Uyazazi yini umdlavuza womlomo? Ake sixoxe ngakho!

Wake wezwa ngomdlavuza womlomo? Kungenzeka ukuthi wesaba kancane lapho uzwa igama. Kodwa-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda kahle lokhu. Ngoba uma kutholakala kusenesikhathi, kulula ukukwelapha futhi kungelapheka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sizokhuluma ngalo mdlavuza womlomo ngokuningiliziwe.

Uyini umdlavuza womlomo? Utholwa ngubani?

Kalula nje, umdlavuza womlomo uhlobo lomdlavuza oluvela olwelwesini lomlomo wakho. Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kungabonakala njengezinkinga ezivamile, njengezindawo ezimhlophe ezindebeni zakho noma ngaphakathi komlomo wakho, noma izilonda eziphuma igazi. Kodwa umehluko ukuthi lezi zinguquko azipholi futhi aziqhubeki. Uma ungelashwa, umdlavuza womlomo ungasakazeka emlonyeni wakho nasemphinjeni, futhi uze usakazeke nakwezinye izingxenye zekhanda lakho nasentanyeni. Ngokwezibalo, cishe abantu abangu-63% abanomdlavuza womlomo basinda eminyakeni emihlanu ngemva kokuxilongwa.

Manje ake sibone ukuthi obani abanamathuba amaningi okuthola umdlavuza womlomo. Ngokwesilinganiso, cishe abantu abayishumi nanye kwabayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu bangaba nalesi simo empilweni yabo. Ezimweni eziningi, amadoda anamathuba amancane okuthola lesi sifo kunabesifazane. Futhi, kuthiwa abantu abamhlophe banamathuba amaningi okuthola lolu hlobo lomdlavuza kunabantu abamnyama.

Umdlavuza womlomo uwuthinta kanjani umzimba?

Umdlavuza womlomo uthinta kuphi ngempela? Ikakhulukazi umlomo wakho kanye nezingxenye ezithile zomphimbo wakho. Ngokwezokwelapha, uthinta izindawo ezibizwa ngokuthi 'umgodi womlomo' (`(umgodi womlomo)`) kanye '(oropharynx)`). I-oropharynx (`(oropharynx)`) yingxenye ephakathi yomphimbo wakho ongayibona uma uvula umlomo wakho kabanzi, ingxenye yolimi, kanye nengxenye yophahla lomlomo wakho. Uma umdlavuza uvela lapho, siwubiza ngokuthi '(umdlavuza we-oropharyngeal)'. Kodwa kulesi sihloko, sizokhuluma kabanzi ngomdlavuza okhula ngaphakathi komlomo, okungukuthi, '(umgodi womlomo)'.

Yiziphi izingxenye zomlomo?

Ngakho-ke, uma sithi "umlomo ongaphakathi" (oral cavity), ungowani? Cabanga ngakho...

• Izindebe zakho.
• Izinsini zakho.
• Isikhumba esingaphakathi kwezihlathi zakho (sisibiza ngokuthi "ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwezihlathi zakho").
• Ingxenye yesibili kwezintathu yolimi lwakho.
• Iphansi lomlomo wakho (okungukuthi, indawo engaphansi kolimi lwakho).
• Ingxenye yokuqala yophahla lomlomo wakho.
• Indawo engemuva kwamazinyo amabili okugcina (`(amazinyo okuhlakanipha)`).

Yiziphi izimbangela zomdlavuza womlomo?

Kulungile, manje ake sibone ukuthi umdlavuza womlomo uvela kanjani. Kalula nje, sinohlobo lweseli emlonyeni wethu olubizwa ngokuthi "amaseli e-squamous". Lawa amaseli ayisicaba abukeka njengezikali zezinhlanzi uma ebhekwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Amaseli omdlavuza akheka lapho "i-DNA" yalawo "maseli e-squamous" ajwayelekile ishintsha, futhi lawo maseli aqala ukukhula nokuhlukana ngokungalawuleki. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, la maseli omdlavuza angasakazeka kwezinye izingxenye zomlomo, bese efika kwezinye izingxenye zekhanda nentamo, futhi mhlawumbe nakwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Imikhuba nezimbangela ezandisa ingozi

