulelo. Ngokungenelela kwangoko kwezonyango, malunga nama- 90% ezigulana ziyaphila kuzo zonke iintlobo zesifo sosulelo.

Lingakanani izinga lokufa kwesi sifo?

Ukuba ayinyangwa, esi sifo sidla ngokuba sibi kakhulu . Ngokwezonyango zanamhlanje, izinga lokufa kwabantu abanesifo se-bubonic plague liyehla liye phakathi kwe-5% ne-15%, ngelixa isifo se-pneumonic kunye ne-septic plague sinezinga lokufa elimalunga ne-50%. Oku kubonisa indlela olubaluleke ngayo unyango lwasekuqaleni ukuze usinde.

Ufanele uye nini kugqirha?

Ukuba ukrokrela ukuba usenokuba uchaphazelekile, funa uncedo lwezonyango ngoko nangoko okanye utsalele umnxeba iinkonzo zongxamiseko zasekuhlaleni (911):

• Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ukhe wachaphazeleka sesi sifo.
• Ukuba uhlala okanye usandul’ ukubuya kwindawo apho kwaziwa ukuba kukho esi sifo kwaye uneempawu.

Imibuzo omele uyibuze ugqirha wakho eNirogi Lanka

• "Ukuba ndirhanela ukuba ndichaphazeleke yintsholongwane, ngaba kufuneka ndiqalise amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane ngoko nangoko?"
• "Ngaba ndifuna ukungeniswa esibhedlele, okanye kukhuselekile ukwenza oku ekhaya?"
• "Zeziphi iimpawu ezithile okanye utshintsho kwimeko yam ekufuneka ndilujonge?"

IiNtsholongwane zeSifo seMbali

Imbali ibunjwe ziintsholongwane ezintathu ezinkulu nezitshabalalisayo zesifo esibulalayo:

1. Ubhubhani kaJustinian: Ukususela malunga nowama-541 AD, olu thotho lwezifo lubulale izigidi zabantu.

2. Ukufa Okumnyama: Olu bhubhane, olwaqala ngo-1348, lwabangela ukufa kwabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-25 eYurophu kuphela.

3. Ubhubhane Wesibetho Sesithathu: Oku kwasasazeka kulo lonke ilizwekazi ngaphandle kweAntarctica, kwabulala abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-12 eIndiya naseTshayina.

Ukuthatha kokugqibela

Nangona esi sifo sakha sabulala izigidi zabantu, sisesisifo esibi nanamhlanje. Ngenxa yococeko lwanamhlanje kunye nee-antibiotics, ukufa ngenxa yaso akuqhelekanga ngoku. Nangona kunjalo, khumbula ukuba ukungenelela kwangoko kwezonyango kubalulekile ukuba ukrokrela ukuba usulelo lukhona.

Ukuba uva ibinzana elithi "yiphephe njengesibetho," zive ukhululekile ukukhumbuza abanye ukuba eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwenza oko kukuphatha izilwanyana ngendlela enoxanduva kunye nolawulo lwezinambuzane olusebenzayo. Ukwazisa kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko asebenzayo zezona ndlela zilungileyo zokuzikhusela, kwaye eNirogi Lanka , sizimisele ukukugcina unolwazi.

INirogi Lanka Iithegi: Ubhubhani, Ukufa Okumnyama, IYersinia pestis, Ubhubhani weBubonic, Ubhubhani weSepticemic, Ubhubhani wePneumonic, Iintakumba, Ubhubhani, Iimpawu, Unyango