Oko kufuneka ukwazi ngeSifo!

Usenokuba ukhe weva nge-'Plague' okanye 'Epidemic' kwiincwadi zembali kunye namabali. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba ubhubhane wawuyingozi kangakanani ngelo xesha, akunjalo? Kodwa ubusazi na ukuba lo bhubhane usaxelwa kwamanye amazwe ehlabathi? Kodwa awukabi mkhulu kangako njengoko wawunjalo ngaphambili. Namhlanje, masithethe ngale nto ngokweenkcukacha ezithe vetshe , kuba kubalulekile ukuba wonke umntu azi ngezinto ezinjalo.

Yintoni kanye kanye iPlague?

Ngamafutshane, iPlague sisifo esibangelwa lusulelo lwebhaktheriya . Sibangelwa luhlobo lwebhaktheriya ebizwa ngokuba yiYersinia pestis. Sichazwa njengesifo sezilwanyana. Oku kuthetha ukuba esi sifo sinokudluliselwa kwizilwanyana siye ebantwini, kwaye sisuka ebantwini siye kwizilwanyana. Sidla ngokusasazeka sisinambuzane, esifana nentakumba, esilume isilwanyana esinesifo saze saluma umntu.

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zesifo esibulalayo. Uhlobo olufumanayo luxhomekeke ekubeni intsholongwane yeYersinia pestis ichaphazeleka phi emzimbeni wakho.

1. Isifo se-Bubonic: Oku kuchaphazela ii-lymph nodes zakho.

2. Ubhubhane weSepticemic: Kule nto, iintsholongwane zingena egazini lakho.

3. Isifo semiphunga: Oku kuchaphazela imiphunga yakho.

Ingaba igama elithi Plague lisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje?

Ewe, sisasebenzisa igama elithi "Plague" kwesi sifo esibangelwa yintsholongwane iYersinia pestis. Kodwa amaxesha amaninzi sibhekisela kuso ngohlobo olukhankanyiweyo ngaphambili. Oko kukuthi, isifo se-bubonic, isifo se-septic, okanye isifo se-pneumonic.

Ngaba iSifo Sisekhona ngokwenene?

Ewe, esi sifo asikapheli ehlabathini. Sixhaphake kakhulu kwezinye iindawo zaseAfrika . Kwakhona, amatyala amaninzi axelwa minyaka le eAsia, eMzantsi Melika, nase-United States. Ke ngoko, esi asisosifo esinokulibaleka ngokupheleleyo.

Ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga neentlobo ezintathu zesibetho

Ngoku makhe sijonge ezi ntlobo zintathu zezibetho ngokwahlukeneyo.

1. Isifo seBubonic, esichaphazela ii-lymph nodes

Olu lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwesibetho. Lukwasindisa ubomi ngakumbi kunezinye iintlobo ezimbini. Ukuba unyango olusebenzisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane luqalwa ngokukhawuleza, kukho amathuba angama-95% okuchacha.

Xa uneBubonic Plague, i-lymph nodes yakho enye okanye ezingaphezulu ziyadumba kabuhlungu . Ezi lymph nodes zidumbileyo zibizwa ngokuba zii-buboes. Zidla ngokudumba kwiindawo ze-lymph kufutshane nendawo yokulunywa zii-fleas ezinentsholongwane. Umzekelo, ukuba i-fleas ikulumile umlenze, iindawo ze-lymph ezikwi-groin yakho zinokudumba.

2. Isifo seSepticemic (esichaphazela igazi)

Isifo seSepticemic senzeka xa intsholongwane iYersinia pestis ingena egazini lakho. Oku kuyingozi kakhulu kuba intsholongwane ihamba egazini lakho ize iqale ukutshabalalisa izicubu zakho. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiimeko ezinzulu ezifana ne-gangrene (ukufa kwezicubu kunye nokujika zibe mnyama) kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwamalungu omzimba.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthi ziphuhlise ngazo iSepticemic Plague:

• Ngokulunywa yintakumba enesifo.
• Ngokufumana ulwelo lomzimba (umz. igazi) oluvela kwisilwanyana esineentsholongwane lungena emzimbeni wakho ngokuqhekeka kwesikhumba sakho.
• Usulelo lwesifo esibulalayo kwenye indawo emzimbeni (umz. isifo se-bubonic) luba nzima ngakumbi kwaye iintsholongwane zingena egazini (oku kubizwa ngokuba 'lusulelo lwesibini').

