Uyazazi yini i-HIV ne-AIDS? Ake sixoxe ngalezi zimo eziyingozi (i-HIV ne-AIDS)!

Uma uzwa amagama athi i-HIV ne-AIDS, cishe uzizwa ukhathazekile kancane, akunjalo? Nakuba kunezindaba eziningi ngalezi zinto emphakathini, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi kahle ukuthi ziyini, ukuthi zibangelwa kanjani , nokuthi ungazivikela kanjani. Ngakho-ke namuhla, sizoxoxa ngazo ngokuningiliziwe, ngendlela ongayiqonda.

Iyini i-HIV? (Iyini i-HIV?)

Kalula nje, i-HIV imele i-Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Uma leli gciwane lingena emizimbeni yethu, lihlasela amasosha omzimba ethu. Ikakhulukazi, isisulu esiyinhloko saleli gciwane amaseli e-CD4, uhlobo lweseli elimhlophe legazi elivikela imizimba yethu ezifweni. Njengoba igciwane le-HIV libhubhisa la maseli, ikhono lemizimba yethu lokumelana nezifo liyancipha kancane kancane.

Leli gciwane le-HIV lisebenza ngendlela enobuqili kakhulu. Lifaka imiyalelo yalo ku-DNA yamaseli ethu. Sibiza amagciwane asebenza emuva kanje ngokuthi i-retrovirus .

Ngakho-ke iyini i-AIDS? (Iyini i-AIDS?)

I-AIDS imele i- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome . Lesi yisigaba sokugcina nesinzima kakhulu sokutheleleka yi-HIV. Umuntu one-AIDS usho ukuthi amasosha omzimba wakhe abuthakathaka kakhulu yigciwane le-HIV, futhi inani lamaseli akhe e-CD4 lehle kakhulu. Lokhu kumenza abe sengozini yezifo ezahlukahlukene (izifo ezithathelanayo) ngisho nomdlavuza umuntu ophilile ngokuvamile angeke awuthole kalula.

Ngokuvamile, uma ukutheleleka nge-HIV kungelashwa, kungadlulela ekubeni yi-AIDS phakathi neminyaka engaba yi-10.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-HIV ne-AIDS?

Abantu abaningi bayadida lokhu kokubili. I-HIV iyigciwane. Yigciwane elenza buthaka amasosha omzimba ethu. I-AIDS yisimo esibi esibangelwa ukutheleleka yi-HIV. Yiqoqo lezifo ezenzeka lapho amasosha omzimba ebuthakathaka kakhulu.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umuntu ongenalo igciwane lesandulela ngculazi akanakuba ne-AIDS.

Ngezindlela zokwelapha ezithuthukisiwe zanamuhla, akuwona wonke umuntu onegciwane lengculazi ozoba nengculazi. Kodwa-ke, uma engelashwa, abantu abaningi abanegciwane lengculazi basengozini yokuthola igciwane lengculazi.

Yini eyenziwa yigciwane lesandulela ngculazi kumuntu?

Uma igciwane le-HIV lingena emzimbeni wethu, lihamba ngqo liyofuna amaseli e-CD4 (amaseli e-Helper T) ohlelweni lwethu lokuzivikela komzimba. Libe selibhubhisa lawa maseli. Lokhu kunciphisa inani lamaseli amhlophe egazi emzimbeni wethu. Ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo lokuzivikela lomzimba wethu, oluvame ukululama kalula noma ngabe sigula, luba buthaka. Ngisho nesifo esincane singaba yingozi.

Uma uqala ukuthola i-HIV, ungase ube nezimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane noma umkhuhlane. Ngemuva kwalokho, igciwane lingalala emzimbeni wakho iminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kwezimpawu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, libhubhisa amaseli akho e-CD4 ngesinyenyela.Uma inani lamaseli e-CD4 lehla kakhulu, noma uma uqala ukuba nezifo abantu abaphilile abangazitholi, kungashiwo ukuthi ukutheleleka nge-HIV sekuqhubekele ekubeni yi-AIDS.

Uma uthola ingculazi, ungase uqale ukwehlisa isisindo ngokuzumayo, uzizwe ukhathele kakhulu, ube nezilonda emlonyeni noma ezithweni zangasese, ube nomkhuhlane, ujuluke ebusuku, futhi ube nombala wesikhumba. Futhi, abantu abanengculazi bangaba nezinye izifo kanye nomdlavuza, ngakho-ke izimpawu ezihlobene nalokho zingase zivele.

Ake sifunde kancane ngokuthi iyini i-retrovirus.

Amaseli omzimba wethu asebenza ngokwepulani (isethi yemiyalelo) ebizwa ngokuthi i-DNA. Le DNA idala umlayezo obizwa ngokuthi i-RNA, futhi ngokwalowo myalezo, amaprotheni umzimba wethu owadingayo ayakhiwa.