Kunemikhuba ethile nezici ezandisa ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza womlomo. Ubuwazi ukuthi abantu abangu-75% abathola umdlavuza womlomo bahlobene nalezi zinto:

• Ukubhema izinto ezifana nogwayi, ugwayi, namapayipi.
• Ukuhlafuna ugwayi, ukusebenzisa ugwayi onamahlamvu e-betel, nokusebenzisa izinto ezifana ne-"hookah" noma "shisha".
• Ukuphuza kakhulu njalo.
• Ukuhlala elangeni isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwesivikelo sezindebe (isibonelo, ngaphandle kokufaka ngisho "isivikelo selanga").
• Ukutheleleka ngegciwane elithi "Human Papillomavirus" noma elithi "HPV".
• Umlando womndeni womdlavuza womlomo (okungukuthi, isixhumanisi sofuzo).

Kodwa kubalulekile futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi cishe abantu abangu-25% abathola umdlavuza womlomo ababhemi noma banezinye izinto eziyingozi. Ngakho-ke kuhle ngathi sonke ukuqaphela lokhu.

Ziyini izimpawu zomdlavuza womlomo?

Manje ake sibheke izimpawu zomdlavuza womlomo. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zingadidaniswa nezinkinga zomlomo ezivamile. Isibonelo, ungase ubone amabala amhlophe emlonyeni wakho ongakwazi ukuwaklwebha. Lezi zingaba futhi yizimo zangaphambi komdlavuza.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamabala anjengalawa avela emlonyeni nasemphinjeni, futhi ayahlukahluka ngombala:

• I-Leukoplakia: Lawa amabala acwebezelayo amhlophe noma ampunga.
• I-Erythroplakia: Lawa amabala abomvu, ngezinye izikhathi aphakeme kancane, noma ayisicaba. Angase ophe uma eklwejwa.
• I-Erythroleukoplakia: Lawa amabala ayingxube ebomvu nemhlophe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, okulandelayo yizimpawu ezivamile zomdlavuza womlomo:

• Uma unezilonda ezindebeni zakho noma emlonyeni wakho eziphuma igazi kalula futhi ezingapholi ngemva kwamasonto amabili.
• Izinto ezifana nezindebe, izinsini, izindawo ezimahhadla ngaphakathi emlonyeni, kanye nezindawo lapho kuphuma khona amahlumela.
• Uma kukhona ukuphuma kwegazi ngaphakathi emlonyeni ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo.
• Uma uzwa ubuhlungu, ukungabi namizwa, noma ukuzwela ebusweni bakho, entanyeni, noma emlonyeni wakho ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo.
• Uma unenkinga yokuhlafuna, yokugwinya, yokukhuluma, umhlathi wakho ubuhlungu, noma unenkinga yokunyakaza kolimi lwakho.
• Uma wehlisa isisindo ngokungalindelekile (`(Ukulahlekelwa isisindo okungahlosiwe)`).
• Ubuhlungu bendlebe.
• Uma unomoya omubi ongapheli (`(Umoya omubi ongapheli)`).

Umdlavuza womlomo uhlolwa kanjani?

Uma uya kudokotela wamazinyo njalo, angase ahlole izimpawu zomdlavuza womlomo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwakho okuvamile. Uma esola lokhu, angase akwenze izivivinyo eziyisisekelo noma akuthumele kudokotela ohlinzayo womlomo nobuso (`(Udokotela Ohlinzayo Womlomo Nobuso)`) noma udokotela ohlinzayo wekhanda nentamo (`(Udokotela Ohlinzayo Wekhanda Nentamo)`). Laba ochwepheshe babizwa nangokuthi ochwepheshe bezindlebe, impumulo nomphimbo (`(ochwepheshe be-ENT)`).

