Mhlawumbi ukhe weva kootatomkhulu bakho malunga "nesifo esikhulu" sangaphambili. Yi-smallpox leyo. Abantu babesoyika kakhulu i-smallpox ngelo xesha kangangokuba babecinga ukuba luphawu lokufa. Kodwa sinethamsanqa namhlanje, kuba esi sifo sibi asisekho emhlabeni. Ngoko masithethe namhlanje malunga nokuba yintoni i-smallpox, indlela eyapheliswa ngayo, kunye nesizathu sokuba kubalulekile ukwazi ngayo.
Yintoni kanye kanye i-smallpox?
Ngamafutshane, i-smallpox sisifo esibi kakhulu nesisasazekayo esasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo. Xa sisenzeka, sibangela ukuba kuvele amaqhuqhuva (iipustules) agcwele amanzi, agcwele ubovu, aqinileyo, afana namatye emzimbeni wonke. Emva kokuba la maqhuqhuva omile, amanxeba anzulu ahlala ubomi bonke. Akuphelelanga apho, kodwa malunga nomntu omnye kwabathathu abafumene esi sifo wafa . Khawuthelekelele indlela okwakubi ngayo oko. Izigidi zabantu zafa ngenxa yesi sifo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1960, i-World Health Organisation (WHO) ibisebenza nawo onke amazwe ehlabathini ukuphelisa esi sifo. Ngokugonya nokulawula esi sifo, lo mzamo mkhulu uye waphumelela. Ngo-1980, kwabhengezwa ngokusesikweni ukuba i-smallpox isusiwe ngokupheleleyo kwihlabathi . Ityala lokugqibela lesifo elivele ngokwendalo laxelwa ngo-1977.
Ngoku ke i-smallpox ayisekho naphi na emhlabeni?
Hayi. I-smallpox ayisasasazeki ngokwendalo ebantwini. Akukabikho nalinye ityala le-smallpox elibikiweyo kwihlabathi liphela kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-45.
Le yenye yezona mpumelelo zibalaseleyo kwimbali yezonyango kunye nempilo yoluntu. Kuyamangalisa ngokwenene ukuba abantu badibene, basebenzisane, kwaye basusa isifo esibulalayo kwihlabathi.
Nangona kunjalo, iisampulu zentsholongwane ebangela i-smallpox, i-Variola virus, zigcinwe phantsi kokhuseleko oluqinileyo kwiilabhoratri ezimbini eMelika naseRashiya ngeenjongo zophando kuphela.
Sisoyise njani esi sifo sibi kangaka?
I-smallpox yapheliswa ngenxa yezinto ezininzi. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukukuqonda.
- Abantu abachaphazelekileyo kuphela: Esi sifo sichaphazele abantu kuphela. Asizange sidluliselwe ngezinye iindlela, njengezilwanyana okanye iingcongconi. Ngenxa yoko, esi sifo kwakulula ukusilawula.
- Kulula ukuyiqonda: Wonke umntu onesifo seengcongconi waba neempawu. Ingakumbi ngenxa yerhashalala ephawulekayo, kwakulula ukuchonga umntu onesifo. Kwakungekho bantu bathwala iimpawu ababengazi ukuba banaso esi sifo kwaye babenokusisasaza kwabanye.
- Sasaza kancinci kancinci:Esi sifo saqala ukusasazeka xa isigulane sasigula kakhulu kwaye singakwazi ukuhambahamba. Ke ngoko, esi sifo sidla ngokusasazeka kuphela ngokusondelana, njengaphakathi kwabantu abahlala kwikhaya elinye.
- Indlela "yokugonya ngeRing": Ngenxa yokuba esi sifo sisasazeka kuphela kubantu abasondeleyo, amagosa ezempilo akwazile ukufumana ngokukhawuleza wonke umntu odibene nesigulana (amalungu osapho, abamelwane) aze abagonye. Oku kwakubizwa ngokuba "kukugonya ngering." Oku kwamisa isifo ukuba singasasazeki ngaphaya kwaloo ndawo.