Kodwa-ke, ama-retrovirus asebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Imiyalelo yawo ibhalwe ku-RNA. Uma igciwane lingena emaselini ethu, liguqula i-RNA yalo ukuze ibukeke njenge-DNA emaselini ethu. Bese, lisika i-DNA emaselini ethu bese lifaka imiyalelo yalo kuyo. Bese, amaseli ethu asebenza ngokwemiyalelo yegciwane. I-HIV ingenye ye-retrovirus enjalo.

Ubani othinteka kakhulu yi-HIV?

Inkolelo evamile yokuthi "abantu abathile kuphela abathola i-HIV" ayilungile neze. Noma ubani ovezwe yileli gciwane angathola i-HIV. Ucansi olungavikelekile kanye nokwabelana ngezinaliti zokujova izidakamizwa yizona zindlela eziyinhloko zokusabalala kwe-HIV.

Kodwa-ke, ngokwezibalo, amanye amaqembu abantu athinteka kakhulu yi-HIV. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

• Ungqingili, Ubulili Obubili, I-MSM.
• Amanye amaqembu ezinhlanga, isibonelo abamnyama namaHispanic (lokhu akubalulekile kangako eSri Lanka, kodwa lesi yisimo somhlaba wonke).
• Abantu abahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zocansi ukuze bathole imali noma ezinye izinto basengozini enkulu yokuthola i-HIV.

Laba bantu akubona bodwa abathinteka yi-HIV. Kodwa-ke, la maqembu abhekene nezithiyo eziningi zokuvimbela i-HIV, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokufinyelela ukwelashwa okufanele. Ukuzonda abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, ubandlululo, ubumpofu, kanye nokucwaswa okuphathelene ne-HIV kuvimbela abaningi ekufinyeleleni izinsizakalo zezempilo ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Ivame kangakanani i-HIV?

Inani labantu abasha abangenwa yi-HIV emhlabeni selinciphile kancane. Kodwa inani elikhulu labantu lisaphila ne-HIV. Okubalulekile ukuthi inani elikhulu labantu abangenwe yi-HIV abazi nokuthi banayo. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuhlolelwa i-HIV njalo.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-HIV?

Ungatheleleka nge-HIV noma ungenazo izimpawu. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuhlolelwa i-HIV noma ungazizwa ugula.

Ngezinye izikhathi, lapho uqala ukutheleleka nge-HIV, ungase ube nezimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane noma umkhuhlane. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "i-Acute Retroviral Syndrome" (ARS) . Lezi zimpawu zifaka:

• Imfiva
• Sengiqala ukubanda.
• Ukukhathala
• Umphimbo obuhlungu
• Ubuhlungu bemisipha
• Ukujuluka ebusuku
• Ukuqhuma kwesikhumba
• Ama-lymph node avuvukele
• Izilonda zomlomo

Lezi zimpawu zivame ukuphela phakathi nesonto noma amabili, noma ngisho nenyanga.

Yiziphi izigaba ze-HIV?

Kunezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zokutheleleka nge-HIV:

Isigaba 1: Ukutheleleka Okukhulu Nge-HIV

Abanye abantu bangase babe nezimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane noma umkhuhlane zingakapheli inyanga noma ezimbili betheleleke nge-HIV. Lezi zimpawu zivame ukuphela zingakapheli isonto noma inyanga. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi , igciwane liyanda ngokushesha emzimbeni, ngakho-ke kunobungozi obukhulu bokutheleleka kwabanye.

Isigaba 2: Ukutheleleka Nge-HIV Okungapheli/Ukubambezeleka Kwemitholampilo

Ngemva kwesigaba esibucayi, ungaphila ne-HIV iminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kokuzizwa ugula. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “isigaba esingamahlalakhona” noma “ukubambezeleka kwezokwelapha.” Into ebalulekile okufanele uyikhumbule ukuthi noma ungazizwa ugula, usengadlulisela i-HIV kwabanye. Uma ungatholi ukwelashwa, lesi sigaba singahlala iminyaka eyi-10 noma ngaphezulu. Kodwa kwabanye abantu, lesi sigaba singaphela ngokushesha. Abantu abathola ukwelashwa bangahlala kulesi sigaba amashumi eminyaka.

Isigaba 3: Ingculazi

Ingculazi yisigaba esibi kakhulu sokutheleleka nge-HIV. Kulesi sigaba, igciwane le-HIV selibuthaka kakhulu amasosha omzimba wakho, okwenza ube sengozini enkulu yokutheleleka ngezifo ezingosomathuba .