3. Isifo sePneumonic Plague, esichaphazela imiphunga

Isifo semiphunga senzeka xa intsholongwane iYersinia pestis ingena emiphungeni yakho. Esi sesona singaqhelekanga kwiintlobo ezintathu zesifo, kwaye sikwayingozi kakhulu .

Isifo semiphunga sisasazeka ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye, njengomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo, ngokukhohlela nokuthimla . Sinokubangelwa kukudibana ngokusondeleyo nezilwanyana ezinesi sifo okanye kukusasazwa kwesifo semiphunga kwenye indawo emzimbeni (usulelo lwesibini).

Olu hlobo lubangela i-pneumonia enzima kunye nokusilela kokuphefumla. Ukuba alunyangwa ngokukhawuleza, kukho amathuba aphezulu okufa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.

Yintoni umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweBubonic kunye nePneumonic Plague?

Zombini ezi ntlobo zibangelwa yintsholongwane efanayo, iYersinia pestis. Nangona kunjalo, iBubonic Plague sisifo sebhaktiriya esenzeka kwii-lymph nodes zakho. I-Pneumonic Plague sisifo sebhaktiriya esenzeka emiphungeni yakho. Umahluko ophambili yinxalenye yomzimba enesifo.

Ngubani onokuba nethuba elikhulu lokufumana esi sifo?

Isifo sobhubhani sichaphazela kakhulu abantu abahlala kumazwe aliqela eAfrika, ingakumbi kumazwe afana neMadagascar kunye neDemocratic Republic of the Congo .

Ukongeza, amatyala axelwa minyaka le eMelika naseAsia. E-United States, axhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo zasemaphandleni zamazwe asentshona. Abantu abasebenza nezilwanyana, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezaziwa ngokuba nesifo esibulalayo, basengozini enkulu yokufumana esi sifo.

Ixhaphake kangakanani isifo esibulalayo?

Ubhubhane usaqhubeka, nangona ungasabonakali kangako njengangaphambili. Kodwa ngoku awusafumaneki lula.. Ehlabathini lonke, phakathi kwe-1,000 kunye ne-2,000 yeziganeko zesifo esibulalayo zibikwa minyaka le. E-United States, zimbalwa nje iimeko ezisixhenxe ezibikwa minyaka le. Ngoko ke, akukho mfuneko yokoyika ngokugqithisileyo, kodwa ulwazi lubalulekile.

Isifo sofuba siwuchaphazela njani umzimba?

Xa intsholongwane ethi `Yersinia pestis` ingena emzimbeni wakho, iqala izifihle kwinkqubo yakho yokuzikhusela . Oku kuyivumela ukuba yande ngokukhululekileyo kwaye isasazeke emzimbeni wakho wonke. Xa intsholongwane ingena kwiseli, ikhupha 'ityhefu' ebulala iseli.

Ngale ndlela, intsholongwane ethi `Yersinia pestis` inokwenza oku kulandelayo:

• Sulela ii-lymph nodes zakho (i-bubonic plague), ebangela ukudumba okukhulu okubizwa ngokuba yi-'buboes'.
• Ngena egazini lakho (isifo se-septic), esinokonakalisa amalungu omzimba wakho.
• Ngena emiphungeni yakho (isifo se-pneumonia), esinokubangela ukudumba okukhulu kunye nobunzima bokuphefumla.

Yeyiphi eyona ndyikitya inkulu kwimbali?

Isifo esibi kakhulu kwimbali sithathwa njengeso sasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eAsia, naseMntla Afrika phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1300 . Ngelo xesha, izigidi zabantu zafa ngenxa yaso. Esinye sezizathu zoku kukuba abantu babesengozini enkulu yezifo ngenxa yokungabikho kococeko kunye nokunqongophala kokutya ngelo xesha. Sasasazeka ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye ngeendlela zorhwebo.

Amaxesha amaninzi, xa umntu ethetha "ngesifo esibulalayo," uthetha ngolu bhubhane. Lukwabizwa ngokuba yi "Black Death."

Zithini iimpawu zePlague?