Nazi ezinye zezivivinyo ezisetshenziswa ukuxilonga umdlavuza womlomo:

• Ukuhlolwa komzimba: Udokotela wakho uzobheka ngaphakathi emlonyeni wakho futhi angase azizwele nomlomo wakho. Bazohlola nekhanda lakho, ubuso, nentamo ukuthola izimpawu zomdlavuza noma izimo ezingaphambi komdlavuza.
• I-brush biopsy (ebizwa nangokuthi i-scrape biopsy noma i-exfoliative cytology): Udokotela usebenzisa ibhulashi elincane noma i-spatula ukuze asuse ngobumnene inani elincane lamaseli endaweni esolisayo. Amaseli abe esehlolwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi anomdlavuza yini.
• Ukuhlolwa kwezicubu: Kulokhu, udokotela ususa ingcezu yezicubu endaweni esolisayo bese ehlola amangqamuzana ukuze abone ukuthi anomdlavuza yini.
• I-laryngoscopy engaqondile kanye ne-pharyngoscopy: Udokotela usebenzisa ithuluzi elinomucu omude elinesibuko esincane esinamathiselwe kulo ukuze abuke umphimbo wakho, isisekelo solimi lwakho, kanye nengxenye ye-larynx yakho (ibhokisi lezwi).
• I-pharyngoscopy eqondile (eguquguqukayo) kanye ne-laryngoscopy: Ngezinye izikhathi i-endoscope isetshenziswa ukubheka ngokujulile emphinjeni nasemlonyeni okungenakubonwa nge-scope. I-endoscope iyipayipi elincane, eliguquguqukayo elinokukhanya kanye nelensi ngaphambili.

Ingabe zikhona izigaba zomdlavuza womlomo?

Yebo, impela. Lezi zivivinyo zisiza ekunqumeni isigaba (`isigaba`) somdlavuza. Isigaba sibhekisela lapho umdlavuza ukukhona, ukuthi ususakazeke kangakanani, nokuthi ngabe ususakazeke ngale kwalapho waqala khona. Lezi zivivinyo ziphinde zibheke ukuthi umdlavuza ususakazeke yini kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Odokotela basebenzisa ulwazi ngalesi sigaba ukuhlela ukwelashwa nokubikezela amathuba okululama.

Umdlavuza womlomo uhlukaniswa ngezigaba kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-TNM.

• Uhlamvu u -T lubhekisela kusayizi nendawo yesimila esiyinhloko.
• Uhlamvu u- N lubonisa ukuthi isimila sisakazekele yini kuma-lymph node.
• Uhlamvu u-M lubonisa ukuthi isimila sisakazeke yini ezingxenyeni ezikude zomzimba (sinomdlavuza).

Izigaba zomdlavuza womlomo ngokuvamile zimi kanje:

• I-TI: Isimila emlonyeni singamasentimitha amabili noma ngaphansi.
• I-T2: Isimila sikhulu kunamasentimitha amabili, kodwa asikhudlwana kunamasentimitha amane.
• I-T3: Isimila sikhulu kunamasentimitha angu-4.

Umdlavuza womlomo welashwa kanjani?

Kunezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zokwelapha umdlavuza womlomo: ukuhlinzwa, ukwelashwa ngemisebe, kanye ne-chemotherapy . Kufanele ukhulume nodokotela wakho ngazo zonke izinketho zakho, imiphumela yazo emibi, kanye nendlela yokuzilawula.

Udokotela ucabangela izici eziningana ngaphambi kokuphakamisa ukwelashwa. Phakathi kwazo kukhona:

• Uhlobo luni lomdlavuza womlomo onalo?
• Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umdlavuza wakho usakazeke kusukela lapho waqala khona waya kwezinye izingxenye zomlomo wakho nomphimbo, noma kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba wakho.
• Impilo yakho iyonke.
• iminyaka yakho.

Yikuphi ukuhlinzwa okwenziwayo ngenxa yomdlavuza womlomo?

Ukuhlinzwa okuvame kakhulu okwenziwa umdlavuza womlomo yile:

• Ukuhlinzwa okuyinhloko kwesimila: Odokotela basusa isimila ngokusikwa emlonyeni noma entanyeni.
• Ukususwa kwe-Glossectomy: Lokhu kuhilela ukususa ingxenye noma lonke ulimi.
• Ukuhlinzwa Kwamathambo Omhlathi (Ukuhlinzwa Kwama-Mandibular): Lokhu ukuhlinzwa okwenziwa uma kukhona umdlavuza emhlathini.
• Ukuhlinzwa kwe-Maxillectomy: Lokhu kuhlinzwa kususa ingxenye noma lonke uphahla olungaphezulu lomlomo (ingxenye emathambo yophahla lomlomo, eyaziwa nangokuthi ulwanga).
• I-Sentinel lymph node biopsy: Lokhu kuhlolwa kungasiza odokotela ukuthola ukuthi umdlavuza ususakazeke ngale kwendawo yokuqala.
• Ukusikwa kwentamo: Lokhu kuhlinzwa kwenziwa ukuze kususwe ama-lymph node entanyeni.
• Ukwakhiwa Kabusha: Ngemva kokuhlinzwa ukuze kususwe inani elikhulu lezicubu, ukuhlinzwa okwakha kabusha kungenziwa ukuze kugcwaliswe isikhala lapho kwakukhona khona isimila noma ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezingxenye zomzimba, njengomlomo, ulimi, ulwanga, noma umhlathi. Ngezinye izikhathi, lokhu kwakhiwa kabusha kuhilela ukuthatha amathambo nezicubu ezinempilo kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha

Odokotela bangasebenzisa nezinye izindlela zokwelapha, kungaba ngokuhlinzwa noma ngokwehlukana.

• Ukwelashwa ngemisebe: Lokhu kusebenzisa imisebe enamandla amakhulu ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza noma ukuwavimba ekukhuleni kwawo. Udokotela wakho angahlanganisa ukwelashwa ngemisebe nezinye izindlela zokwelapha.
• Ukwelashwa okuqondiwe: Lolu hlobo lokwelashwa komdlavuza lusebenzisa izidakamizwa noma ezinye izinto ukuhlonza nokuhlasela izinhlobo ezithile zamangqamuzana omdlavuza ngaphandle kokulimaza amangqamuzana avamile. Ama-antibodies e-monoclonal angamaphrotheni esistimu yomzimba enziwa elabhorethri. Asetshenziselwa ukwelapha umdlavuza.
• Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali: Udokotela angase asebenzise imithi yokulwa nomdlavuza ukubulala amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Lokhu kwelashwa kuthinta izingxenye eziningi zomzimba.
• Ukwelashwa nge-immunotherapy: Lokhu ukwelashwa okusebenzisa amasosha omzimba wakho ukulwa nomdlavuza. Ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa nge-biological.

Yini engenziwa ukuvimbela umdlavuza womlomo?

Umdlavuza womlomo uyisifo esingavinjelwa. Ungaphinde ube negalelo kuso. Ukulandela lawa macebiso kuzokusiza ukuvimbela umdlavuza womlomo:

• Uma usebenzisa ugwayi (ugwayi, i-beedis), uhlafuna ugwayi, noma usebenzisa ipayipi lamanzi, zama ukuyeka noma ukunciphisa. Khuluma nodokotela wakho ngezinhlelo zokuyeka ukubhema.
• Uma uphuza utshwala, phuza ngokulinganisela.
• Uma uphuma elangeni, ungakhohlwa ukusebenzisa "i-UV-AB-blocking sunscreen" ebusweni nasezindebeni zakho.
• Gomela `(i-Human Papillomavirus - HPV)`.
• Yidla ukudla okunempilo.
• Thola ukuhlolwa kwamazinyo njalo. Kungumqondo omuhle ukuhlolwa komdlavuza womlomo okungenani kanye eminyakeni emithathu kubantu abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-20 no-40, kanye njalo ngonyaka ngemva kweminyaka engu-40.

Ngingathola yini ukuthi nginomdlavuza womlomo mina ngokwami?

Uma umdlavuza womlomo utholakala kusenesikhathi, ukukhula noma ukusabalala kwawo kungancishiswa.

Ungazihlola umlomo wakho njalo ngenyanga. Uma ubona noma yini engavamile noma engavamile ngenkathi wenza kanjalo, bheka udokotela wamazinyo ngokushesha. Nansi indlela yokuhlola umlomo wakho, umphimbo, nentamo ukuthola izimpawu zomdlavuza womlomo:

• Zizwa izindebe zakho, ingaphambili lezinsini zakho, kanye nophahla lomlomo wakho.
• Zizwa intamo yakho nangaphansi kwamakhwapha akho ukuze ubone amaqhubu noma ama-lymph node avuvukele.
• Yiya endaweni ekhanyiswe kahle phambi kwesibuko bese ubheka ngaphakathi komlomo wakho.
• Thulisa ikhanda lakho emuva bese ubheka uphahla lomlomo wakho.
• Khipha izihlathi bese ubheka ngaphakathi komlomo, isikhumba ngaphakathi kwezihlathi, kanye nezinsini ngemuva.
• Khipha ulimi lwakho ubheke phezulu, phansi, kanye nezinhlangothi. Khuphula ulimi lwakho kancane kancane ubheke phansi komlomo wakho.