Izifo ezithathela amathuba yizifo ezivame ukulawulwa kalula ngumuntu onesimiso sokuzivikela somzimba esinempilo. Kodwa-ke, lapho isimiso sokuzivikela somzimba sibuthakathaka yi-HIV, lezi zifo zingadala umonakalo omkhulu emzimbeni.

Ingozi yokuthola izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza iyanda nakubantu abane-AIDS. Lezi zinhlobo zomdlavuza kanye nezifo ezithathelanayo zaziwa ngokuthi "izifo ezichaza i-AIDS."

Ukuze umuntu atholakale ene-AIDS, kumele abe negciwane le-HIV futhi okungenani abe nesinye salezi zimo ezilandelayo:

• Ukuba namaseli e-CD4 angaphansi kuka-200 nge-cubic millimeter yegazi (amaseli angu-200/mm3).
• Ukuba nesinye noma ngaphezulu "sesifo esichaza ingculazi".

Yiziphi izifo ezichaza i-AIDS?

Lokhu kufaka phakathi izifo ezingosomathuba, ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza (ngokuvamile ezibangelwa amagciwane), kanye nezinye izifo zesimiso sezinzwa. Ezinye izibonelo yilezi:

• I-Burkitt lymphoma
• I-Candidiasis ye-bronchi, i-esophagus, i-trachea noma amaphaphu
• I-isosporiasis yamathumbu engapheli (i-cystoisosporiasis) ehlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga
• I-Coccidioidomycosis, esakazekile/engaphandle kwamaphaphu
• I-Cryptosporidiosis yamathumbu engapheli ehlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga
• Isifo se-Cytomegalovirus (ngaphandle kwesibindi, udende, noma ama-lymph node), esenzeka kubantu abangaphezu kwenyanga eyodwa.
• I-Cytomegalovirus retinitis (ehambisana nokulahlekelwa umbono)
• I-Encephalopathy ibangelwa yi-HIV
• I-Cryptococcosis yangaphandle kwamaphaphu
• Izilonda ze-Herpes simplex (ezihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga)
• I-Herpes simplex bronchitis, i-pneumonia noma i-esophagitis (eyenzeka kubantu abadala kunenyanga eyodwa)
• I-Histoplasmosis, esakazekile/engaphandle kwamaphaphu
• I-HIV wasting syndrome (i-HIV wasting syndrome - ukwehla kwesisindo ngokweqile)
• Umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho ohlaselayo
• I-Immunoblastic Lymphoma
• I-Kaposi sarcoma
• Ukutheleleka kwamagciwane amaningi noma aphindaphindayo
• I-Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), esakazekile/engaphandle kwamaphaphu
• I-Mycobacterium kansasii, esakazekile/engaphandle kwamaphaphu
• Isifo sofuba se-Mycobacterium (TB) kunoma iyiphi indawo
• Ezinye izinhlobo ze-mycobacteria noma izinhlobo ezingaziwa, ezisakazekile/ezingaphandle kwamaphaphu
• I-Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)
• I-lymphoma eyinhloko yobuchopho
• I-progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
• I-pneumonia ephindaphindayo
• I-Salmonella septicemia ephindaphindayo (engeyona i-typhoid)
• I-Toxoplasmosis yobuchopho (yenzeka kubantu abadala kunenyanga eyodwa)

Ziyini izimpawu ze-AIDS?

Izimpawu ze-AIDS zingabangelwa ukutheleleka yi-HIV uqobo, kanye nezinye izifo ezisizakala ngesimiso sakho somzimba esibuthakathaka. Ezinye zalezi zifo zifaka:

• Ukwehlisa isisindo ngokushesha
• Umkhuhlane ovamile noma ukujuluka kakhulu ebusuku
• Ukuzizwa ukhathele kakhulu ngaphandle kwesizathu
• Ukuvuvukala kwamakhwapha, imbobo, noma indawo yentamo
• Uhudo oluhlala amasonto
• Izilonda emlonyeni, endunu, noma ezindaweni zobulili
• Inyumoniya
• Amabala abomvu, ansundu, apinki, noma ansomi esikhumbeni, ngaphakathi emlonyeni, ekhaleni, noma emaqabungeni esikhumba
• Ukulahlekelwa yinkumbulo, ukucindezeleka, nezinye izinkinga zezinzwa

Yini ebangela i-HIV/AIDS?

I-HIV ibangelwa yigciwane elibizwa ngokuthi i-Human Immunodeficiency Virus . Leli gciwane lihlasela amaseli e-CD4 (amaseli e-T awusizo) esimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela.Ziyawahlasela futhi ziwabhubhise, okwenza amasosha omzimba abe buthaka.

Ingculazi yenzeka lapho i-HIV inciphisa kakhulu inani lamaseli omzimba, yenza buthaka isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela kuze kube yilapho singakwazi ukulwa nezinye izifo.