Ezinye iimpawu zesifo sombefu ziqhelekile kuzo zonke iintlobo. Kukwakho neempawu ezitshintshatshintshayo ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni unesifo sombefu, isifo segazi, okanye isifo semiphunga.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo:

• Ifiva
• Ukugodola
• Intloko ebuhlungu kunye nomzimba obuhlungu
• Ubuthathaka kunye nokudinwa kakhulu (Ukudinwa)
• Isiyezi
• Isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza kunye norhudo

Iimpawu ezithile:

• Ubhubhani: Ii-lymph nodes ezidumbileyo nezibuhlungu (ii-buboes).
• Ubhubhani weSepticemic: Intlungu yesisu, ukopha empumlweni, emlonyeni, okanye phantsi kolusu. Ngamanye amaxesha iminwe, izandla, kunye neenyawo zinokuba mnyama (`gangrene`).
• Isifo se-Pneumonic: Ubunzima bokuphefumla, iintlungu zesifuba, ukukhwehlela, kunye ne-phlegm enegazi okanye enamanzi.

Ibonakala njani isifo xa sisenzeka?

Inkangeleko yesibetho iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni leliphi na ilungu lomzimba wakho elichaphazelekileyo.

Ubhubhani weSepticemiaI-gangrene inokwenzeka. Izicubu zakho ziyafa. Iminwe yakho, izandla, iinzwane, imilenze, okanye ezinye iindawo zomzimba zinokuba mnyama .

Ukuba unesifo se-bubonic plague , uza kubona i-lymph nodes enye okanye ezingaphezulu ezinkulu kakhulu, ezibonakala ngokucacileyo, ezivuvukileyo . Abantu abaninzi basebenzisa imizobo yamandulo ukubonisa isifo se-bubonic plague, kodwa abantu abakuloo mizobo babonakala benezilonda emizimbeni yabo yonke. Asikuko oko isifo esibonakala sinjalo ngokwenene. (Ezo mifanekiso zidumileyo zihlala zibonisa "i-smallpox" okanye "iqhenqa.")

Yintoni ebangela esi sifo?

Isifo sobhubhani sibangelwa yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yiYersinia pestis. Iimpuku nezinye izilwanyana zithwala intsholongwane iY. pestis. Kodwa abantu bosulelwa kukulunywa zizinambuzane, ezifana neentakumba okanye iintwala , ezithwala intsholongwane. Intsholongwane iY. pestis ingena kwi-lymph nodes yakho, egazini, okanye emiphungeni ize ikugulise.

Isifo esidluliselwa njani?

Iibhaktheriya ezibangela isifo esibulalayo, i-'Y. pestis', zinokudluliselwa zisuka kwizilwanyana ziye ebantwini okanye kwabanye abantu. Ungafumana isifo esibulalayo ngezi ndlela:

• Ukusuka kwiimpukane okanye ukulunywa ziintwala: Ukuba iimpukane elume iimpuku okanye esinye isilwanyana esosulelwe yi-'Y. pestis' iyakuluma.
• Ukusuka ngqo kwisilwanyana esisulelekileyo: Ngokudibana nolwelo okanye izicubu zomzimba (umz. igazi, inyama) zesilwanyana esisulelekileyo.
• Kumntu ongomnye: Ukuba umntu unebhaktheriya ethi `Y. pestis` emiphungeni yakhe (pneumonic plague), ungasuleleka ukuba uyakhohlela okanye uthimla.

Izilwanyana nazo zinokufumana isifo esibangelwa zezinye izilwanyana.

Zeziphi izilwanyana ezizala isifo esibulalayo?

Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba ziimpuku kuphela ezinokusasaza isifo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izilwanyana ezininzi zinokuthwala kwaye zisasaze isifo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ohlala kuyo, izilwanyana ezinokuthi zifumane isifo zinokwahluka. Uphando lubonise ukuba esi sifo sinokuchaphazela ezi zilwanyana:

• Iimpuku: Izilwanyana ezifana neempuku, izinja zasezintabeni, iisquirrels, iigerbils, kunye neeguinea pigs.
• Ezinye izilwanyana ezincinci ezincancisayo.
• Izinja neekati zigcinwa emakhaya. (Ewe, izilwanyana zethu zasekhaya nazo zingayifumana le nto!)
• Inyamakazi.
• Ikamela.

Ngaba isifo iPlague sisifo esosulelayo?

Isifo se-Bubonic kunye nesifo se-septic azidluliselwa ngqo ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye. Oko kuthetha ukuba awuyi kugula ngokuchukumisa okanye ukuthetha nomntu onazo (lumkela iintakumba!).

Nangona kunjalo, isifo se-pneumonia siyasulela. Sisasazeka xa umntu onesifo se-pneumonia ekhohlela, ethimla, aze asondelelane naye.Ingadluliselwa ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye. Isasazeka njengomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo, kodwa iziphumo zimbi kakhulu.