- Ukuzikhusela komzimba kwangaphambili: Ngenxa yokuba esi sifo besikhona kangangeminyaka engamawaka, abanye abantu babesele bephilile kwesi sifo kwaye benokuzikhusela komzimba kwendalo. Ngenxa yoko, bambalwa abantu ababefuna ukugonywa ukuze bathintele ukusasazeka kwesi sifo.
Zithini iimpawu ze-smallpox?
Iimpawu ze-smallpox zivela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Kubalulekile ukwazi oku ngokuchanekileyo.
| Uphawu | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| Iimpawu zokuqala | Ihlala iintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezine. Ibangela umkhuhlane ophezulu, intloko ebuhlungu kakhulu, umqolo obuhlungu, isisu esibuhlungu, ukudinwa kakhulu kunye nobuthathaka, kunye nokuhlanza. |
| Urhawuzelelo | Okokuqala iqala emlonyeni nasebusweni, ize isasazeke emzimbeni wonke. |
| Amadyungudyungu kunye nokubiliswa | Amabala abomvu okuqala ajika abe zizilonda, aze abe ngamaqhuqhuva aqinileyo nanamaqhuqhuva (iipustules). La maqhuqhuva azaliswa bubomvu. |
Iimpawu zokuqala, ezinje ngomkhuhlane kunye nentloko ebuhlungu, zihlala iintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu. Umkhuhlane ungaqhubeka nokuba sele uvele urhawuzelelo. Urhawuzelelo luhamba ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo.
Amanqanaba oPhuhliso lwe-Rash
I-smallpox sisifo esikhethekileyo kakhulu. Makhe sijonge amanqanaba aso.
| Iqonga | Kwenzekani? |
|---|---|
| 1. Ukukhawuleza Kwangoko | Emva kweempawu zokuqala, kuvela amabala abomvu elulwimini, ngaphakathi emlonyeni, nasemqaleni. La mabala aba zizilonda namadyungudyungu. Kulapho isifo sisasazeka khona kakhulu. |
| 2. Ukusasaza irhashalala | Emva kokuba izilonda zivele emlonyeni, irhashalala isasazeka ebusweni, ize iye ezingalweni, emilenzeni, esifubeni nasemqolo. Kwisithuba sosuku olunye, umzimba wonke, kuquka iintende zezandla kunye neenyawo, ugqunywe yirhashalala. |
| 3. Iimbotyi | Amaqhuma eluswini aqala ukuzaliswa lulwelo olujiyileyo (ububomvu). Emva kweentsuku ezimbini, la maqhuma aba manzi kakhulu. La maqhuma angqukuva kwaye aqinile. |
| 4. Amaxolo | Kwiintsuku ezili-10 ezizayo, kuvela amaqhuqhuva arhabaxa kumaqhuqhuva avuvukileyo. |
| 5. Ukuxobuka kwamaxolo | Emva kweveki, la maxolo asuka nganye nganye, kodwa ashiya amanxeba anzulu, ahlala ixesha elide apho ebekho khona. |
Ngaba bekukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-smallpox?
Ewe, bekukho iintlobo ezininzi eziphambili ze-smallpox, nganye inobunzima obahlukeneyo.
- Ingqakaqa eqhelekileyo: Olu yayilolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo. Malunga nama-85% ezigulane zazinalo olu hlobo. Zonke iimpawu esizixubushe ngasentla zezolu hlobo. Umntu omnye kwabathathu abalufumeneyo wasweleka.
- Uhlobo lwe-smallpox oluguquliweyo: Olu hlobo luye lwabikwa kwabanye abantu ababefumene ugonyo lwe-smallpox ngaphambili. Iimpawu ziyafana nezo ze-smallpox eqhelekileyo, kodwa amaqhakuva awabi mandundu kangako kwaye esi sifo siphela ngokukhawuleza. Inani labafayo kolu hlobo liphantsi kakhulu.
- I-smallpox yohlobo oluthe tyaba:Olu luhlobo olunzima kakhulu. Iimpawu zokuqala zinzima kakhulu. Amadyungudyungu awaqini okanye azale bubomvu. Endaweni yoko, ayahlangana aze enze irhashalala ethe tyaba nethambileyo. Oku kuxhaphake kakhulu ebantwaneni. Ukuba olu hlobo luvela, ukufa kuya kuqikelelwa.