I-HIV isakazeka kanjani?

I-HIV ingadluliselwa ngegazi, isidoda, uketshezi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, ubisi lwebele, kanye nokuphuma kwendle komuntu one-HIV. Noma ubani onobunye ubulili noma othanda ucansi angatheleleka nge-HIV futhi ayidlulisele kwabanye.

Igciwane lingangena emzimbeni wakho ngomlomo, endunu, endunu, esithweni sangasese sowesifazane, noma esikhumbeni esiphukile. Ngaphandle kokuba kukhona isilonda noma isilonda esikhumbeni, igciwane alikwazi ukungena esikhumbeni esinempilo. Uma ukhulelwe futhi une-HIV, igciwane lingadluliselwa nasenganeni yakho.

Ukuya ocansini olungavikelekile kanye nokwabelana ngezinaliti ukuze ujove izidakamizwa yizona zindlela eziyinhloko zokusabalala kwe-HIV. Ngisho noma ungazizwa ugula, usengadlulisela i-HIV kwabanye.

Ingabe i-HIV ingadluliselwa ngokuqabulana?

Njengoba i-HIV ingadluliselwa ngamathe, akuvamile ukudlulisela i-HIV ngokuqabulana. Kodwa-ke, uma bobabili abalingani benezilonda emlonyeni noma izinsini eziphuma igazi, kunethuba elincane kakhulu lokudlulisela i-HIV ngesikhathi sokuqabulana ngomlomo ojulile, njengoba ezinye izinhlayiya zomzimba zingashintshwana.

Futhi, i-HIV ayikwazi ukudluliselwa ngalezi zinto:

• Ngokuthinta noma ukugona umuntu one-HIV/AIDS.
• Kusukela ezindlini zangasese zomphakathi noma emachibini okubhukuda.
• Ukwabelana ngezinkomishi, izitsha, noma ocingweni nomuntu one-HIV/AIDS.
• Kusukela ezinambuzaneni ezilumayo njengomiyane.
• Ngokunikela ngegazi (imishini esetshenziswa ekunikeleni ngegazi eSri Lanka iphephile kakhulu).

Ngingazi kanjani ukuthi ngine-HIV?

Awukwazi ukubona ukuthi umuntu une-HIV ngokumbheka. Futhi, ungatheleleka nge-HIV kodwa ungabi nazimpawu. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokwazi ukuthi une-HIV yini ukuthola ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV.

Ngenxa yokuthi cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabayisikhombisa abane-HIV akazi ukuthi banayo, kunconywa ukuthi wonke umuntu oneminyaka ephakathi kuka-13 no-64 ahlolwe i-HIV okungenani kanye njengengxenye yokuhlola impilo njalo. Lokhu kuhlolwa kungokuzithandela futhi kuyimfihlo.

Itholakala kanjani i-HIV? (Ukuxilongwa)

I-HIV itholakala ngokuhlolwa kwegazi noma amathe akho. Ungayithola le test ekhaya (ngezinto zokuhlola ekhaya), ehhovisi likadokotela, noma esikhungweni sokuhlola endaweni yakini.

Uma umphumela wakho wokuhlolwa "ungemuhle" , akukho ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe okudingekayo kulezi zimo:

• Uma ungakaze uvezwe ku-HIV nganoma iyiphi indlela ezinyangeni ezintathu ngaphambi kokuhlolwa.
• Uma ungakaze uvezwe yigciwane phakathi "nesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwegazi" (isikhathi esithathayo ukuthi igciwane litholakale). (Uma ungaqiniseki ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwakho, buza udokotela wakho.)

Uma utholakale unesifo zingakapheli izinyanga ezintathu uhlolwe, kuwumqondo omuhle ukuthi uphinde uhlolwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumela othi "cha".

Uma imiphumela yakho yokuhlolwa ibuya ithi "Iyaphila," ilebhu izokwenza ezinye izivivinyo ukuqinisekisa imiphumela.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuhlolwa ukuze kutholakale i-HIV?

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuhlolwa kwe-HIV:

1. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Antigen/Antibody:

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-antigen kubheka uphawu olubizwa ngokuthi i-p24 ebusweni begciwane le-HIV. Ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody kubheka amakhemikhali enziwa yimizimba yethu ngokumelene nalawo ma-marker. Lokhu kuhlolwa kubheka kokubili.
• Udokotela uthatha isampula encane yegazi emthanjeni osengalweni yakho. Lithunyelwa elebhu bese lihlolwa i-p24 kanye nama-antibodies alo. Lokhu kuhlolwa kungathola i-HIV phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-18 no-45 ngemva kokuchayeka.
• Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwe-antigen/antibody kungenziwa ngokuhlatshwa igazi ngomunwe. Lokhu kuhlolwa kungathola i-HIV okungenani izinsuku ezingu-18 ngemuva kokutholakala. Kungathatha izinsuku ezingafika kwezingu-90 ukuthola imiphumela enembile. ("Okusheshayo" kubhekisela esikhathini esithathayo ukuthola imiphumela, hhayi isikhathi esithathayo ukuthola igciwane).

