Ngubani isazi segazi? Ake sifunde ngalokhu!

Wake wezwa ngodokotela wezifo zegazi ( hematologist )? Mhlawumbe udokotela womndeni wakho ukuthumele ukuthi ubonane nochwepheshe onjalo. Uma uzwa lokho, abanye abantu bazizwa besaba futhi besaba kancane, becabanga ukuthi, "O, angazi ukuthi nginesifo esibi yini." Kodwa ingabe ngempela uchwepheshe wezifo zegazi (hematologist) ungumuntu ohlala ebheka izifo ezibi njengomdlavuza? Ake sixoxe ngakho konke lokhu ngokucacile.

Ubani lo `(usosayensi wezifo zegazi)`? Ukucacisa...

Kalula nje, "udokotela we-hematologist" ungudokotela ogxile ezifweni ezihlobene negazi lethu , umongo wamathambo, kanye nohlelo lwe-lymphatic . Lokhu kungenye ingxenye ekhethekile emkhakheni obanzi wezokwelapha obizwa ngokuthi "imithi yangaphakathi." Njengoba nje kukhona odokotela abahlukene abagxile ezinhlelweni ezahlukene emzimbeni wethu, lo ngudokotela ochwepheshe wazo zonke izinto ezihlobene negazi.

Yini eyenziwa yi-`(Hematologist)`?

Laba ochwepheshe basiza ekuxilongeni, ekwelapheni, nasekuphatheni izifo ezahlukahlukene ezithinta amangqamuzana ethu egazi. Ezinye zalezi zifo zegazi zingaba yingozi, okusho ukuthi azinawo umdlavuza. Ezinye zingaba yingozi.

Cabanga ngakho, ezinye izifo zegazi zingaphazamisa ukujikeleza kwegazi lethu, isibonelo, ukuqhekeka kwegazi kungavela. Ezinye izifo nazo zingabangela ukopha okungaphezu kokuvamile. Nakuba lezi zifo ezihlobene negazi kanye nomdlavuza wegazi ngezinye izikhathi zibonisa izimpawu ezincane kakhulu, ezinye ziyizimo ezingathi sína ezingaba yingozi ngisho nokuphila. Yingakho usizo lochwepheshe onjengalona ludingeka.

Ingabe "udokotela wezifo zegazi" kanye "nodokotela womdlavuza" bayinto efanayo?

Lona umbuzo abantu abaningi abanawo. Cha, laba ababili abavamile ukuba ngumuntu ofanayo. Kodwa-ke, "udokotela wezifo zegazi" angaba futhi uchwepheshe womdlavuza "udokotela wezifo zegazi".

Kalula nje:

• Uchwepheshe womdlavuza (`( Udokotela wezifo zomdlavuza ngumuntu oxilonga futhi elapha zonke izinhlobo zomdlavuza.
• Udokotela wegazi ugxila kakhulu ezinkingeni ezithinta igazi lethu kanye nezingxenye zomzimba ezisiza ekukhiqizeni igazi (njengomnkantsha wamathambo kanye nohlelo lwe-lymphatic).

Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukuxhumana okungokwemvelo phakathi kwalezi zinsimu ezimbili. Ngenxa yokuthi iningi lomdlavuza wegazi liqala emangqamuzaneni egazi emnkantsheni wethu wamathambo kanye nohlelo lwe-lymphatic, abanye odokotela banokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kuzo zombili izinsimu (`(Hematology/Oncology)`).

Ingabe ukubona udokotela wegazi kusho ukuthi unomdlavuza?

Cha, akunjalo neze!Lokhu kuyinto okufanele uyikhumbule. Ukuthi nje uthunyelwe kudokotela wegazi akusho ukuthi unomdlavuza .

Odokotela begazi belapha zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga zegazi. Udokotela womndeni wakho angakudlulisela kudokotela wegazi uma unemiphumela engavamile yokuhlolwa kwegazi. Isibonelo, uma unoshintsho ekubalweni kwamaseli egazi lakho noma emazingeni okujiya kwegazi. Khumbula ukuthi le miphumela eyisisekelo yokuhlolwa kwegazi ayilona uphawu lokugula okungathí sina ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Kufanele ngimbone nini udokotela wezifo zegazi?

