Ngezinye izikhathi empilweni kufanele sibhekane nemibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngokufakwa okusha emndenini. Umbuzo othi "Ngubani ubaba wangempela wale ngane?" ungavela ngezizathu eziningi zomthetho, zenhlalo, nezomuntu siqu. Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi esinjengalesi, indlela enembile kakhulu yokuthola impendulo ecacile ngaphandle kokungabaza, ngokwesayensi, ukuhlolwa kobubaba be-DNA. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho konke kalula kakhulu.
Kuyini ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA ngamagama alula?
Ukuze siqonde lokhu, sidinga kuqala ukwazi ukuthi iyini i-DNA. Igama eliphelele le-DNA lithi `(Deoxyribonucleic acid)`. Kalula nje, i-DNA ifana nencwadi yemiyalelo equkethe ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo ngaphakathi kwamaseli omzimba wethu. Konke kusukela kumbala wezinwele zakho, umbala wamehlo, ukuphakama, nombala wesikhumba kunqunywa ulwazi oluqukethwe kule DNA.
Into ebalulekile ukuthi sizuze le DNA kubazali bethu bemvelo. Uma sikhuluma iqiniso, ingxenye ye-DNA yethu ivela kumama wethu kanti enye ingxenye ivela kubaba wethu .
Nakhu okwenziwa ukuhlolwa kobubaba be-DNA:
Iphethini ye-DNA yengane iyathathwa bese iqhathaniswa nephethini ye-DNA kamama kanye nephethini ye-DNA yomuntu okusolwa ukuthi ungubaba. Uma ingxenye ye-DNA yengane engazange izuzwe njengefa kumama ifana ne-DNA yalowo muntu, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi unguyise wengane ophilayo.
Kungani udinga ukwenza lolu hlobo lokuhlolwa?
Kunezizathu eziningi zokwenza ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA. Ezinye zezizathu eziyinhloko yilezi:
- Ngezinjongo zomthetho: Ubufakazi bokuba ngubaba bubalulekile ezindabeni zomthetho njengokufaka igama likababa esitifiketini sokuzalwa sengane, ukuthola isondlo sengane, ukuthola ilungelo lokugcina ingane, ukuthola ifa lempahla, kanye nokuthola izinzuzo ezithile zokuphepha komphakathi.
- Ngenxa yezizathu zempilo: Ezinye izifo zofuzo zingadluliselwa kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye. Isibonelo, izimo ezifana ne-Cystic fibrosis kanye ne-Down syndrome. Ukwazi ukuthi ubani uyise wengane ophilayo kungasiza ekuboneni noma yiziphi izifo zofuzo ezingadluliselwa kusuka kubaba. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yengane yesikhathi esizayo.
- Ukwazi umlando womndeni: Ingane inelungelo lokwazi umlando womndeni wayo nokuthi izihlobo zayo zingobani. Kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwengqondo yengane kanye nobunikazi bayo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuhlolwa kwe-DNA ezikhona?
Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA kungenziwa ngaphambi kokuba umntwana azalwe (ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa) nangemva kokuba umntwana ezelwe. Nazi ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswayo.
| Igama lokuhlolwa | Isikhathi sokukwenza | Indlela yokukwenza kanye nencazelo |
|---|---|---|
| I-Cheek Swab | Noma nini ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana | Lena indlela elula nevame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu. Kusetshenziswa i-swab ukuthatha isampula yamaseli ngaphakathi esihlathini sengane kanye nobaba osolwayo. Lokhu akubuhlungu. |
| Ukuhlolwa kwe-NIPP (Ukuhlolwa Kokuba Ngubaba Okungenasihlaseli Ngaphambi Kokubeletha) | Ngemva kwamasonto ayi-8 okukhulelwa | Lena indlela ephephile kakhulu. Inani elincane le-DNA evela enganeni esibelethweni lintanta egazini likamama okhulelwe. Kulolu vivinyo, kuthathwa isampula yegazi kumama bese i-DNA yengane ekulo iqhathaniswa ne-DNA yomuntu okusolwa ukuthi ungubaba. Lokhu kunembile ngo-99.9% . |
| I-Amniocentesis | Phakathi kwamasonto ayi-15-20 okukhulelwa | Lokhu ukuhlolwa okuhlaselayo. Kulokhu kuhlolwa, udokotela ufaka inalithi encane kakhulu esiswini sikamama iye esibelethweni bese ethatha isampula encane yoketshezi lwe-amniotic oluzungeze umntwana. Lolu ketshezi luqukethe amangqamuzana omntwana. Kunengozi encane kakhulu yokuphuphuma kwesisu ehambisana nalolu vivinyo. |
| Ukusampula Kwe-Chorionic Villus (CVS) | Phakathi kwamasonto ayi-10-13 okukhulelwa | Lokhu futhi ukuhlolwa kwangaphakathi kwesibeletho, njenge-amniocentesis. Kulokhu kuhlolwa, kuthathwa isampula encane yamaseli engxenyeni ye-placenta. Lokhu futhi kunengozi encane kakhulu yokuphuphuma kwesisu noma ukutheleleka . |
Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izivivinyo ezifana ne-'Amniocentesis' kanye ne-'CVS' zenziwa kuphela uma kudingeka ngempela, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela. Ngoba kunezingozi ezincane ezihlobene nalokhu. Ukuhlolwa kwe-NIPP kuyindlela ephephile kakhulu engenziwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Yini okufanele uyenze ngaphambi kokuhlolwa?