2. Ukuhlolwa Kwamasosha Omzimba:

• Lokhu kuhlolwa kubheka ama-antibodies e-HIV egazini lakho noma ematheni. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokuthatha isampula yegazi emthanjeni osengalweni yakho, ukuhlatshwa ngomunwe, noma isampula yamathe kusuka ku-swab yezinsini zakho.
• Kungathatha phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-23 nezingama-90 ngemuva kokuchayeka ekuhlolweni kwe-antibody ukuze kutholakale i-HIV. Ukuhlolwa kwe-antibody, okwenziwa egazini elithathwe emthanjeni, kungathola i-HIV ngokushesha kunokuhlolwa okwenziwa ngamathe noma igazi elithathwe ngomunwe.

3. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Nucleic Acid (ama-NAT):

• Ama-NAT abheka igciwane lesandulela ngculaza egazini lakho. Udokotela uthatha isampula encane yegazi emthanjeni osengalweni yakho. Lithunyelwa elabhorethri ukuze lihlolwe igciwane lesandulela ngculaza.
• I-NAT ivame ukubona i-HIV phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-10 nezingama-33 ngemva kokuchayeka. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlolwa kuvame ukwenziwa kuphela uma uke wachayeka engozini enkulu.

Uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwakho "ibonisa ukuthi unesifo," udokotela wakho uzoncoma ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuhlola impilo yakho. Lokhu kungafaka:

• Inani Eliphelele Legazi (i-CBC)
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-hepatitis yegciwane
• I-X-ray yesifuba
• I-Pap smear (kwabesifazane)
• Inani lamaseli e-CD4 (inani le-CD4)
• Ukuhlolwa kwesifo sofuba

Ingabe kukhona ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV okungenziwa ekhaya? (Ukuhlolwa kwasekhaya)

Yebo, kunezikhithi zokuhlola i-HIV ongayenza ekhaya. Ezinye ziyizivivinyo ezisheshayo. Kuzo, uhlikihla izinsini zakho nge-swab ethambile neguquguqukayo. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-swab ifakwa epayipini elinoketshezi olukhethekile bese imiphumela ifundwa. Imiphumela itholakala zingakapheli imizuzu eyi-15-20.

Ezinye izivivinyo zasekhaya zisebenzisa idivayisi ukuhlaba umunwe wakho ngenaliti encane. Iconsi legazi lifakwa ekhadini, bese ikhithi yokuhlola ithunyelwa elebhu ukuthola imiphumela.

Uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwakho ekhaya "ibonisa ukuthi unesifo," kufanele nakanjani ubone udokotela wakho bese uthola olunye ukuhlolwa ukuqinisekisa imiphumela.

Ingabe ikhona ikhambi le-HIV?

Okwamanje akukho ukwelashwa kwe-HIV. Kodwa-ke, kunezindlela eziningi zokwelapha eziphumelela kakhulu ezingalawula kakhulu ukuqhubeka kwe-HIV.

Iphathwa kanjani i-HIV? (Ukwelashwa)

I-HIV yelashwa ngemithi yomlomo yansuku zonke ebizwa ngokuthi i-antiretroviral therapy (ART) .

Ukuthatha inhlanganisela yemithi ehlukene, kunokuba kube umuthi owodwa nje, kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuvimba i-HIV ekusakazekeni nasekubhubhiseni amaseli. Kukhona namaphilisi ahlanganisiwe aqukethe imithi eminingana ephilisini elilodwa. Udokotela wakho uzokhetha ngokucophelela inhlanganisela efanele wena.

Umgomo wokwelashwa nge-ART ukunciphisa inani le-HIV egazini (umthwalo wegciwane) liye ezingeni elingatholakali ngokuhlolwa kwe-HIV nokulawula ubuthakathaka besimiso somzimba sokuzivikela esibangelwa yi-HIV.

Imithi esetshenziselwa i-HIV

Uhlobo ngalunye lomuthi olusetshenziswa ku-ART lusebenza ngendlela ehlukile ukuvimba igciwane le-HIV ukuthi lingazakhi amakhophi amaningi noma lithelele amangqamuzana akho. Uhlobo olufanayo lomuthi we-ART lungaba namagama emikhiqizo ahlukene.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zemithi ye-ART:

• I-Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (ama-NRTI)
• Izithibi ze-non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs)
• Ama-Protease inhibitors (PIs)
• Izithibi zokuhlanganiswa
• Ama-blocker e-CCR5 receptor (abaphikisi be-CCR5)
• Ama-Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (ama-INSTI)
• Izithibi zokunamathisela
• Izithibi zokuvimbela ngemuva kokunamathiselwa
• Izithuthukisi ze-Pharmacokinetic
• Inhlanganisela yemithi ye-HIV

Ngizinakekela kanjani ngesikhathi ngiphila ne-HIV?