- I-smallpox ephuma igazi: Uhlobo olubi kakhulu, oluxhaphakileyo kubafazi abakhulelweyo. Iimpawu zokuqala zinzima kakhulu. Amadyungudyungu awapheli, kodwa endaweni yoko, igazi liqala ukuphuma ngaphantsi kolusu. Oku kubangela ukuba ulusu lube mnyama kwaye lubonakale lutshile. Izitho zangaphakathi nazo zinokopha. Olu hlobo luqinisekile ukuba luza kubangela ukufa.
Masithethe kancinci ngesitofu sokugonya i-smallpox.
Ugonyo lwe-smallpox lubaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yezonyango.
Ugonyo lokuqala emhlabeni olwaphuhliswayo lwesifo yayilolwe-smallpox.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, ugqirha ogama linguEdward Jenner waphawula ukuba abafazi abancancisa iinkomo ezine-cowpox abazange babe nesifo esibulalayo se-smallpox. I-Cowpox sisifo esincinci, kodwa asibulali, esichaphazela abantu.
Uvavanye oku waza wakuqinisekisa. Ekubeni intsholongwane ye-cowpox kunye nentsholongwane ye-smallpox zifana kakhulu, ii-antibodies eziveliswa ngumzimba xa ufumana i-cowpox zikwakhusela kwintsholongwane ye-smallpox. Ngoko ke wanika umntu ophilileyo ulwelo oluthathwe kwi-blister yomguli we-cowpox, kwaye loo mntu wakhuseleka kwi-smallpox. Igama elithi "gonyo" livela kwigama lesiLatini elithi "Vacca", elithetha "inkomo".
Isilonda sokugonyelwa i-smallpox
Ngaba wakha wabona isilonda esingqukuva, esincinci, esiphakanyisiweyo engalweni engasentla kamakhulu wakho okanye katatomkhulu wakho? Lelo sisilonda esenzeka emva kokuba kunikwe isitofu se-smallpox. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izitofu, isitofu se-smallpox sinikwa ngokuhlaba ulusu ngenaliti enencam eqhekekileyo. Inxeba elincinci lenzeka apho, kuvela i-blister, kwaye emva koko isilonda sihlala xa siphola. Emva kowe-1972, esi sitofu sayekiswa naseSri Lanka.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-smallpox, i-chickenpox kunye ne-Mpox?
Le yinto edida abantu abaninzi.
- Ingqakaqa: Esi sisifo esibulalayo esibangelwa yintsholongwane iVariola, esisele sitshatyalalisiwe kwihlabathi liphela ngoku.
- I-Mpox (eyayisakuba yiMonkeypox): Le yiqela elifanayo leentsholongwane njenge-smallpox, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Orthopoxvirus. Nangona iimpawu zifana kancinci ne-smallpox, i-Mpox ayinzima njenge-smallpox.
- I-Chickenpox: Esi sisifo esibangelwa yintsholongwane eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo (i-`Varicella-zoster` virus). Nangona igama elithi "i-pox" lithetha ngayo, ayinanto yakwenza ne-smallpox. Ama-blister e-chickenpox adla ngokungashiyi amanxeba (ngaphandle kokuba akrwelwe).
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-Smallpox sisifo esibi kakhulu nesasulelayo esabulala izigidi zabantu kwixesha elidlulileyo.
- Esi sifo satshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwihlabathi liphela ngo-1980 , ngenxa yenkqubo enkulu yokugonya eyaqaliswa phantsi kobunkokeli be-World Health Organisation.
- Oku kuthathwa njengenye yezona mpumelelo zibalaseleyo kwimpilo yoluntu kwimbali yoluntu.
- Namhlanje, i-smallpox ayifumaneki ngokwemvelo naphi na emhlabeni, ngoko akukho mfuneko yokuba noloyiko olungeyomfuneko ngayo.
- Impumelelo yokupheliswa kwe-smallpox isifundisa ukuba nezona zifo ziyingozi kakhulu zinokoyiswa ngesayensi, ukuzinikela, kunye nentsebenziswano yehlabathi.
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