Udokotela wakho oyinhloko uzokudlulisela kudokotela wegazi uma enomuzwa wokuthi imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwegazi lakho idinga iseluleko esengeziwe sochwepheshe. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwegazi eyisisekelo yodwa ayikwazi ukuhlonza isimo esibucayi. Yingakho kudingeka ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kanye neseluleko sochwepheshe.

Yiziphi izifo zegazi ezivame kakhulu?

Igazi libalulekile ukuze imizimba yethu iphile. Cabanga ngakho:

• Amangqamuzana egazi abomvu athwala umoya-mpilo ezicutshini zomzimba wethu futhi anikeze amandla.
• Amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi asiza amasosha omzimba wethu ukulwa nezifo.
• Ama-platelet asiza ekunciphiseni nasekumiseni ukopha.
• I-plasma uketshezi oluhlanganisa la maseli egazi ndawonye.

Ngakho-ke, uma unesifo segazi, kusho ukuthi ingxenye eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yegazi lakho ayisebenzi kahle. Ezinye izifo zegazi azinawo umdlavuza, kodwa zingaba zimbi kakhulu.

Izifo/izimo zegazi ezingezona ezomdlavuza (ezingemnandi)

Lokhu akuzona izifo zomdlavuza, kodwa izifo ezithinta igazi. Ake sibheke ezinye izibonelo:

• I-anemia : Lokhu kwenzeka uma kungekho amangqamuzana abomvu egazi anele ukuthwala umoya-mpilo emzimbeni wonke. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-anemia, kodwa uhlobo oluvame kakhulu yi-anemia yokuntuleka kwensimbi. Lokhu kungakwenza uzizwe ukhathele ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi ungase uzizwe unesiyezi.
• Isifo sikaVon Willebrand : Lesi yisifo sokuphuma kwegazi esivame kakhulu e-United States.
• I-Hemophilia : Lesi yisifo segazi esizuzwa njengefa. Lokhu kuthinta ikhono legazi lokujiya. Ngisho nokulimala okuncane kungabangela ukopha okukhulu.
• I-anemia ye-sickle cell (`(i-anemia ye-sickle cell)`): Lesi futhi yisifo esizuzwa njengefa. Kulokhu, isimo samaseli abomvu egazi siyashintsha, njengesikela.
• I-Thalassemia : I-Thalassemia nayo iyisifo segazi esizuzwe njengefa. Ithinta ikhono lomzimba lokukhiqiza i-hemoglobin kanye namaseli egazi abomvu anempilo.

Izinhlobo ezivamile zomdlavuza wegazi

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza wegazi. Ngokusho kwe-Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, izinhlobo ezintathu ezivame kakhulu zomdlavuza wegazi yilezi:

• I-Leukemia : Lona umdlavuza wegazi ovame kakhulu e-United States. Futhi uhlobo lomdlavuza oluvame kakhulu ezinganeni nakubantu abadala abasebasha. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi izinga lokusinda iminyaka emihlanu kubantu abalulama kulesi sifo liphindwe kane eminyakeni engama-40 edlule.
• I-Lymphoma : I-Lymphoma ingumdlavuza wesistimu yakho ye-lymphatic. Izinga lokusinda kwabantu abalulama kulesi sifo liphindwe kabili eminyakeni engama-40 edlule.
• I-Myeloma : I-Myeloma umdlavuza oqala emnkantsheni wakho wethambo bese uthinta amangqamuzana e-plasma. Abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye abatholakale bene-myeloma baphila iminyaka emihlanu ngemva kokuxilongwa.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zalo mdlavuza wegazi ngamunye.

Hlobo luni lwemfundo oludingekayo ukuze ube ``(usosayensi wezifo zegazi)``?

Wonke udokotela kumele afunde iminyaka emine esikoleni sezokwelapha ukuze athole iziqu zobudokotela. Ukuze ube "udokotela wezifo zegazi", kumele uqeqeshwe okwengeziwe:

• Iminyaka emithathu yokuqeqeshwa kokuhlala (`(Ukuhlala)`) : Lokhu ukuqeqeshwa kwezokwelapha ngemva kokuphothula. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kwenziwa ngokusebenza neziguli. Odokotela abaningi `(Odokotela begazi)` baqeda lokhu kuqeqeshwa kokuhlala `(Kwezokwelapha Kwangaphakathi)` noma `(Kwezingane`).
• Ubudlelwano: Lesi yisikhathi seminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu sokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile endaweni ethile yezokwelapha. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, odokotela bathola ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kwi-Hematology, noma izifo zegazi. Abanye odokotela benza nokuqeqeshwa kwe-Oncology kanye ne-Hematology.