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphuza imithi yakho njengoba uyalelwe, ngesikhathi esifanele, futhi ungayeki ukubonana nodokotela wakho. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthiKubizwa ngokuthi ukunamathela ekwelashweni.

Uma uphuthelwa ukuthatha imithi yakho, ngisho nangengozi, igciwane lesandulela ngculaza lingashintsha indlela elithelela ngayo amaseli (lishintshashintsha). Uma lokho kwenzeka, imithi oyithathayo ingase ingasebenzi. Uma isimiso sakho somsebenzi sikuvimbela ukuthi uthathe imithi yakho ngesikhathi noma ugcine ama-aphoyintimenti, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngakho.

Yini okufanele ngiyilindele uma ngine-HIV?

Uma kutholakale ukuthi une-HIV, into ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele uyazi ukuthi abantu abane-HIV abalandela imiyalelo yokwelashwa ngendlela efanele bangaphila impilo egcwele, ende, njengomuntu ongenayo i-HIV.

Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi uma inani lamaseli akho e-CD4 liphezulu futhi umthamo wakho wegciwane ungatholakali phakathi nonyaka wokuqala ukwelashwa, uzothola imiphumela emihle kakhulu, uma nje uqhubeka nokulandela uhlelo lokwelashwa.

Ungathuthukisa umbono wakho ngokwenza lezi zinto:

• Hlola njengengxenye yokuhlolwa kwempilo okuvamile, noma uma ucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uke wadalulwa.
• Qala ukwelashwa nge-ART ngokushesha okukhulu ngemuva kokuthola ukuthi une-HIV.
• Thatha umuthi wakho ngendlela efanele nsuku zonke.
• Gcina ama-aphoyintimenti nethimba lakho lezokwelapha.

Nakuba i-ART inganciphisa inani legciwane egazini lakho liye emazingeni angabonakali, ayikwazi ukuliqeda ngokuphelele igciwane emzimbeni wakho (lingalala ngaphakathi kwamaseli akho). Uma ungayithathi njalo imithi yakho, igciwane lingaqala ukusabalala futhi liguquke, futhi imithi yakho ingase iyeke ukusebenza.

Uma ingelashwa, kungathatha iminyaka engaba yi-10 ukuthi i-HIV iqhubekele ekubeni yi-AIDS. Uma uthola i-AIDS futhi ungelashwa, ungalindela ukuphila eminye iminyaka engaba mithathu.

Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwalabo abathola ukwelashwa, uma inani lamaseli e-CD4 liphezulu futhi inani legciwane lingatholakali phakathi nonyaka wokuqala ukwelashwa, bangaphila isikhathi eside njengomuntu ongenalo i-HIV. Uma inani lamaseli e-CD4 liphansi phakathi nonyaka wokuqala ukwelashwa, noma uma inani legciwane lingatholakali, cishe bazophila iminyaka eyi-10-20 ngaphansi komuntu ongenalo i-HIV.

Ingabe i-HIV iyaphela yodwa?

I-HIV ayizihambi yodwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ihlangana ne-DNA yakho, amangqamuzana akho acabanga ukuthi iyingxenye yakho. Ngisho noma ungase ungabi nazimpawu iminyaka eminingi ngemva kokutheleleka kokuqala, futhi ungase ungazizwa ugula, igciwane le-HIV lingaqhubeka nokulimaza amasosha omzimba wakho.

Ngesikhathi uthatha imithi, kungase kube nezikhathi lapho igciwane liphansi kakhulu ukuba lingatholakala ekuhlolweni kwe-HIV. Phakathi nalezi zikhathi, i-HIV ingahlala ifihliwe emzimbeni wakho, ingatholakali. "Ingavuka" esikhathini esizayo bese iqala ukubhubhisa amaseli akho futhi.

Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqhubeka uthatha imithi yakho ye-HIV, noma ngabe awuzizwa ugula noma unamazinga angabonakali egciwane. Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, i-HIV yenza buthaka amasosha omzimba wakho, ekugcineni akwenze ungakwazi ukulwa nezinye izifo ezinkulu.

Ngingayinciphisa kanjani ingozi yami yokuthola i-HIV?

Indlela engcono kakhulu yokunciphisa ingozi yakho yokuthola i-HIV ukuqaphela ukuthi isakazeka kanjani nokuzivikela emisebenzini ethile . Ukuya ocansini olungavikelekile kanye nokwabelana ngezinaliti zokujova izidakamizwa kuyindlela eyinhloko yokusakazeka kwe-HIV.