Ngaba iPlague yintsholongwane?

Hayi, iPlague ayisiyontsholongwane. Ibangelwa yintsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yiYersinia pestis.

Indlela yokubona isifo esibulalayo?

Uphawu oluqhelekileyo lwesifo se-bubonic yi-lymph node evuvukileyo nebuhlungu ebizwa ngokuba yi-'bubo.' Ukuba ulunywe yintakumba okanye une-'bubo,' ugqirha wakho unokurhanela ukuba esi sifo sibangelwa yintakumba.

Xa usiya kugqirha, qiniseka ukuba uthethe la mazwi:

• Ukuba uhlala kwindawo enesifo sosulelo lwesifo, okanye usandul’ ukuya kuloo ndawo.
• Unentakumba.
• Ukuba ukhe wachukumisa izilwanyana ocinga ukuba zinokuba zosulelekile.
• Ukuba une-lymph nodes enye okanye ezingaphezulu ezibuhlungu nezidumbileyo emzimbeni wakho.

Uvavanyo lokuxilonga

Ukuze axilonge isifo esibangelwa yintsholongwane, ugqirha wakho uza kuthatha isampuli yegazi lakho, i-sputum, okanye ulwelo oluvela kwi-lymph node aze aluthumele kwilebhu ukuze ajonge iimpawu zebhaktheriya ye-Y. pestis.

Iphathwa njani iPhoso?

Kubalulekile ukunyanga isifo esibangelwa ziintsholongwane ngokukhawuleza.

Ugqirha wakho uza kukunika amayeza ngemithambo yegazi (i-IV) okanye njengepilisi. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zakho kunye nezinto ezikubangela umngcipheko, ungaqaliswa ukusebenzisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane ngaphambi kokuba iziphumo zovavanyo zifike. Ixesha libaluleke kakhulu.

Liliphi iyeza elisetyenziswayo?

Isifo sePlague sinyangwa ngee-antibiotics zomlomo okanye ezifakwa kwimithambo. Ugqirha wakho angakunika enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezi antibiotics:

• `I-Ciprofloxacin`
• `Levofloxacin`
• `I-Moxifloxacin`
• `I-Doxycycline ( iDoxycycline ( iDoxycycline ( iDoxycycline) )`
• `IGentamicin`
• 'I-Streptomycin'
• `I-Chloramphenicol`
• `I-Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole`

Ungazikhusela njani kwisifo esibulalayo?

Unganciphisa umngcipheko wokuba nesifo esibulalayo ngokuphepha ukulunywa ziintakumba nangokulumka xa usebenza nezilwanyana ezinokuba zosulelekile.

Nazi ezinye izinto onokuzenza:

• Coca iindawo apho izilwanyana zasendle zinokwenza khona amakhaya (umz., iimfumba zeenkuni, inkunkuma, amatyholo).
• Musa ukushiyela ngaphandle ukutya kwezilwanyana zasekhaya, kwaye musa ukuzondla izilwanyana zasendle. Izilwanyana ezifana neempuku ziya kuza emva kokubona ezi.
• Xa ungaphandle, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinamahlathi, sebenzisa isitshizi sezinambuzane esine-DEET.
• Buza ugqirha wezilwanyana wesilwanyana sakho ngeendlela zokuzikhusela kwiintakumba. Izilwanyana zasekhaya, kuquka izinja neekati, nazo zinokuba nesifo esibulalayo.
• Ukuba uphatha izilwanyana (eziphilayo okanye ezifileyo) ocinga ukuba zinokuba zosulelekile, qiniseka ukuba unxibe iiglavu.
• Ukuba uhlala kwindawo enesifo esibulalayo, musa ukuvumela izilwanyana zakho zasekhaya zizulazule ngaphandle.
• Ukuba ucinga ukuba ukhe wachaphazeleka sesi sifo, buza ugqirha wakho ukuba kufuneka uthathe amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane ukuze ungaguli.

Ngaba ikho indlela yokugonya esi sifo?

Amayeza okugonya awasetyenziswa kakhulu ukukhusela isifo esibulalayo. Oososayensi okwangoku basebenza ekuphuhliseni amayeza okugonya isifo esibulalayo asebenza ngakumbi.

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni xa kukho isifo esibulalayo?