Izinhlobo Zokuqeqeshwa Kochwepheshe Be-Hematology

Odokotela bangaba ngochwepheshe ezindaweni ezahlukene emkhakheni we-"Hematology":

• Uchwepheshe we-hematology yabantu abadala : Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kukufanelekela ukwelapha izifo zegazi, izifo zomnkantsha wamathambo, kanye nezifo zesimiso se-lymphatic ezithinta abantu abadala.
• I-hematology yezingane : Njengoba igama lisho, lolu qeqesho luhloselwe ukwelapha izingane ezinezifo zegazi.
• Uchwepheshe Wokujiya Kwegazi (`(Ukujiya Kwegazi)`) : Lo mnyango ugxile ezifweni ezithinta ukujiya kwegazi.
• Uchwepheshe wezifo zegazi kanye nomdlavuza wegazi (`(Hematology/oncology)`) : Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kukufanelekela ukwelapha izifo zegazi kanye nomdlavuza wegazi.

Ngemva kokuphothula lolu qeqesho olukhethekile, odokotela bayafaneleka ukuthola isitifiketi sebhodi esivela kwi-American Board of Internal Medicine. (Odokotela begazi bezingane baqinisekiswe yi-American Board of Pediatrics.) Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke udokotela kumele aphumelele i-United States Medical Licensing Examination futhi athole ilayisensi esifundazweni abasebenza kuso. ESri Lanka, ochwepheshe badalwa ngohlelo olufanayo oluqashelwayo.

Yini okufanele uyilindele uma uya kudokotela wezifo zegazi (Hematologist)?

Ubona udokotela wegazi ngoba ukuhlolwa kwegazi lakho kubonisa okuthile okuhlobene namaseli akho egazi. Udokotela wakho wegazi kungenzeka ukuthi uncome nokuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuze athole okwengeziwe ngegazi lakho. Uma ubona udokotela, uzokwenza okulandelayo:

• Buza ngempilo yakho iyonke .
• Buza ngezinguquko zakamuva emzimbeni wakho kanye nezimpawu (ezingaba yizimpawu zesifo segazi).
• Ngizobuyekeza imiphumela yakho yokuhlolwa kwegazi nawe.
• Uchaza ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi yini imbangela yaleyo miphumela.
• Bazoxoxa ngokuthi yiziphi ezinye izivivinyo ongase uzidinge .
• Uma ekwazi ukuthola isifo, uzochaza lesi sifo futhi ancome ukwelashwa .

Yiziphi izivivinyo zegazi ezivame kakhulu?

Igazi lethu linezingxenye eziningi. Odokotela bangase bahlole igazi lilonke, noma bangase bahlole izingxenye ezahlukene zegazi ngokwahlukana. Nazi ezinye izivivinyo ezivamile udokotela wegazi angaziyala ukuze axilonge inkinga yegazi noma umdlavuza wegazi:

• Ukubalwa kwegazi okuphelele (i-CBC) : Lokhu ukuhlolwa kwegazi okuyisisekelo. Kubalwa amangqamuzana akho abomvu egazi, amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, kanye nama-platelet.
• Ukuhlolwa kokwehluka kwegazi : Lokhu kuhlola inani lohlobo ngalunye lweseli elimhlophe legazi. Lokhu kungenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-CBC.
• Ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi se-Prothrombin (PTT) : Lokhu kuhlola ukuthi igazi lakho liqina ngokushesha kangakanani.
• Inani lama-reticulocyte : Lokhu kulinganisa inani lamaseli abomvu egazi asemasha, angakavuthwa (ama-reticulocyte) egazini lakho.
• I-Peripheral blood smear (PBS) : Kule nqubo, odokotela bahlola amangqamuzana akho egazi abomvu namhlophe kanye nama-platelet ngaphansi kwe-microscope.