Nazi ezinye izindlela onganciphisa ngazo ingozi yakho:

• Sebenzisa amakhondomu e-latex (irabha) kunoma yiluphi uhlobo locansi (lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, lwendunu, noma lomlomo). Ungasebenzisi amakhondomu enziwe ngemikhiqizo yezilwane (isb., isikhumba semvu).
• Sebenzisa amafutha okugcoba asekelwe emanzini (i-lotion).
• Ungalokothi wabelane ngezinaliti zokujova izidakamizwa.
• Hlola futhi welashwe ezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (ama-STI). Ukuba nezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi kwandisa ingozi yakho yokuthola i-HIV.
• Ungadakwa noma usebenzise izidakamizwa ukuze uphazamise ukwahlulela kwakho. Abantu abadakiwe abakwazi ukuzivikela.
• Uma usengozini enkulu yokuchayeka ku-HIV, buza udokotela wakho ukuthi kufanele yini uphuze i-PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) .
• Uma ucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uke wavezwa yi-HIV, bona udokotela wakho ngokushesha ukuze abone ukuthi udinga yini ukuthatha i-PEP (Post-exposure prophylaxis) .
• Cabanga ngokuhlolwa ukuze ubone ukuthi ungakwazi yini ukudlulisela i-HIV kwabanye.

Ukusebenzisa ikhondomu ngendlela efanele kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela i-HIV. Sebenzisa ikhondomu yabesilisa ngesikhathi sanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wocansi ohilela isitho sakho sobulili.

Ungavikela isitho sakho sangasese sangasese noma indunu ngama- dental dam noma ama-internal condoms (ama-female condoms) . Ama-dental dam ayizicucu ezisicaba ze-polyurethane noma i-latex ezingabekwa phezu kwesitho sangasese sangasese noma indunu ngesikhathi socansi lomlomo. I-internal condom ingafakwa esitho sangasese sangasese noma indunu bese isetshenziswa.

Sebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa lwekhondomu ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ungayisebenzisi ikhondomu yabesilisa kanye nekhondomu yangaphakathi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ingabe imithi ingavimbela i-HIV?

Kunemithi engasiza ekuvimbeleni i-HIV, kokubili kulabo abaye bavezwa kanye nalabo abasengozini enkulu yokuvezwa. Le mithi ibizwa ngokuthi i-PrEP (Pre-exposure prophylaxis) kanye ne-PEP (Post-exposure prophylaxis) .

Ukuvimbela ukuchayeka ngaphambi kokuvezwa (i-PrEP)

I-PrEP iyiphilisi oliphuza nsuku zonke uma ungenayo i-HIV kodwa usengozini enkulu yokutheleleka.

Ikakhulukazi, uma ungenayo i-HIV, uke waba nocansi lwendunu noma lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule, futhi noma yiziphi zezimo ezilandelayo ziyiqiniso, kunconywa ukuthi uthathe i-PrEP:

• Umlingani wakho wezocansi une-HIV.
• Awukaze usebenzise ikhondomu njalo.
• Ube nesifo esithathelwana ngocansi (STI) ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule.

Kunconywa i-PrEP uma ungenayo i-HIV, ujova izidakamizwa, futhi uma noma yiziphi zezimo ezilandelayo ziyiqiniso:

• Ujova izidakamizwa nomlingani wakho one-HIV.
• Nisebenzisa izinaliti noma ezinye izinto zokujova izidakamizwa.

I-PrEP ayithathi indawo yezinye izindlela zokuzivikela. Ngisho noma usebenzisa i-PrEP, kufanele usasebenzise amakhondomu futhi ugweme ukwabelana ngezinaliti zokujova izidakamizwa.

Ukuvimbela ukusabalala ngemva kokuvezwa (i-PEP)

I-PEP isebenzisa imithi ye-HIV ukuzama ukuvimbela ukutheleleka nge-HIV ngokushesha okukhulu ngemva kokuba usuvezwe. I-PEP ingeyabantu abangenayo i-HIV, noma abangazi ukuthi bane-HIV kodwa abacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi bavezwe ngocansi oluvunyelwene ngalo, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, ukwabelana ngezinaliti (noma ezinye izinto), noma ukuvezwa okuhlobene nomsebenzi.

Kufanele uqale i-PEP zingakapheli amahora angu-72 ngemuva kokuchayeka futhi uyithathe nsuku zonke izinsuku ezingu-28. I-PEP yenzelwe izimo eziphuthumayo kuphela, futhi ayithathi indawo yezinye izindlela zokuzivikela, njengokusebenzisa ikhondomu.