Ukuba unesifo sofuba, kufuneka ufumane unyango ngoko nangoko. Nangona amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane esebenza kakuhle, unethuba elihle lokuchacha ukuba uqala ukuthatha amayeza kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuba iimpawu ziqalile . Unganikwa neoksijini okanye olunye unyango lokulawula iimpawu zakho.

Ihlala ixesha elingakanani le ngxaki?

Ngonyango, kufuneka uqale uzive ungcono kwiveki enye okanye ezimbini. Ii-Buboes (ii-lymph nodes ezidumbileyo) ezibangelwa yi-bubonic plague zingathatha iiveki ezininzi ukuba ziphiliswe.

Iingxaki ezibangelwa yisifo esibulalayo

Iingxaki ezininzi zesifo sobhubhani zenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinokubeka ubomi esichengeni . Ezinye zazo ziquka:

• Ukufa kwezicubu kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamalungu omzimba ngenxa yesifo sokubola.
• Ukudumba kwee-membrane ezigubungela ubuchopho (i-meningitis).
• Ukusilela kwamalungu omzimba angaphakathi.
• Ukungaphumeleli kokuphefumla.

Ungawuphepha njani lo Mbhubhani?

Unyango olukhawulezileyo ngee-antibiotics yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuthintela esi sifo. Ngonyango olukhawulezileyo, malunga nama-90% ezigulana ezineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zesi sifo ziyasinda.

Lingakanani izinga lokufa kwesi sifo?

Ukuba ayinyangwa, isifo esibulalayo sidla ngokubulala. Xa kunyangwa, izinga lokufa ngenxa yesifo esibangelwa yi-bubonic plague liphakathi kwe-5% ne-15%. Kwisifo esibangelwa yi-pneumonia kunye ne-septic plague, izinga lokufa limalunga ne-50%. Ngoko ke, uyabona ukuba unyango lwasekuqaleni lubaluleke kangakanani, akunjalo?

Ufanele uye nini kugqirha?

Ukuba ufumana naziphi na kwezi mpawu , funa ingcebiso kagqirha ngoko nangoko :

• Ukuba ucinga ukuba ukhe wachaphazeleka yisifo esibulalayo.
• Ukuba uhlala kwindawo enesifo sobhubhane, okanye usandul’ ukuya kwenye, kwaye ngoku uneempawu zobhubhane.

Ndingayibuza yiphi imibuzo ugqirha wam?

• "Ukuba ndicinga ukuba ndikhe ndachaphazeleka yintsholongwane, ngaba ndifanele ndithathe amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane?"
• "Ngaba kuya kufuneka ndihlale esibhedlele ndifumane unyango, okanye ndingafumana unyango ekhaya?"
• "Zeziphi iimpawu ezintsha okanye ezitshintshayo endifanele ndizijonge?"

Iindyikitya ezinkulu ezibangelwa yisifo esibulalayo kwimbali

Kukho izifo ezintathu ezidumileyo ezibangelwe yiNtsholongwane kwimbali:

1. Ubhubhani kaJustinian: Ukususela malunga nowama-541 AD, bekukho amaza amaninzi ezifo. Nangona kunzima ukutsho ngokuthe ngqo ukuba bangaphi abantu abafayo, kukholelwa ukuba olu bhubhani lubulale amashumi ezigidi zabantu.

2. Ukufa Okumnyama: Kwaqala ngo-1348. Malunga nabantu abazizigidi ezingama-25 bafa eYurophu kuphela.

3. Ubhubhane wesithathu: Oku kwasasazeka kulo lonke ilizwekazi ngaphandle kweAntarctica. Kwabulala abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-12 eIndiya naseTshayina kuphela.

Okokugqibela, khumbula oku.

Ngaphambili, isifo esibulalayo sabulala izigidi zabantu. Esi sifo sisaphila nanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yococeko lwanamhlanje kunye neentsholongwane, inani labantu ababulawa siso ngoku liphantsi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukufumana unyango ngokukhawuleza .

Ukuba umntu uthi kuwe, "Ndiyiphepha loo nto njengobhubhani," ungamvuyisa ngokuphatha kwakhe izilwanyana ngokukhuselekileyo kunye namaqhinga okulawula iintakumba! Kuba ukwazi nokuthatha amanyathelo okhuseleko zezona zinto zibalulekileyo.

"Ubhubhani, ubhubhane, iYersinia pestis, ubhubhani we-bubonic, ubhubhani we-septic, ubhubhani we-pneumonic, iintakumba, izifo ezibulalayo, iimpawu, unyango