Yiziphi izivivinyo zegazi zomdlavuza?

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi komdlavuza kungenye nje yamathuluzi amaningi odokotela abawasebenzisayo ukuxilonga nokuphatha umdlavuza. Udokotela wegazi angasebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuze:

• Hlola igazi lakho ngamakhemikhali namaprotheni abonisa umdlavuza.
• Hlola amazinga amangqamuzana egazi .
• EyakhoHlola isimo sempilo iyonke.

Uma unomdlavuza wegazi, kuzodingeka ukuthi uhlolwe igazi okwengeziwe. Udokotela wakho (udokotela wegazi) uzosebenzisa le miphumela yokuhlolwa ukuze:

• Ukuhlola umdlavuza kusiza ekunqumeni isigaba somdlavuza . Lapho odokotela behlola umdlavuza, babheka ubukhulu nendawo yesimila. Basebenzisa lolo lwazi ukubeka umdlavuza esigabeni esithile, noma esigabeni, esibhalwe izinombolo nezinhlamvu. Ukuhlola umdlavuza kusetha isigaba sokwelashwa komdlavuza.
• Unquma izindlela zokwelapha umdlavuza .
• Ihlola ukuthi isifo siba ngcono noma siba sibi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye/noma ngokwelashwa.
• Inquma ukuthi umdlavuza ubuyile yini (`(ukuphinda)`) .

Yimiphi imibuzo okufanele ngiyibuze udokotela wami wegazi?

Uzobona udokotela wegazi ngoba ukuhlolwa kwegazi kubonise ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle egazini lakho. Ngakho-ke unemibuzo eminingi. Nansi eminye imibuzo ongayicabangela:

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi lami kuboniseni?
• Isho ukuthini leyo miphumela?
• Sinjani isimo sami?
• Ingabe lesi simo sibucayi?
• Iyini imbangela yalesi simo?
• Yiziphi izimpawu okufanele ngiziqaphele?
• Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma ngibona lezo zimpawu?
• Ingabe kuzodingeka ngihlolwe igazi okwengeziwe noma ngihlolwe okunye?
• Yini onethemba lokuyithola kulezi zivivinyo?
• Ngizoyithola nini imiphumela yokuhlolwa?
• Ingabe kuzodingeka ngithathe ezinye izivivinyo kamuva?
• Yiluphi uhlobo lokwelashwa ongincomayo? Kungani?
• Ngiqala nini ukwelashwa? Kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani?
• Yini okufanele ngiyazi ngemithi oyinikezayo?
• Ingabe ikhona imiphumela emibi?
• Yiziphi izingozi nezinzuzo zalokhu kwelashwa?
• Ingabe zikhona ezinye izindlela zokwelapha?

Ubona udokotela we-hematologist ngoba izivivinyo zibonisa ukuthi amangqamuzana akho egazi, umongo wamathambo, noma uhlelo lwe-lymph alusebenzi kahle. Ungase uzizwe ukhathazekile uma ubona udokotela ochwepheshe bezinkinga zegazi, okuhlanganisa nomdlavuza wegazi. Uma unemibuzo mayelana nemiphumela yakho yokuhlolwa, buza udokotela wakho we-hematologist ngayo nokuthi wenzani ukuze uthole ukuthi yini ebangela lokho. Uzokujabulela ukuphendula imibuzo yakho futhi akuchazele ukuthi wenzeni ngokulandelayo. Ungesabi ukubuza noma yini efika engqondweni yakho. Kuyilungelo lakho.

Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya

"Isazi Segazi" udokotela ogxile ezifweni ezihlobene negazi, kusukela ekuntulekeni kwegazi kuya kumdlavuza wegazi. Ukuqondiswa ku-"Isazi Segazi" akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi unomdlavuza. Ngokuvamile, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwegazi okuyisisekelo izochazwa kabanzi.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile nodokotela wakho futhi ubuze noma yimiphi imibuzo onayo. Ukuqonda kahle isimo sakho sempilo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ukwelashwa kwakho kuphumelele. Ngakho ungesabi, thola ulwazi oludingayo.

Izifo zegazi , odokotela begazi, umdlavuza wegazi, i-anemia, i-leukemia, i-lymphoma, ukuhlolwa kwegazi