Uma ngine-HIV, ngingayivimbela kanjani ukuthi ingasabalali kwabanye?

Izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokuvimbela ukudluliselwa kwe-HIV kwabanye zifana kakhulu nezindlela zokuzivikela:

• Tshela abalingani bakho bocansi nalabo abakufaka izidakamizwa nawe ukuthi une-HIV.
• Landela uhlelo lwakho lokwelashwa futhi ungayeki imithi yakho. Uma umthamo wakho wegciwane ungatholakali, ingozi yakho yokudlulisela i-HIV ngokuxhumana ngokocansi iyancipha kakhulu (U=U: Ayibonakali = Ayidluliseli).
• Khuluma nomlingani wakho wezocansi mayelana nokuthatha i-PrEP.
• Ngisho noma umthamo wakho wegciwane ungatholakali, gqoka amakhondomu ngesikhathi socansi lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, indunu, kanye nolwemlomo.
• Ungabelani ngezinaliti noma ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa ukujova izidakamizwa.
• Nciphisa inani labalingani bakho bocansi.
• Uma ukhulelwe futhi une-HIV, ukulandela uhlelo lwakho lokwelashwa, okuhlanganisa nemithi ye-ART, kunganciphisa ingozi yokudlulisela igciwane enganeni yakho.

Ngingakhulelwa yini uma ngine-HIV?

Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi i-HIV yenza kube nzima ukukhulelwa, kodwa lokho akulona iqiniso. Uma une-HIV futhi ufuna ukukhulelwa, khuluma nodokotela wakho. Nxa nindawonye ningenza uhlelo lokugcina wena, umlingani wakho, kanye nezingane zakho zesikhathi esizayo niphilile.

Ungadlulisela i-HIV kumlingani wakho ngocansi olungavikelekile, kanye nakumntwana wakho ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukubeletha, kanye nokuncelisa. Ukuthatha i-ART kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokudlulisela i-HIV enganeni yakho, ikakhulukazi uma umthamo wakho wegciwane ungatholakali. Udokotela wakho angase akuncome ukuthi unike ingane yakho ubisi lwebele.

Kufanele ngimbone nini udokotela wami?

Uma ucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uke wavezwa yi-HIV, shayela udokotela wakho ngokushesha. Uma une-HIV, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqala ukwelashwa ngokushesha okukhulu .

Uma usuvele wazi ukuthi une-HIV, landela imiyalelo kadokotela wakho mayelana nokuthi kufanele ukhulume nini. Kubalulekile ukwelapha noma yiluphi uhlobo lokutheleleka, ngakho khuluma nabo uma unezimpawu ezintsha njengomkhuhlane, ukujuluka ebusuku, isifo sohudo, noma yini enye ekukhathazayo.

Yimiphi imibuzo okufanele ngiyibuze udokotela wami?

• Ingabe ngisengozini enkulu yokuthola i-HIV?
• Yini engingayenza ukuze nginciphise ingozi yami yokuthola i-HIV?
• Ngingaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi ngithatha imithi yami ngendlela efanele?
• Yini engingayenza ukuze ngizivikele kwezinye izifo?
• Ungakuvimbela kanjani ukusabalala kwe-HIV?
• Isho ukuthini imiphumela yami yokuhlolwa?
• Kusho ukuthini ukubalwa kwegazi lami?
• Yimiphi imijovo okufanele ngiyithole?

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Izindlela zokwelapha zingcono kakhulu namuhla kunangesikhathi ubhubhane lwe-AIDS luqala. Uma utholakale usenesikhathi, ugqoke i-ART, futhi unamathela kuyo, unethuba elihle lokuphila impilo ende. Namuhla, abantu abaphila ne-HIV bangasebenza, babe nokuphila okusebenzayo emphakathini, bakhulise imindeni, futhi babe nobudlelwano obanelisayo. Eqinisweni, lezi zinto zingaba nomthelela omuhle enhlalakahleni yakho yengqondo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sesihambe ibanga elingakanani maqondana nokwelashwa, ngeshwa, ukucwaswa okuphathelene ne-HIV kusekhona. Ngaphezu kokwesaba nokungaqiniseki okuhambisana nokuxilongwa okusha, ungase ukhathazeke nangokuthi abantu abakuzungezile bazosabela kanjani. Uma ungabaza ngokuhlolwa noma ukwelashwa, noma uma ungaqiniseki ngezinyathelo zakho ezilandelayo, khuluma nenhlangano yomphakathi ekhethekile nge-HIV. Khumbula, unelungelo lokusekelwa, uzwela, kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okusezingeni eliphezulu.

I - HIV, i-AIDS, amasosha omzimba, i-retrovirus, amaseli e-CD4, ukwelashwa nge-ART, impilo yocansi