Sonke silizwile igama elithi "mRNA" kakhulu ngobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, akunjalo? Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu abaningi banemibuzo ngalokhu, ngisho nokwesaba okuncane. "Ingabe lokhu kuyinto entsha?", "Kuzokwenzenjani lokhu emizimbeni yethu?" Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wazibuza. Ngakho-ke namuhla, ake sixoxe kalula nangendlela enesizotha ngokuthi lo muthi wokugomela i-mRNA uyini nokuthi usebenza kanjani ngempela emizimbeni yethu.
Ake siqale sibone, iyini le mRNA?
Igama eliphelele le-mRNA yi-messenger Ribonucleic Acid. Nakuba igama liyinkimbinkimbi kancane, umsebenzi ulula kakhulu. Cabanga nge-DNA emizimbeni yethu njengencwadi enkulu yokupheka. Le ncwadi iqukethe imiyalelo yokwenza wonke amaprotheni umzimba wethu uwadingayo. Kodwa awukwazi ukuyisa yonke le ncwadi enkulu ekhishini (okungukuthi, kuma-ribosomes kumaseli ethu enza amaprotheni).
Yilapho-ke 'isithunywa' esibizwa ngokuthi i-mRNA singena khona. Esikwenzayo ukubhala phansi ephepheni iresiphi yeprotheni edinga ukuyenza kuleyo ncwadi enkulu ye-DNA, bese ithatha lowo myalezo iye ekhishini. Kalula nje, i-mRNA ifana nomyalezo omfushane okopisha imiyalelo ku-DNA bese uyithumela endaweni lapho kwenziwa khona iphrotheni. Lena inqubo eyenzeka ngokwemvelo emizimbeni yethu ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ngakho-ke kwenzekani ngomuthi wokugomela i-mRNA?
Njengayo yonke imijovo yokugoma, umuthi wokugoma we-mRNA uqeqesha amasosha omzimba wethu ukulwa nesifo. Kodwa indlela owenza ngayo ihlukile kancane.
Thatha umuthi wokugomela i-mRNA we-COVID-19 njengesibonelo. Lo muthi wokugomela uletha kuphela kumaseli ethu imiyalelo (umyalezo we-mRNA) edingekayo ukuze kwenziwe i-'Spike Protein', eyingxenye yegciwane le-SARS-CoV-2 elibangela i-COVID-19.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, lo muthi wokugomela awunalo lonke igciwane, noma izingxenye eziphilayo noma ezifile zegciwane . Uqukethe kuphela 'iresiphi' yokwenza ingxenye eyodwa yegciwane.
Uma amangqamuzana ethu ethola lo myalelo, enza ingxenye yale ‘protheyini yameva.’ Lapho isimiso sethu somzimba sokuzivikela sibona le protheyini esanda kwakheka, sithi, “O... lena ingumhlaseli ongeyona eyasemzimbeni wethu.” Bese, ilungiselela ukwenza izikhali, njengezamasosha omzimba, ukulwa nayo.
Ngenxa yokuthi siqeqeshwa ngale ndlela kusenesikhathi, uma igciwane langempela le-COVID-19 lingena emzimbeni kamuva, amasosha ethu omzimba azolibona ngokushesha nje lapho elibona, alihlasele ngokushesha nangokuphumelelayo, futhi asivikele ekuguleni kakhulu.
Umlayezo we-mRNA ovela emthini wokugomela uyaphuka, uqhekeke, bese unyamalala zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa emzimbeni. Njengencwadi yokupheka esiyiyisa ekhishini bese siyibhubhisa lapho sesiqedile. Ayikaze ihlangane ne-DNA yethu noma ishintshe izakhi zofuzo zethu.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwemithi yokugomela i-mRNA kanye nemithi yokugomela yendabuko?
Umehluko omkhulu usekutheni igciwane livezwa kanjani ohlelweni lokuzivikela komzimba. Bheka ithebula elingezansi ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe.
| Imithi Yokugomela i-mRNA | Imithi Yokugoma Yendabuko |
|---|---|
| Umzimba unikezwa imiyalelo (i-mRNA) edingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ingxenye yegciwane. | Amagciwane ("abulewe") angasebenzi , amagciwane abuthakathaka , noma izingcezu zamaprotheni zegciwane ngokwalo zinikezwa umzimba. |
| Umuthi wokugoma awunayo ingxenye yegciwane. | Umuthi wokugoma uqukethe uhlobo oluthile lwengxenye yegciwane. |
| Izibonelo: Imithi yokugomela i-COVID-19 ye-Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty®), i-Moderna (Spikevax®). | Izibonelo: Umuthi wokugomela i-Novavax® COVID-19 (umuthi wokugomela i-protein subunit), umuthi wokugomela isimungumungwane (igciwane elincishisiwe). |
Kwenzekani uma ugonywa?