Ngokuvamile, uma uphuza i-cheek swab, welulekwa ukuthi ugweme okulandelayo cishe ihora ngaphambi:
- Ukuxubha amazinyo
- Ukusebenzisa i-mouthwash
- Ukubhema noma ukuhlafuna ugwayi
- Uma ugqoke amazinyo okufakelwa, wasuse.
Lezi zinto zingathinta ikhwalithi yesampula oyithathayo. Uma uthathwa isampula yegazi, udokotela wakho uzokweluleka ukuthi uphuze amanzi amaningi futhi udle ukudla okunempilo.
Iqiniso noma amanga mayelana nokuhlolwa kwe-DNA kababa ekhaya
Manje sekukhona ama-DNA testing kit aku-inthanethi ongawathatha nawo ekhaya. Lawa ngokuvamile ashibhile kunokuhlolwa okwenziwa esikhungweni sezokwelapha. Futhi, kulula ngoba abantu abaningi bangakwenza mathupha.
Kodwa kunezinto ezimbalwa okudingeka uzazi ngalokhu:
- Akukho ukwamukelwa okusemthethweni: Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwasekhaya ayamukelwa njengobufakazi enkantolo noma kwezinye izinqubo zomthetho. Ezinqubweni zomthetho, kudingeka ukuhlolwa (`(Legal DNA Paternity Test)`), okudinga ukuthi amasampula athathwe ngesikhungo sezokwelapha esiqashelwayo, ngokwenqubo efanele (`(uchungechunge lokugcinwa)`), kanye naphambi kofakazi.
- Ukunemba: Kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuthi inkampani ethumela amakhithi okuhlola ekhaya iyinkampani egunyaziwe yini. Ngezinye izikhathi, amaphutha ekuqoqweni kwamasampula angathinta ukunemba kwemiphumela. Ukuhlolwa kuthembeke kakhulu uma kwenziwa emalabhorethri agunyaziwe yizinhlangano ezifana ne-American Association of Blood Banks (AABB).
Uyiqonda kanjani imiphumela?
Umphumela wokuhlolwa kwe-DNA uvame ukunikezwa "njengamathuba okuba ngubaba".
- Uma umphumela ungu-0%: Lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho ukufana kofuzo phakathi kukababa osolwayo nomntwana. Akayena uyise wengane ophilayo.
- Uma umphumela u-99.9% noma ngaphezulu: Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunethuba elikhulu kakhulu lokuthi umuntu okusolwa ukuthi ungubaba unguyise wengane.
Imiphumela ivame ukuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa kuya emavikini amabili ukuthi ibuye. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela evela ezivivinyweni ezifana ne-'Amniocentesis' noma i-'CVS' ingathatha amasonto ambalwa ukuthi ibuye.
Awukwazi yini ukwenza lo vivinyo ngaphandle kukaBaba?
Indlela engcono kakhulu nenembile kakhulu ukuthola isampula ye-DNA kuyise osolwayo. Kodwa-ke, uma engasekho noma engatholakali, ukuhlolwa kungenziwa kusetshenziswa i-DNA yezihlobo zakhe eziseduze. Isibonelo, amasampula e-DNA avela kubazali bakababa (ogogo nomkhulu bengane) kanye nezingane zakubo angathathwa futhi aqhathaniswe ne-DNA yengane ukuze kufinyelelwe esiphethweni.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA kubaba kungaqinisekisa ubaba wengane ngokunemba okungaphezu kuka-99.9%.
- Lezi zivivinyo zingenziwa ngaphambi kokuba umntwana azalwe (ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa) noma ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana. Ukuhlolwa kwe-NIPP kuphephile kakhulu uma kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
- Ezindabeni zomthetho (inkantolo, isondlo, ifa), ukuhlolwa okwenziwa yisikhungo sezokwelapha esiqashelwayo kuyadingeka ngempela. Ukuhlolwa kwasekhaya (`(At-home kits)`) akwamukeleki enkantolo.
- Njengoba kunezingozi ezincane kakhulu ezihilelekile ekuhlolweni okufana ne-'amniocentesis' kanye ne-'CVS', khuluma nodokotela wakho njalo, uqonde izinzuzo nezingozi, bese ukhetha indlela engcono kakhulu kuwe.
- Uma unemibuzo, ukungabaza, noma yini ongayicacisa ngalokhu, umuntu othembekile nongcono kakhulu ongakhuluma naye udokotela wakho.
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