Yini engingayilindela uma nginomdlavuza womlomo?

Umdlavuza womlomo uhlobo lomdlavuza oluvela emlonyeni. Njengezinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza, ukutholakala nokwelashwa kusenesikhathi kunganciphisa ukusabalala komdlavuza womlomo. Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu abelashelwe umdlavuza womlomo bazoba nomdlavuza omusha. Uma uselashelwe umdlavuza womlomo, khuluma nodokotela wakho mayelana nokuhlolwa okulandelayo.

Kwenzekani ngemva kokuqeda ukwelashwa?

Ngemva kokuqeda ukwelashwa komdlavuza womlomo, udokotela wakho uzokunikeza ulwazi mayelana nokuthi ukwelashwa okutholile kuzothinta kanjani impilo yakho yansuku zonke.

Isibonelo, abanye abantu abanomdlavuza womlomo bangelashwa ngempumelelo ngokususwa kwesimila ezindebeni noma emlonyeni. Kodwa-ke, umuntu omdlavuza wakhe usakazeke angadinga ukuhlinzwa okuhlukile, okubanzi, mhlawumbe ngisho nokwakha kabusha ingxenye yomlomo noma umhlathi.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sakho sinjani, kuzodingeka ubone odokotela bakho, okuhlanganisa nodokotela wamazinyo, njalo ukuze bahlolwe (`(ama-aphoyintimenti okulandelela)`).

Kufanele ubonane nini nodokotela?

Uma ubona noma yiziphi izinguquko emlonyeni wakho – izilonda ezintsha ezingapholi ngemva kwamasonto amabili, amabala amabi, njll. – bona udokotela ngokushesha. Kubaluleke kakhulu. Uma uthola ngokushesha, kulapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi ukwelashwa kuphumelele.

Yimiphi imibuzo okufanele ngiyibuze udokotela?

Nazi ezinye zemibuzo evamile ongayibuza udokotela wakho:

• Uyini umehluko phakathi komdlavuza womlomo wangaphambi komdlavuza kanye nomdlavuza womlomo?
• Ingabe isimo sami sesikhashana noma esingamahlalakhona?
• Yini engaba yimbangela yokuthi ngibe nomdlavuza?
• Hlobo luni lokuhlolwa okuzodingeka ngilwenze futhi lwenziwa kanjani?
• Yikuphi ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu?
• Yiziphi ezinye izindlela ongazisebenzisa esikhundleni sendlela eyinhloko oyiphakamisayo?
• Uma kufanele ngihlinzwe, ingabe kuzodingeka ngihlinzwe kabusha?
• Ingabe kufanele ngibone uchwepheshe? Kuzobiza malini, futhi ingabe umshwalense wami uzowukhokhela?
• Yini engingayenza ukuze nginciphise izimpawu zami?
• Yiziphi izinguquko zendlela yokuphila engingazithatha ukuze ngisize ekwelashweni nasekululameni?

Into ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele uyikhumbule! (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Nakuba umdlavuza womlomo uyisifo esibi kakhulu, ungelashwa ngempumelelo uma utholakala kusenesikhathi.

Yingakho kubalulekile ukubona udokotela wamazinyo okungenani kabili ngonyaka futhi uzihlolele umlomo wakho okungenani kanye ngenyanga. Kunezindlela zokuvimbela umdlavuza womlomo. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kulezi ukugwema ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo kagwayi. Kuvamile ukuzizwa wesaba uma uthola ukuthi unomdlavuza. Kodwa khumbula, awuwedwa. Uma udinga usizo lokukhuluma nabangani bakho nomndeni wakho ngomdlavuza wakho womlomo, khuluma nodokotela bakho ngawo. Nakekela impilo yakho, ngoba yinto eyigugu kakhulu onayo!

Umdlavuza Womlomo , Umdlavuza Womlomo, Izimpawu, Izimbangela, Ukwelashwa, Ukuhlinzwa, Ukuvimbela, Ukuzihlola