Udokotela noma umhlengikazi uzohlanza ingxenye engaphezulu yengalo yakho ngotshwala bese ekujova. Ngemuva kwalokho, uzocelwa ukuthi ulinde cishe imizuzu eyi-15. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuhlola ukusabela okusheshayo kokungezwani nomzimba emjovweni. Abanye abantu bazizwa bephelelwa amandla ngesikhathi somjovo, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuhlala phansi.
Yiziphi izinzuzo nezingozi zemithi yokugomela i-mRNA?
Izinzuzo
Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe be-mRNA isivinini . Imithi yokugoma yendabuko idinga ukuthi igciwane likhuliswe elabhorethri. Lokho kungathatha izinyanga, ngisho neminyaka. Kodwa imithi yokugoma ye-mRNA ayidingi lokho, ngakho ingakhiqizwa ngokushesha okukhulu, ngisho noma kwenzeka ubhubhane olusha.
Uma sikhuluma ngemithi yokugomela i-COVID-19, ukugonywa,
- Kunciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka yi-COVID-19.
- Ngisho noma ungenwe yileli gciwane, ingozi yokugula kakhulu, ukulaliswa esibhedlela, nokufa incishiswa kakhulu.
- Kunciphisa ingozi yemiphumela yesikhathi eside (i-COVID ende) ngemuva kokuthola i-COVID-19.
Izingozi Nemiphumela Engemihle
Njenganoma yimuphi umuthi wokugoma, imijovo ye-mRNA ingaba nemiphumela emibi emincane. Empeleni lokhu kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi amasosha omzimba wakho aqala ukusebenza.
Imiphumela emibi evamile:
- Ubuhlungu noma ukuvuvukala endaweni yokujova
- Ukukhathala
- Ikhanda elibuhlungu
- Ubuhlungu bemisipha
- Umkhuhlane omncane
Lezi zimpawu zivame ukunyamalala ngokuphelele phakathi nosuku noma ezimbili.
Ukusabela okungavamile kodwa okukhulu kokungezwani komzimba:
Akuvamile kakhulu ukuthi umuntu abe nokusabela kokungezwani komzimba nokuthile okusemgomeni. Izimpawu zifaka:
- Ukuqhuma kwesikhumba noma ukulunywa
- Ukuluma
- Ukuvuvukala kobuso, izindebe, ulimi, noma umphimbo (i-Anaphylaxis)
Uma uhlangabezana nezimpawu ezinkulu zokungezwani komzimba njengobunzima bokuphefumula, ukuvuvukala kobuso noma umphimbo, hamba ngokushesha eMnyangweni Wezimo Eziphuthumayo (ETU) wesibhedlela esiseduze.
Ingabe lobu buchwepheshe busha ngempela?
Cha. Ucwaningo ngobuchwepheshe be-mRNA belulokhu luqhubeka kusukela ngawo-1970. Kwaze kwaba ngawo-1990 lapho ucwaningo lokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ukukhiqiza imijovo lwaqala khona. Kwathatha ososayensi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 ukuthola ukuthi bangayifaka kanjani le mRNA emaseli ngaphandle kokuba amasosha ethu omzimba ayibhubhise.
Lobu buchwepheshe babusetshenziswa ngempumelelo emuthini (i-Patisiran) owelapha isifo sezinzwa esingavamile ngisho nangaphambi kobhubhane lwe-COVID-19. Lapho ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lufika, ososayensi bakwazi ukusebenzisa ulwazi olutholakale emashumini eminyaka ocwaningo ukuze bathuthukise imithi yokugoma ephephile nephumelelayo ngokushesha kunanini ngaphambili.
Kujwayelekile ukwesaba kancane nokungabaza izinto ezintsha. Kodwa i-mRNA iyisinyathelo esikhulu phambili kwesayensi yezokwelapha, ecwaningwe futhi yathuthukiswa emashumini eminyaka. Le molekyuli encane yesithunywa ingasisiza ekwelapheni ezinye izifo eziningi, njengomdlavuza, esikhathini esizayo.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Imithi yokugomela i-mRNA ayinalo igciwane, kungaba eliphilayo noma elifile. Iqukethe kuphela imiyalelo yokwenza ingxenye eyodwa yegciwane.
- Le mithi yokugoma ayishintshi i-DNA yakho . Umlayezo we-mRNA osemgomweni uyasuswa emzimbeni zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa.
- Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuqeqesha amasosha omzimba wakho kusenesikhathi ukuze alwe nesifo.
- Imiphumela emibi ivame ukuba mincane futhi iphele zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa, okubonisa ukuthi amasosha omzimba wakho ayasebenza.
- Lobu ubuchwepheshe obuphephile nobusebenzayo obucwaningwe amashumi eminyaka.
- Uma unemibuzo noma ukukhathazeka, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngakho.
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